J-S67043-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
CHARLES STOVER :
:
Appellant : No. 3774 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 18, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0011253-2015
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., MUSMANNO, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.: FILED NOVEMBER 17, 2017
Appellant, Charles Stover, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his
bench trial convictions of persons not to possess firearms, firearms not to be
carried without a license, and carrying firearms on public streets or public
property in Philadelphia.1 We affirm.
In its opinion, the trial court fully and correctly sets forth the relevant
facts of this case. Therefore, we have no reason to restate them.
Procedurally, on November 13, 2015, the Commonwealth charged Appellant
with persons not to possess firearms, firearms not to be carried without a
license, and carrying firearms on public streets or public property in
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105(a)(1), 6106(a)(1), and 6108, respectively.
____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S67043-17
Philadelphia. Appellant filed an omnibus pre-trial motion on January 8,
2016, which asked the court to suppress the firearm seized from Appellant’s
person on October 24, 2015. Appellant’s suppression motion averred Officer
Momme conducted a stop and frisk of Appellant in violation of Appellant’s
constitutional rights. The court held a suppression hearing on June 6, 2016,
and took the matter under advisement. The court denied Appellant’s
suppression motion on June 15, 2016, and Appellant immediately proceeded
to a stipulated bench trial. The court ultimately convicted Appellant of all
charged offenses.
On November 18, 2016, the trial court sentenced Appellant to an
aggregate term of three (3) to ten (10) years’ imprisonment, followed by
two (2) years’ probation. Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on
December 8, 2016. On December 9, 2016, the court ordered Appellant to
file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), and Appellant timely complied on December 29, 2016.
Appellant raises the following issue for our review:
DID NOT THE [TRIAL] COURT ERR BY DENYING
[APPELLANT’S] MOTION TO SUPPRESS INASMUCH AS THE
ARRESTING OFFICER EXCEEDED THE SCOPE OF A FRISK
BY IMMEDIATELY SEIZING A CONCEALED FIREARM THAT
MANIFESTED ITSELF ONLY AS A BULGE, AND WAS NOT
READILY APPARENT AS A FIREARM, AND THEREFORE THE
OFFICER’S CONDUCT WAS OUTSIDE THE AUTHORITY OF A
PLAIN FEEL SEARCH IN VIOLATION OF [APPELLANT’S]
RIGHTS UNDER THE UNITED STATES AND PENNSYLVANIA
CONSTITUTIONS.
(Appellant’s Brief at 9).
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Our standard of review of the denial of a motion to suppress evidence
is as follows:
[An appellate court’s] standard of review in addressing a
challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is limited
to determining whether the suppression court’s factual
findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. Because
the Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression court,
we may consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth
and so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a
whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
supported by the record, [the appellate court is] bound by
[those] findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal
conclusions are erroneous. Where…the appeal of the
determination of the suppression court turns on allegations
of legal error, the suppression court’s legal conclusions are
not binding on [the] appellate court, whose duty it is to
determine if the suppression court properly applied the law
to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of the [trial court
are] subject to…plenary review.
Commonwealth v. Hoppert, 39 A.3d 358, 361-62 (Pa.Super. 2012),
appeal denied, 618 Pa. 684, 57 A.3d 68 (2012).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution guarantee the people shall be
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions from unreasonable
searches and seizures. Commonwealth v. Morrison, 166 A.3d 357, 363-
64 (Pa.Super. 2017). Contacts between the police and citizenry fall within
three general classifications:
The first of these is a “mere encounter” (or request for
information) which need not be supported by any level of
suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to stop or
respond. The second, an “investigative detention” must be
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supported by reasonable suspicion; it subjects a suspect to
a stop and period of detention, but does not involve such
coercive conditions as to constitute the functional
equivalent of arrest. Finally, an arrest or “custodial
detention” must be supported by probable cause.
Commonwealth v. Carter, 105 A.3d 765, 768 (Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc),
appeal denied, 632 Pa. 667, 117 A.3d 295 (2015).
“To institute an investigative detention, an officer must have at least a
reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” Commonwealth v.
Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa.Super. 2005). Importantly,
Reasonable suspicion exists only where the officer is able
to articulate specific observations which, in conjunction
with reasonable inferences derived from those
observations, led him reasonably to conclude, in light of
his experience, that criminal activity was afoot and that
the person he stopped was involved in that activity.
Therefore, the fundamental inquiry of a reviewing court
must be an objective one, namely, whether the facts
available to the officer at the moment of intrusion warrant
a [person] of reasonable caution in the belief that the
action taken was appropriate.
Id. (internal citations omitted). “[T]he question of whether reasonable
suspicion existed at the time of an investigatory detention must be answered
by examining the totality of the circumstances to determine whether there
was a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the individual stopped
of criminal activity.” Commonwealth v. Cottman, 764 A.2d 595, 598-99
(Pa.Super. 2000). Significantly, close spatial and temporal proximity of a
person to the scene of a crime can heighten a police officer’s reasonable
suspicion that criminality is afoot. Commonwealth v. Jackson, 519 A.2d
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427, 439 (Pa.Super. 1986). “In assessing the totality of the circumstances,
a court must give weight to the inferences that a police officer may draw
through training and experience.” Commonwealth v. Green, 168 A.3d
180, 184 (Pa.Super. 2017).
