COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-16-00163-CR
BARRY ANTHONY WILLIS, JR. APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 97TH DISTRICT COURT OF MONTAGUE COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 2014-0173M-CR
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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In three points, Appellant Barry Anthony Willis, Jr. appeals his conviction
for money laundering of an amount between $1,500 and $20,000. See Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 34.02 (West 2016). We affirm.
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
Background
I. The initial traffic stop
In the midafternoon of July 5, 2014, the vehicle in which Appellant was
riding as a passenger was pulled over by Trooper Ronald Nelson for speeding.2
Trooper Nelson testified that, as he approached the vehicle, he detected the odor
of marijuana.3 When the driver, Alexia Gonzalez, admitted that she did not have
a driver’s license, Trooper Nelson asked her to exit the vehicle. Appellant
remained in the passenger seat.
Once outside the vehicle and sitting in the front passenger seat of the
patrol car, Gonzalez told Trooper Nelson that she and Appellant were driving
from Amarillo to Dallas to buy a car, although she did not know when they left
Amarillo and did not know what kind of car they intended to purchase. Gonzalez
claimed the vehicle belonged to her mother, but when Trooper Nelson ran the
license plate number in the state system, it showed that the car belonged to
another woman whom Appellant later identified as his wife.4 Gonzalez denied
that there was any marijuana in the car, but when questioned, she admitted that
2
A dashboard-camera video recording of the stop was admitted into
evidence and played for the jury.
3
In the video recording, another trooper can also be heard remarking that
there was a faint smell of marijuana coming from the car.
4
Although Appellant was not formally married to the woman, Appellant said
that she was the mother of his child and he considered her to be his wife.
2
there was a large amount of cash—she estimated between $5,000 to $6,000—in
the vehicle.
Trooper Nelson returned to the passenger side of the vehicle, where
Appellant was talking on his cell phone, and asked Appellant to end his call, step
out of the car, and leave his cell phone on the passenger seat. Appellant
complied and once he emerged from the vehicle, Trooper Nelson read Appellant
his Miranda rights. Appellant told Trooper Nelson that he and Gonzalez had
recently been to a casino in Oklahoma, that Gonzalez worked as a stripper in
Amarillo, and identified his wife as the owner of the vehicle.
When asked if he had any “large amounts of money” in the vehicle,
Appellant initially responded, “No, sir,” but when Trooper Nelson pressed him on
the matter, Appellant admitted that he had a substantial amount of money in his
pocket because he and Gonzalez intended to purchase a vehicle in Dallas.
When Trooper Nelson asked Appellant to hand him the money, Appellant
complied without protest and removed approximately $10,0005 from his pocket.
According to Trooper Nelson, part of the money was folded over in half and part
of it was “bundled up with two rubber bands on each side.”
Throughout their interaction, Appellant was cooperative and courteous. He
joked with Trooper Nelson during a pat-down search. Trooper Nelson testified
that Appellant was never rude or aggressive and Appellant never threatened
5
At some points in the record, the amount is referred to as $9,866.
3
Trooper Nelson. After the pat-down search, Trooper Nelson asked Appellant to
stand where Gonzalez was standing at the back of the patrol car. Trooper
Nelson then asked Gonzalez to come to the front of the patrol car. There,
Trooper Nelson performed a pat-down search of Gonzalez. By contrast,
Gonzalez was petulant and uncooperative during her pat-down search. Although
she attempted to hide it and claimed it was just a tampon, the search revealed a
plastic baggie containing a small amount of marijuana tucked into her shorts.6
Trooper Nelson then handcuffed Gonzalez and placed her in the front passenger
seat of his patrol car.
Trooper Nelson returned to the rear of the patrol car and spoke to
Appellant, who insisted that he did not have any drugs on him and denied
knowing of any contraband in the vehicle. Trooper Nelson radioed for an
additional trooper to join the scene and assist him in counting the money and
searching the vehicle. While they waited, Appellant told Trooper Nelson that
there were “a lot of clothes” in the vehicle but again denied that the vehicle
contained any contraband. Appellant also explained that Gonzalez had been
looking online at cars and repeated that she was a stripper in Amarillo.
After Gonzalez consented to a search of the vehicle, Trooper Nelson
searched the vehicle and radioed for a drug dog. Once the dog arrived, it alerted
6
A female police officer was called to the scene to retrieve the baggie.
