Case: 17-11993 Date Filed: 10/04/2017 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-11993
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 0:08-md-01916-KAM; 9:13-cv-80146-KAM
DOES 1–98,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
versus
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER, LLP,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(October 4, 2017)
Before TJOFLAT, JULIE CARNES, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Case: 17-11993 Date Filed: 10/04/2017 Page: 2 of 6
This appeal arises from a representation dispute between Paul Wolf
(“Wolf”) and Appellee Boies, Schiller & Flexner LLP (“BSF”) regarding 97
Colombian nationals.1 Wolf, a licensed attorney, traveled to Colombia more than
ten years ago to seek clients for a civil lawsuit against Chiquita Brands
International, Inc. (“Chiquita”) after Chiquita pled guilty to engaging in
transactions with a Colombian terrorist organization. Wolf claims to have
developed more than 1,000 cases within the first three years of his efforts. BSF,
meanwhile, engaged a Colombian law firm to aid in obtaining clients for similar
lawsuits.
At least 88 individuals who have pursued claims against Chiquita signed
representation agreements with BSF after they had previously signed
representation agreements with Wolf. Wolf and BSF engaged in a de-duplication
process in which BSF agreed that Wolf should represent all of the dually-
represented Colombian nationals in their claims against Chiquita.
The Plaintiffs then filed suit against BSF. In their First Amended Complaint,
they alleged fraud, malpractice, and invasion of privacy based on the dual
representation incidents. 2 Their primary concern was that the publication of their
names in a lawsuit against Chiquita would lead to reprisals by a group involved in
1
Despite the case caption indicating that 98 Does are involved in the case, one person
was apparently counted twice at the time it was generated.
2
Paul Wolf also represented the Doe plaintiffs in this action.
2
Case: 17-11993 Date Filed: 10/04/2017 Page: 3 of 6
the Colombian conflict that Chiquita had funded. BSF moved to dismiss this
complaint under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, and 12(b)(6), failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
The District Court granted the 12(b)(1) motion and dismissed the case for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction. 3 The Plaintiffs appealed. After review, we affirm.
I.
Questions of law and legal conclusions concerning subject matter
jurisdiction, “including standing[,]” are reviewed de novo. Elend v. Basham, 471
F.3d 1199, 1204 (11th Cir. 2006). The District Court’s “findings of jurisdictional
facts” are reviewed for clear error. City of Vestavia Hills v. Gen. Fid. Ins. Co., 676
F.3d 1310, 1313.
II.
The Constitution “limits the federal courts to deciding ‘cases’ and
‘controversies.’” Fla. Wildlife Fed’n, Inc. v. S. Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist., 647 F.3d
1296, 1302 (11th Cir. 2011) (quoting U.S. Const. art. III, § 2). Standing is a
doctrine “rooted in the traditional understanding of a case or controversy.”
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). The
“‘irreducible constitutional minimum’ of standing consists of three elements. The
plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the
3
The District Court did not decide the 12(b)(6) motion. Because we affirm the District
Court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, we do not discuss the 12(b)(6) motion.
3
Case: 17-11993 Date Filed: 10/04/2017 Page: 4 of 6
challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a
favorable judicial decision.” Id. (quoting Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,
560, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 2136 (1992)).
Injury in fact is the “‘first and foremost’ of standing’s three elements.” Id.
(quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 103, 118 S. Ct. 1003,
1016 (1998)). For the element to be established, the plaintiff “must show that he or
she suffered ‘an invasion of a legally protected interest’ that is ‘concrete and
particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.’” Id., 136
S. Ct. 1548 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S. Ct. at 2130). Mere
“[a]llegations of possible future injury” will not establish an injury in fact.
Whitmore v. Ark., 495 U.S. 149, 158, 110 S. Ct. 1717, 1724 (1990). Indeed, a
“threatened injury must be ‘certainly impending’ to constitute injury in fact.” Id.,
110 S. Ct. 1724–25 (quoting Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat’l Union, 442
U.S. 289, 298, 99 S. Ct. 2301, 2308 (1979).
III.
The Appellants failed to show an injury in fact that is sufficiently imminent
to satisfy the first element of standing. They have not alleged any actual threat or
harm relating to the dual representation incidents. The Appellants argue that the
disclosure of their names could put them in harm’s way, as it may serve to provide
a reason for parties in the ongoing Colombian conflict to believe the Appellants
4
Case: 17-11993 Date Filed: 10/04/2017 Page: 5 of 6
have aligned with the opposition. But the Appellants have failed to allege any
facts that would show a threat that is “certainly impending” and would confer
standing.
The Appellants’ remaining arguments regarding BSF’s interference in their
attorney-client relationship are also unavailing. None of the Appellants were
harmed in any way by the dual-representation incidents. In fact, as BSF notes and
Wolf does not deny, at least eight plaintiffs would have been left with no
representation at all had BSF agreed to Wolf’s first request for BSF to terminate
representation prior to the de-duplication process. The de-duplication process
itself was designed with these types of fact situations in mind. If the attorneys
believed their representation of a client predated another, they could engage in the
de-duplication process. This is what happened here, and both Wolf and BSF
resolved their dispute without any plaintiff going without legal representation.
Finally, the Appellants’ claims regarding the costs of de-duplication and
litigation are meritless. It is “[o]bvious[]” that a plaintiff cannot gain standing
either by “bringing suit for the cost of bringing suit” or merely by seeking
“reimbursement of costs that are a byproduct of the litigation itself.” Steel Co.,
523 U.S. at 107, 118 S. Ct. at 1019. These claims do not give Appellants standing.
5
Case: 17-11993 Date Filed: 10/04/2017 Page: 6 of 6
The Appellants have failed to show they suffered an injury in fact sufficient
to confer standing to bring their claims. Accordingly, the District Court’s
dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is AFFIRMED.
6