Additionally,
If, during the course of a valid investigatory stop, an
officer observes unusual and suspicious conduct on the
part of the individual which leads him to reasonably believe
that the suspect is armed and dangerous, the officer may
conduct a pat-down of the suspect’s outer garments for
weapons. In order to establish reasonable suspicion [to
conduct a pat-down], the police officer must articulate
specific facts from which he could reasonably infer that the
individual was armed and dangerous.
Commonwealth v. Mack, 953 A.2d 587, 590 (Pa.Super. 2008). “The
officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue
is whether a reasonably prudent [person] in the circumstances would be
warranted in the belief that his safety or the safety of others was in danger.”
Commonwealth v. Cooper, 994 A.2d 589, 592 (Pa.Super. 2010), appeal
denied, 608 Pa. 660, 13 A.3d 474 (2010). The sole justification for the pat-
down is the protection of the police officers and others nearby.
Commonwealth v. Cartagena, 63 A.3d 294, 299 (Pa.Super. 2013) (en
banc), appeal denied, 620 Pa. 728, 70 A.3d 808 (2013). The pat-down of an
individual must be confined in scope to an intrusion reasonably designed to
discover weapons. Commonwealth v. Wilson, 927, A2d 279, 285
(Pa.Super. 2007). “Following a protective pat-down search of a suspect’s
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person, a more intrusive search can only be justified where the officer
reasonably believed that what he had felt appeared to be a weapon.” Id.
After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the
applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Donna M.
Woelpper, we conclude Appellant’s issue on appeal merits no relief. The trial
court opinion comprehensively discusses and properly disposes of the
question presented. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed May 1, 2017, at 3)
(finding: on October 24, 2015, Officer Momme and Officer O’Connor heard
single gunshot near westbound side of Ogontz Avenue; Officer Momme and
Officer O’Connor subsequently observed Appellant riding bicycle at fast pace
away from area of gunshot; after following Appellant for short period of
time, Officer Momme and Officer O’Connor stopped Appellant to investigate;
during stop, Officer Momme observed bulge in outer portion of Appellant’s
clothing that Officer Momme believed to be firearm, based on his experience
as police officer; due to his belief that Appellant was armed and dangerous,
Officer Momme reached for suspicious bulge and discovered firearm; under
these circumstances, Officer Momme had reasonable suspicion to stop and
frisk Appellant for weapons; further, Officer Momme did not exceed scope of
frisk when he reached for suspicious bulge because location of firearm on
Appellant’s person was apparent to Officer Momme; as such, pat-down of
other areas on Appellant’s person would have served no purpose and
unnecessarily jeopardized safety of Officer Momme and Officer O’Connor;
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therefore, police did not violate Appellant’s constitutional rights when they
conducted stop and frisk, and court properly denied Appellant’s suppression
motion). Accordingly, we affirm on the basis on the trial court’s opinion.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/17/2017
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Circulated 11/09/2017 02:21 PM
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION
COMMONWEALTH OF CP-51-CR-0011253-2015
PENNSYLVANIA FILED
v. MAY 0 1 2017
Office of Judicial SUPERIOR COURT
Records
CHARLES STOVER Appeals/Post Trial 3774 EDA 2016
OPINION
WOELPPER, J. MAY 1,9n17
CP-5I-CR-0011253-21315 Comm. v. Stover, Charles
Opinion
1111111j ji!011,1111 IN
I. PROCEDURAL & FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On June 15, 2016, this court convicted Charles Stover ("defendant") of violations of
the
Uniform Firearms Act) Defendant appeals his judgments of sentence, challenging the
court's
denial of his motion to suppress the firearm recovered from his person.
On October 24, 2015, at approximately 10:00 P.M., Police Officer Brad Momme and his
partner, Officer O'Connor, were in their marked police car in the area of 7600 Ogontz Avenue in
Philadelphia. The neighborhood was known for frequent gun violence and trafficking of both guns
and drugs. Officer Momme heard a single gunshot coming from the westbound
side of Ogontz
Avenue. He saw defendant riding a bicycle at a fast pace from the direction of the gunshot.
The
officers began to follow defendant in their car to investigate, losing sight of him for
approximately
one minute before seeing him again at 77th Street and Ogontz Avenue. N.T. 616/16, 8-9,
13.
18 Pa.C.S. §§ 6105, 6106, and 6108.
1
Officer Momme pulled up alongside defendant and told him to stop. He saw a bulge under
defendant's jacket that he immediately believed to be a firearm based on the shape of the object,
its position against defendant's body, and his eight years as a police officer. As Officer Momme
stepped out of his car, defendant dropped his bicycle and tried to run into a nearby bar. Officer
Momme was able to stop him. As the officer reached for the suspicious bulge, defendant said,
"Yeah, it's a gun." Id. at 10. Officer Momme put defendant in handcuffs and recovered the
firearm, which was hanging by a shoelace around defendant's neck. It was a semiautomatic TEC-
9 .9 millimeter, loaded with 21 live rounds. Id at 10-11, 21.