4
to the vehicle, indicating that it had picked up the scent of methamphetamine,
marijuana, heroin, or cocaine.
At that point, two hours after the initial stop began, the troopers escorted
Appellant and Gonzalez, separately, to a local DPS office for further
investigation. While Trooper Nelson testified that Appellant was not under arrest
at that point, he agreed that Appellant was not free to leave.
II. Interview of Appellant
Once at the DPS office, Appellant was interviewed by Lieutenant Steven
Schwartz.7 Throughout the interview, Appellant was forthcoming and
cooperative, and Lieutenant Schwartz testified that Appellant was a “perfect
gentleman” throughout the interview. Appellant told Lieutenant Schwartz that he
had met Gonzalez at a strip club and they were on a romantic vacation.8
Appellant told Lieutenant Schwartz that he and Gonzalez had left Amarillo the
day before and drove to Lawton, Oklahoma, to visit his sister and that they had
spent the night at a friend’s house. Appellant also told Lieutenant Schwartz that
Gonzalez wanted to go to Dallas to buy a car and that the pair planned to do
some shopping and perhaps visit Hurricane Harbor while they were there.
7
An audio recording of the interview of Appellant by Lieutenant Schwartz
was admitted into evidence and played for the jury at trial.
8
Appellant noted that his wife was not aware that it was a romantic
getaway with Gonzalez and that she would not be happy to hear about it.
5
Appellant claimed $6,000 of the money belonged to Gonzalez and was
money she had earned as a stripper. Although he was employed as a dock
worker at an Amarillo bakery, Appellant claimed that the remaining $4,000
belonged to him. He explained that the reason he was holding all of the money
in his pocket was because the basketball shorts that Gonzalez was wearing had
no pockets, and she had asked Appellant to hold onto her money for her.
Appellant denied using marijuana and denied knowing where Gonzalez had
obtained marijuana.
During the interview with Lieutenant Schwartz, Appellant consented to
Lieutenant Schwartz’s viewing photographs on his phone, which had been seized
during the search of the vehicle. A search warrant was subsequently obtained to
allow the troopers access to the cell phone in order to conduct a forensic
analysis. Another trooper testified at trial that he was able to determine the dates
some but not all of the photographs were taken through forensic analysis of the
cell phone.
Appellant and Lieutenant Schwartz also discussed a text message on
Appellant’s phone that was dated three days earlier and that read “One whole
day to sell a pound, I’m on my game.” The actual text message was not offered
or admitted into evidence, but at trial Lieutenant Schwartz testified that he
interpreted that text as Appellant’s bragging to a friend that he had sold “a lot of
dope.” During the interview, Appellant claimed that he had purchased the phone
from a friend and that text message belonged to his friend.
6
III. The trial
After the interview with Lieutenant Schwartz, Appellant was charged with
money laundering. See id. In addition to the above evidence, the following
evidence was admitted at trial.
A. Evidence retrieved from Appellant’s phone
Several photographs taken in the six months leading up to Appellant’s July
2014 arrest were recovered from Appellant’s phone and admitted at trial. These
included
photographs of Appellant from January 2014 holding several bundles of
$20 bills while sitting in the front seat of a car;
photographs from February 2014 that depicted a nightstand drawer and
a small duffel bag filled with bundles of $20, $50, and $100 bills as well
as five photographs of stacks of money spread across a bed. Two of
these photographs included a hand wearing a gold watch and a gold
ring that appeared to match a watch and ring worn by Appellant in a
separate photograph;
five photographs from April 2014 of stacks of money spread across a
bed, including multiple $20 and $100 bills;
four photographs from May or June 2014 depicting several bundles of
cash folded over and tied with a rubber band piled on a couch;
a photograph from June 20149 of Gonzalez holding two gallon-size
Ziploc bags containing bundles of cash; and
three photographs from June 2014 of Appellant holding two gallon-
sized Ziploc bags containing bundles of cash held together with
rubberbands.
9
Some of the testimony appears to have mistakenly referred to the date of
the photograph as June 2015. Based on our review of the record and the fact
that Appellant was arrested in July 2014, we have determined that those
references are incorrect and the correct date was June 2014.
7
Additional photographs were admitted into evidence but the record does
not establish the dates these photographs were taken:
three photographs of what Lieutenant Schwartz described as a “high-
grade” bud of marijuana;
a photograph of Appellant holding two large stacks of cash, each with a
$100 bill on top; and
a photograph depicting a piece of notebook paper with several cities—
including Austin, Las Vegas, Denver, Brownwood, and Corpus Christi—
and addresses, phone numbers, and websites written on it.
B. Drug dog test results
The State also submitted evidence at trial of the results of a drug dog test
performed in addition to the one that occurred at the scene of the initial stop. In
that test, after the dog was presented with four identical envelopes, one of which
contained the money recovered from Appellant, the drug dog alerted to the
envelope. According to the testimony of the dog’s handler, this indicated that the
money had been in the presence of narcotics.
C. Items recovered from the vehicle
During a search of the vehicle, DPS officers found two marijuana cigars in
the trunk of the vehicle and a notebook with four pages of handwriting in it in the
seating area. Photocopies of the four pages were admitted into evidence. One
page contained a single phone number, a second page contained four phone
numbers, a third page contained writing that had been scribbled over in such a
way that it was illegible, and the fourth page contained more scribbled-over
writing and the three digits “580” listed six times. Lieutenant Schwartz and
8
Trooper Nelson both testified that they did not attempt to call any of the phone
numbers written on the pages, but the trial court took judicial notice of the fact
that 580 is the area code for Lawton, Oklahoma.
D. Testimony about characteristics of drug traffickers
Lieutenant Schwartz testified to his experiences as an investigator
specializing in narcotics investigations. According to Lieutenant Schwartz, drug
traffickers share the following general characteristics: (1) they deal only in cash
because it cannot be easily traced; (2) they keep cryptic notes—for instance,
notes that list phone numbers without corresponding names in order to keep
track of their client list; (3) they are found with only a large sum of money or
narcotics, not both at the same time; and (4) they do not drive their own vehicles
because “law enforcement typically does not seize vehicles that are registered to
a third person.”
According to Lieutenant Schwartz, $10,000 could buy about two pounds of
high-grade marijuana in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, a “central distribution hub”
for drug trafficking, and a pound of high-grade marijuana would fit in two gallon-
size Ziploc bags.
E. Defendant’s case
Appellant’s sister and brother-in-law testified on his behalf at trial. Both
testified that they had given to Appellant a total of approximately $10,000 in cash
that they had received in life insurance proceeds in late February and March of
2014 to help him buy a car. Contrary to his assertion at the scene regarding the
9
source of the funds, Appellant argued at trial that this was the same $10,000
recovered when Appellant and Gonzalez were pulled over.
IV. The conviction
The jury found Appellant guilty of money laundering, and a punishment of
15 years’ confinement was assessed by the court.
Discussion
I. Motion to suppress
In his first point, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress the drug dog alert on the money, his interview, and
photographs seized from his phone because this evidence was obtained as the
result of an “illegal arrest and subsequent search.”
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a
bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
We give almost total deference to a trial court’s rulings on questions of historical
fact and application-of-law-to-fact questions that turn on an evaluation of
credibility and demeanor, but we review de novo application-of-law-to-fact
questions that do not turn on credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at
673; Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Johnson v.
State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
10
When, as here, the record is silent on the reasons for the trial court’s
ruling, or when there are no explicit fact findings and neither party timely
requested findings and conclusions from the trial court, we infer the necessary
fact findings that would support the trial court’s ruling if the evidence, viewed in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those findings. State
v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see Wiede v.
State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We then review the trial
court’s legal ruling de novo unless the implied fact findings supported by the
record are also dispositive of the legal ruling. State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808,
819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
We must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is supported by the record and
correct under any theory of law applicable to the case even if the trial court gave
the wrong reason for its ruling. State v. Stevens, 235 S.W.3d 736, 740 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 974 (2004).
B. Applicable Law
The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and
seizures by government officials. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at
24. To suppress evidence because of an alleged Fourth Amendment violation,
the defendant bears the initial burden of producing evidence that rebuts the
presumption of proper police conduct. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 672; see Young
v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 872 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1093
11
(2009). A defendant satisfies this burden by establishing that a search or seizure
occurred without a warrant. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 672. Once the defendant
has made this showing, the burden of proof shifts to the State, which is then
required to establish that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to a
warrant or was reasonable. Id. at 672–73; Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, 902
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005).