Defendant moved to suppress the evidence on the ground that Officer Momme did not have
reasonable suspicion to stop him or probable cause to seize the firearm. Id. at 30. This court
denied defendant's motion on June 15, 2016. That same day, the parties proceeded to a stipulated
waiver trial, whereby they agreed to incorporate all relevant non -hearsay testimony from the
motion hearing. The court found defendant guilty of the above charges and deferred sentencing
for a presentence investigation and a mental health evaluation. N.T. 6/15/16, 8, 11. On November
18, 2016, the court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of 3 to 10 years of incarceration,
followed by 2 years of probation. This appeal followed.
H. DISCUSSION
Defendant raises the following allegation of error:
Did not the lower court err by denying [defendant's] motion to suppress
inasmuch as the arresting officer exceeded the scope of a frisk by
immediately seizing a concealed firearm that manifested itself only as a
bulge, and was not readily apparent as a firearm, and therefore the officer's
conduct was outside the authority of a "plain feel search" in violation of
[defendant's] rights under the United States and Pennsylvania
Constitutions?
Statement of Errors, ¶ 1.
2
When an officer has stopped a suspect for investigation, he may also frisk the suspect if he
reasonably concludes, in light of his experience, that the suspect may be armed and dangerous.
Commonwealth v. Canning, 587 A.2d 330, 331 (Pa. Super. 1991) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1, 27). This "frisk" is generally limited to a quick pat -down of the suspect's clothing to determine
if he has any weapons. Id. If, however, the officer has already identified a specific place on the
suspect's person where the weapon is reasonably likely to be, he may search for a weapon directly
in that area. Commonwealth v. Houser, 364 A.2d 459, 460 (Pa. Super. 1976). In Houser, while
investigating a burglary, police officers saw Houser and another individual six blocks from the
reported crime scene. Id. at 460. The officers knew both men were on probation for burglary. Id.
As the officers approached, Houser remained in place, but his companion fled. The officer saw a
bulge in Houser's jacket that was shaped like a handgun. Out of concern for his safety, he asked
Houser what was in his pocket. When Houser did not respond, the officer reached into the pocket.
There he found the exact amount of money allegedly taken in the burglary.
Houser moved to suppress the evidence, arguing it was seized as the result of an illegal
search. Id. The trial court granted Houser's motion, concluding that the officer had exceeded the
permissible scope of a Terry frisk by reaching immediately into Houser's pocket. Id. The
Commonwealth appealed. The Superior Court reversed the trial court's ruling, explaining:
While it is true that where probable cause to arrest is absent, a search of a
suspect must be limited to one of protection for the officer, it does not follow
that a police officer must perform a useless pat -down of an individual when
his senses have already disclosed that a weapon may be possessed at a
certain place on the suspect's person.
Id. at 460.
The "search" in this case was even less intensive than that in Houser. While the officer in
Houser reached into the suspect's pocket, here, Officer Momme merely reached for the outer
portion of defendant's jacket where he saw what he immediately suspected was a firearm. N.T.
3
6/6/16, 10-11, 18-19, 22. As the Supreme Court noted, initiating a pat -down elsewhere on
defendant's person under such circumstances would have served "no purpose" and would have
unnecessarily jeopardized the officers' safety. Houser, 364 A.2d at 461. The court properly denied
defendant's motion.2
III. CONCLUSION
For all of the reasons herein, the defendant's judgments of sentence should be affirmed.
BY THE COURT:
DONNA M. WO LPPER, J.
'Moreover, even if directly reaching for the bulge were improper, the evidence would have been admissible under the
inevitable discovery doctrine. Based on Officer Momme's testimony that defendant was coming from the direction
where a gunshot had just been fired, had attempted to flee from the police, and had a suspicious bulge under his jacket
that was the shape of a firearm, in addition to his testimony that the neighborhood was known for gun violence and
gun trafficking, he was entitled to frisk defendant for his safety and the safety of his partner. See Canning, 587 at 330
(officer may frisk suspect for weapons when he or she reasonably believes suspect may be armed and dangerous). He
would have inevitably uncovered the firearm during the pat-down. Commonwealth v. Gonzalez, 979 A.2d 879, 890
(Pa. Super. 2009) (evidence seized during illegal search may still be admissible if police would have inevitably
discovered it by proper means).
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IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION
COMMONWEALTH OF CP-51-CR-0011253-2015
PENNSYLVANIA
v.
SUPERIOR COURT
CHARLES STOVER 3774 EDA 2016
PROOF OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that I am this 1st day of May, 2017, serving the foregoing Opinion on the persons
indicated below:
Karl L. Morgan, Assistant Defender
Defender Association of Philadelphia
1441 Sansom Street
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Hugh Bums, Chief, Appeals Unit
District Attorney's Office
Three South Penn Square
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Anna Dillon
Secretary to the Honorable Donna M. Woelpper
Com. v. Stover, C.
Combined Opinion