Under the Fourth Amendment, a warrantless arrest is unreasonable per se
unless it fits into one of a “few specifically established and well delineated
exceptions.” Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 372, 113 S. Ct. 2130, 2135
(1993); Torres, 182 S.W.3d at 901. A police officer may arrest an individual
without a warrant only if probable cause exists with respect to the individual in
question and the arrest falls within one of the exceptions set out in the code of
criminal procedure. Torres, 182 S.W.3d at 901; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
arts. 14.01–.04 (West 2015 & Supp. 2016).
Probable cause for a warrantless arrest requires that the officer have a
reasonable belief that, based on facts and circumstances within the officer’s
personal knowledge, or of which the officer has reasonably trustworthy
information, an offense has been committed. Torres, 182 S.W.3d at 901–02.
Probable cause must be based on specific, articulable facts rather than the
officer’s mere opinion. Id. at 902. We use the “totality of the circumstances” test
to determine whether probable cause existed for a warrantless arrest. Id.
12
C. Application
1. The cell phone and the money
Appellant argues that his cell phone and the money were both recovered
as a result of his arrest, but this is incorrect. Both the cell phone and the money
were recovered from a search of the vehicle, to which Gonzalez, as the driver of
the car, consented. See Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 458–65 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011) (discussing consent exception to warrant requirement for searches).
Appellant does not contest the search or seizure of the vehicle, Gonzalez’s
consent to the search of the vehicle, Gonzalez’s arrest, or the warrant obtained
by the State to search the contents of the cell phone. Appellant’s argument for
suppression of the money and the evidence found on the cell phone therefore
fails.
2. Appellant’s “arrest”
Appellant argues that he was arrested without probable cause when he
was transported to the DPS office while handcuffed and in a patrol car.10 Even if
we were to assume, without deciding, that Appellant was arrested at the time he
was transported to the DPS office, probable cause existed to justify the arrest.
To prove money laundering in connection with drug trafficking, the State must
10
Trooper Nelson testified that Appellant was “detained,” not arrested,
when he handcuffed him and placed him in the patrol car and that another
trooper drove him to the DPS office. We note that an officer’s opinion is not
conclusive, but it is a factor to be considered in determining whether an arrest
occurred. Hoag v. State, 728 S.W.2d 375, 378–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).
13
prove that Appellant knowingly transported the proceeds of criminal activity. Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 34.02(a)(1). Testimony at the suppression hearing and the
dashboard-camera video recording admitted at the suppression hearing
established that Trooper Nelson was aware of the following facts at that time:
Appellant was in possession of $10,000 in cash, stored in his pocket
and partially bundled;
an odor of marijuana emanated from the car;
a small amount of marijuana was discovered on Gonzalez’s person;
neither Gonzalez nor Appellant owned the vehicle, and Appellant and
Gonzalez told conflicting stories as to who owned it; and
drug traffickers frequently travel in a car that does not belong to them.
We note that there is a dearth of case law addressing probable cause in
the context of an arrest for money laundering in connection with drug trafficking.
However, looking at the elements of the offense and viewing the above facts in
their totality and in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we hold that
probable cause existed to justify Appellant’s arrest. See Acosta v. State, 429
S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (discussing factors to be considered in
prosecution for money laundering, including the presence of drugs, amount of
money, packaging of money, and inconsistent stories); Lee v. State, 143 S.W.3d
565, 567 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. ref’d) (noting defendant’s use of a rental
car), cert. denied, 548 U.S. 924 (2006). We therefore overrule Appellant’s first
point.
14
II. Sufficiency of the evidence
Appellant complains in his second point that the evidence is insufficient to
support the conviction.
A. Standard of review
In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to
determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Jenkins v. State, 493 S.W.3d 583, 599
(Tex. Crim. App. 2016). This standard gives full play to the responsibility of the
trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to
draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S.
at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Jenkins, 493 S.W.3d at 599.
The trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the
evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (West 1979); Blea v. State,
483 S.W.3d 29, 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Thus, when performing an
evidentiary sufficiency review, we may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility
of the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. See
Montgomery v. State, 369 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Instead, we
determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the
cumulative force of the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the
verdict. Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied,
15
136 S. Ct. 198 (2015). We must presume that the factfinder resolved any
conflicting inferences in favor of the verdict and defer to that resolution. Id. at
448–49; see Blea, 483 S.W.3d at 33.
B. Applicable law
As stated above, an individual commits money laundering if he knowingly
transports the proceeds of criminal activity. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 34.02(a)(1).
The court of criminal appeals has acknowledged that “[f]requently, there is no
direct evidence that the cash seized constitutes such proceeds, but a criminal
conviction may be based on circumstantial evidence.” Acosta, 429 S.W.3d at
625. In such cases, we look to the combined and cumulative force of all the
incriminating circumstances. Id. (citing Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186
(Tex. Crim. App. 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1046 (1994)).
While the court of criminal appeals has placed emphasis on the concealed
nature of money recovered in drug trafficking cases, id., other factors have also
been taken into account by the courts in determining whether the evidence has
shown a nexus between money and drug dealing. Those factors include the
following:
a denial of knowledge of the money;
a drug dog alert on the money;
the amount of the money;
the packaging of the money;
the secret storage of the money;
16
the presence of illegal drugs;
the presence of records of drug transactions;
the presence of drug paraphernalia;
the use of a rental car or car that does not belong to the driver or
passenger(s);
inconsistent stories told by the defendant and codefendant or
copassenger;
nervousness of the defendant in his interactions with the police; and
evidence of extraneous drug offenses committed by the defendant.
See id. at 625 (identifying the first seven factors and collecting cases taking
those factors into account); Deschenes v. State, 253 S.W.3d 374, 383–84 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo 2008, pet. ref’d) (noting presence of scales in defendant’s car);
Lee, 143 S.W.3d at 567 (noting defendant was driving a rental car); see also
Ordaz v. State, No. 03-07-00039-CR, 2007 WL 2980147, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—
Austin Oct. 10, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (noting
defendant’s nervousness and inconsistent stories); Granado v. State, No. 07-05-
00444-CR, 2006 WL 2466972, at *1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Aug. 25, 2006, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (noting evidence of defendant’s prior
convictions for possession of drug paraphernalia).
17
Acosta also noted that travel on a known drug route and courier profile
evidence has also been taken into account albeit “[s]omewhat more
controversially.” Acosta, 429 S.W.3d at 625–26.11
C. Application
The following factors are present in this case:
a text message discovered on Appellant’s phone stating, “One whole
day to sell a pound, I’m on my game;”
a drug dog alert on the money, indicating narcotics were near the
money at some point;
two marijuana blunts located in the rear of the car;
marijuana found on Gonzalez;
the smell of marijuana emanating from the car;
an alleged drug-transaction log discovered in the car;
contradictions between Gonzalez’s story and Appellant’s story;
travel on a known drug route in a vehicle that did not belong to
Appellant or Gonzalez; and
photographs of Appellant with large amounts of bundled cash and
photographs of marijuana recovered from Appellant’s phone.
Appellant argues that this case is similar to Deschenes, in which our sister
court reversed a conviction for money laundering because the evidence was
11
Other miscellaneous factors have also been taken into account, such as
the recovery of five cell phones from a tractor trailer with only two occupants or
the strong smell of air freshener. Id. at 631; Powell v. State, No. 04-11-00495-
CR, 2012 WL 3597199, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 22, 2012, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication).
18
insufficient, although the court described the following evidence that was
presented:
(1) Appellant opened the passenger door to speak to the officer,
handed him his wallet when asked for his license, and exited on the
passenger side at the officer’s request; (2) car had energy drinks
and fast food wrappers on the floorboard giving it a “lived-in” look;
(3) he could not give his uncle’s exact address in San Diego; (4) he
was traveling east to west on Interstate 40; (5) he was nervous
throughout the encounter; (6) he stared at his vehicle rather than
maintaining eye contact when answering one of [the officer]’s
questions; (7) he denied carrying a large sum of cash; (8) he was in
possession of scales; (9) he avoided showing [the officer] the
money; (10) the money was in a plastic bag; (11) it was a large
amount of money; (12) the money was divided into bundles and
wrapped with rubber bands; (13) he had an empty suitcase; (14) he
denied having any drugs in his vehicle; (15) he stated he was going
to Las Vegas; (16) he failed to produce “documentation” for the
money; (17) a narcotics dog alerted to the money and the large
empty suitcase; (18) an odor of narcotics on the empty suitcase; (19)
the close proximity of the cash to the empty suitcase that
presumably contained narcotics at one time; (20) an odor of
narcotics on the cash; (21) the money was enough to purchase a
felony amount of narcotics; [and] (22) money from drug trafficking
travels east to west.
253 S.W.3d at 383–85 (footnotes omitted).
Appellant argues that by comparison, there is no evidence that Appellant
seemed the least bit nervous in talking to Trooper Nelson. To the contrary, he
was courteous and cooperative. Appellant points out that he handed over the
$10,000 as soon as he was asked to do so and that the cash was not divided into
bundles and stored in a plastic bag, as in Deschenes,12 or vacuum-packed, as in
12
Id. at 384.
19
Acosta,13 nor was it concealed throughout the car.14 Instead, it was folded,
rubber-banded, and held in Appellant’s pockets.
The court in Deschenes described the above-listed evidence in that case
as “mere conjecture” in establishing a connection between the money and some
unnamed criminal activity, explaining,
The State did not present any credible evidence from which it could
be inferred Appellant was involved in any drug transaction, sale, or
delivery at or around the time he was arrested for money laundering.
The State produced no evidence of drugs being found. Nor did the
State present any evidence of previous involvement in drugs or
drug-related activities by Appellant. Appellant has no prior
convictions or police contact related to drugs, has no known
relationship with drug trafficking, and made no admissions related to
the source of the money other than to say he earned it.
Furthermore, the money was not packaged in any way to indicate a
conscious desire to prevent its detection by drug dogs. Here we
have no admissions, no drugs, no prior connection to drugs, and no
obvious attempt to surreptitiously secrete the money or prevent its
discovery. Simply put, we have no credible evidence of a temporal
connection, or nexus, between the money and some criminal
activity.
253 S.W.3d at 385–86.
While we consider Deschenes instructive, we are not bound by its
precedent. Moreover, the facts of the case before us contain evidence lacking in
13
429 S.W.3d at 630 (noting that “packaging, especially that designed to
fool the nose of a drug dog, is potent evidence” of a nexus between money and
drug activity); see also Powell, 2012 WL 3597199, at *4 (noting that money was
found wrapped in Saran Wrap and duct-taped into brick form).
14
Acosta, 429 S.W.3d at 631 (considering concealment of money in
speaker boxes of trailer); Ordaz, 2007 WL 2980147, at *8–9 (considering
concealment of money in hidden compartments of vehicle, including area where
an air filter belonged).
20
Deschenes—evidence of a temporal connection between the money and some
criminal activity.
Although the State relies solely upon the photographs recovered from
Appellant’s phone for this nexus, we also note that the text message discovered
on Appellant’s phone provides a link between the cash and a drug transaction.
Just three days prior to Appellant’s arrest, the message, “One whole day to sell a
pound, I’m on my game,” was sent from Appellant’s phone. While Appellant
claimed that the text was sent by “the guy that [he] bought the phone off of,” the
jury could have reasonably believed that Appellant sent this text message and
that he was bragging to a friend about selling narcotics. See Carter v. State, 463
S.W.3d 218, 222 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2015, no pet.) (distinguishing Deschenes
on the basis that there was a “substantial body of documentary and testimonial
cell phone evidence [that] showed appellants were engaged in marijuana
trafficking”).
While money found in close quarters with controlled substances15 or
positive drug dog alerts16 do not alone provide evidence of the nexus between
15
Compare $7,058.84 in U.S. Currency v. State, 30 S.W.3d 580, 587–88
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.) (collecting cases and holding that
evidence of marijuana odor and a “big cloud of smoke” emanating from car,
rolling papers discovered in car, and discovery of marijuana in defendant’s
pocket evidenced “at most” that the defendant was a drug purchaser and user,
rather than a drug trafficker), $2,067 in U.S. Currency v. State, 745 S.W.2d 109,
111 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1988, no pet.) (holding evidence was insufficient to
support forfeiture where three baggies of controlled substance were discovered
as it was just as likely that the drugs had been recently purchased rather than
prepared for sale), with Ordaz, 2007 WL 2980147 at *8–9 (holding evidence was
21
money and the sale or distribution of a controlled substance, here the jury heard
more. When we view the facts that marijuana was discovered on Gonzalez and
in the trunk of the vehicle and that the drug dog positively alerted to the money
recovered from Appellant, in combination with the text message, the photographs
of Appellant holding bundled cash, the fact that Appellant and Gonzalez were
driving a car that did not belong to them, and the recovery of the cryptic notes
from the back seat, the evidence was sufficient to allow the jury to determine that
the money had been obtained through illegal means.
We therefore overrule Appellant’s second point.
III. Admission of photographs
In Appellant’s third point, he complains of the admission of the
photographs recovered from his cell phone and argues that the photographs
were not relevant.
We review a trial court’s rulings on evidentiary objections for an abuse of
discretion. Tienda v. State, 358 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). A trial
sufficient where marijuana debris was located in the trunk of the car, appellant
displayed signs of nervousness, appellant’s account differed from that of his
passenger and was consistent with that of someone engaged in illegal activities,
and $116,133 in cash sprayed with air freshener and packaged in Ziploc bags
was concealed throughout the car).
16
See Acosta, 429 S.W.3d at 627 (noting that drug dog alerts are “widely
accepted in Texas as circumstantial evidence of a nexus between the money and
drugs”). But see Deschenes, 253 S.W.3d at 384 n.19 (noting that the evidentiary
value of such an alert has been questioned “because the spread of trace
amounts of drugs in the nation’s currency supply increases the likelihood of false
alerts” and collecting cases discussing the same).
22
court does not abuse its discretion unless its ruling is arbitrary and unreasonable;
the mere fact that a trial court may decide a matter within its discretionary
authority in a different manner than an appellate court would in a similar
circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred.
Foster v. State, 180 S.W.3d 248, 250 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op.).
Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any
fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or
less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Montgomery v. State, 810
S.W.2d 372, 386 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g) (citing Tex. R. Evid. 401).
Evidence need not prove or disprove a particular fact to be relevant; “it is
sufficient if the evidence provides a small nudge toward proving or disproving
some fact of consequence.” Stewart v. State, 129 S.W.3d 93, 96 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004).
Most of the photographs were identified as having been taken within six
months prior to Appellant’s arrest, and they depicted large amounts of cash,
sometimes arranged in stacks or rubber-banded bundles and other times splayed
across Appellant’s lap. In at least two of the photographs, Gonzalez is shown
holding bundles of cash in Ziploc bags, and in others Appellant displayed his
middle finger over stacks of cash. Three undated photographs reveal a single
bud of “high-grade” marijuana.
23
At least 16 of the 34 photographs were relevant to rebutting Appellant’s
argument that the stacks of cash in the photographs were the life insurance
proceeds Appellant received from his sister and brother-in-law. According to the
testimony of his sister and bank records admitted into evidence, this loan took
place in March of 2014. Yet at least 16 of the photographs admitted showed
Appellant displaying large stacks of cash prior to that time—in January and
February of 2014.
These photographs were also relevant because the offense of money
laundering can be shown through a scheme or continuing course of conduct.
Tex. Penal Code. Ann. § 34.02(f). Here, the State argued that Appellant had
procured the $10,000 through drug trafficking, and the photographs of Appellant
posing with large sums of money often packaged in bundles or in Ziploc bags—
characteristic of money packaging used by drug traffickers—and photographs of
a “high-grade” bud of marijuana were relevant to prove the State’s theory of the
case. See, e.g., Jones v. State, 466 S.W.3d 252, 265–66 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (discussing admission of text messages evidencing
“course of conduct regarding depositing of large sums of money in various bank
accounts consistent with a drug dealing operation”), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 2519
(2016); Woolverton v. State, 324 S.W.3d 794, 801–02 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2010, pet. ref’d) (discussing admission of drug ledger as evidence of participation
in the drug trade); see also United States v. Smith, 424 F. App’x 292, 298–99
(5th Cir.) (holding photographs related to prior conviction for methamphetamine
24
possession were relevant in drug trafficking prosecution because they provided
evidence of appellant’s knowledge of the nature of drug packages found in his
home), cert. denied, 565 U.S. 949 (2011).
Because the photographs provide at least a “small nudge” toward proving
that Appellant participated in drug trafficking activities, we hold that those
photographs were relevant and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting them into evidence. See Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 386.
We therefore overrule Appellant’s third point.
Conclusion
Having overruled each of Appellant’s three points, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
/s/ Bonnie Sudderth
BONNIE SUDDERTH
CHIEF JUSTICE
PANEL: SUDDERTH, C.J.; KERR and PITTMAN, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: October 26, 2017
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