FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 5, 2017
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Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 17-6058
(D.C. No. 5:16-CR-00171-R-1)
BRIAN LEE DOWNING, (W.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
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ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
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Before LUCERO, BACHARACH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
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Brian Lee Downing appeals his 20-year sentence for bank robbery, arguing that
the district court erred by (1) denying his request for a downward adjustment based on
acceptance of responsibility; and (2) imposing a substantively unreasonable sentence.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In August 2016, Downing entered an Oklahoma City bank, approached a teller’s
window, and presented a note that read: “GIVE ME ALL ThE Money NO DIE Packs
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
NOW.” R., Vol. II at 6 (internal quotation marks omitted). The teller saw the word
“DIE” on the note and feared “something bad would happen.” Id. Downing ordered her
to “not hit the [robbery] button” and to “hurry” with the money. Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). She handed Downing $4,105 and he ran from the bank.
Downing was arrested a week later. He pled guilty without a plea agreement on
September 16. While detained in the Grady County Jail awaiting sentencing, Downing
was caught conspiring with his wife and mother to smuggle drugs and contraband into the
jail. The items included cigarettes, a lighter, a syringe, and 50 hydromorphone pills.
A U.S. Probation Officer prepared a presentence investigation report (PSR),
identifying Downing as a career offender and assigning an offense level of 32 to the
robbery. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (USSG) § 4B1.1(b)(3) (U.S.
Sentencing Comm’n 2015). The probation officer declined to adjust that level downward
for a § 3E1.1 acceptance of responsibility, stating that despite Downing’s admission to
the robbery in his plea-agreement petition, Downing had “continued to engage in
criminal activity” by conspiring to smuggle drugs and contraband into the jail. R., Vol. II
at 7. Further, the probation officer noted that as a career offender, Downing’s criminal
history fell within category VI. See USSG § 4B1.1(b). Thus, with an offense level of 32
and a category VI criminal history, the Guidelines indicated a 210 to 262 months’
sentence. See id. Ch. 5 Pt. A. But given the 20-year statutory maximum sentence for
bank robbery, see 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), the applicable guideline range became 210 to 240
months, see USSG § 5G1.1(c)(1).
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Downing objected to the PSR, arguing, among other things, that he qualified for
an acceptance-of-responsibility adjustment, lowering his offense level to 29 and
providing a sentencing range of 151 to 188 months. He reasoned that his speedy plea to
an information rather than an indictment conserved government and judicial resources.
As for his criminal activity in jail, Downing explained that it merely “reflect[ed] his
addiction to painkiller medications.” R., Vol. II at 41. The PSR’s author concluded that
Downing did not qualify for an adjustment, as he had not withdrawn from criminal
conduct even after pleading guilty.
At sentencing, the district court agreed that an acceptance-of-responsibility
adjustment was unwarranted. Further, the district court concluded that a sentence at the
highest end of the advisory guidelines range was appropriate, given Downing’s “lifetime
criminal history,” R., Vol. III at 14, which included numerous felony convictions.
Accordingly, the district court sentenced Downing to 240-months’ imprisonment
(concurrent to a separate 24-month sentence for unlawfully possessing both a firearm and
drug-manufacturing equipment).
Downing now appeals.
DISCUSSION
I. Acceptance of Responsibility
The sentencing guidelines allow a two-level reduction in the applicable offense
level “[i]f the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility for his
offense.” USSG § 3E1.1(a). “Determination of acceptance of responsibility is a question
of fact reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard.” United States v. Gauvin, 173 F.3d
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798, 805 (10th Cir. 1999). Accordingly, we will reverse only if “we are left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v.
Battles, 745 F.3d 436, 458 (10th Cir. 2014) (brackets and internal quotation marks
omitted).
The district court declined to reduce Downing’s offense level because he had
conspired to import drugs and contraband into the jail. Although that conduct is
unrelated to the crime for which he accepted responsibility—bank robbery—it
nevertheless may be considered. The application notes for § 3E1.1(a) refer generally to
the “voluntary termination or withdrawal from criminal conduct or associations.” USSG
§ 3E1.1, cmt. n.1(B). And even post-offense unrelated criminal conduct “reflects the
defendant’s lack of remorse and is inconsistent with an acceptance of responsibility.”
United States v. McDonald, 22 F.3d 139, 144 (7th Cir. 1994). Thus, the district court
properly considered Downing’s conduct in conspiring to smuggle drugs and contraband
into the jail. See United States v. Prince, 204 F.3d 1021, 1023-24 (10th Cir. 2000)
(concluding that the defendant’s attack on a fellow prisoner while awaiting sentencing for
bank robbery could be considered in assessing acceptance of responsibility).
Further, the district court did not clearly err in determining that Downing had not
met his burden to show his entitlement to a § 3E1.1(a) adjustment. See Battles, 745 F.3d
at 458 (requiring a defendant to prove his entitlement to an acceptance-of-responsibility
adjustment by a preponderance of the evidence). Downing merely claimed that his drug
addiction caused his continued criminal conduct. But that claim neither reflects
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contrition nor excuses his attempt to smuggle drugs and contraband into the jail.
Consequently, the district court properly declined to apply the adjustment.
II. Substantive Reasonableness of Downing’s Sentence
“Substantive reasonableness involves whether the length of the sentence is
reasonable given all the circumstances of the case in light of the factors set forth in
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Craig, 808 F.3d 1249, 1261 (10th Cir. 2015)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]e review a sentence for substantive
reasonableness under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). Where, as here, the defendant is sentenced within the range provided by
the guidelines, substantive reasonableness is presumed. See id.
Downing argues that his 20-year sentence is unwarranted. He maintains that the
robbery was “out-of-character” and “was undertaken in the mildest manner possible.”
Aplt. Opening Br. at 16, 18. Further, he contends “he does not have a violent nature” and
“[h]is criminal history revolved around substance use.” Id. at 16, 18. The record,
however, paints a different picture.
First, as to the robbery, the teller reported that Downing’s actions led her to
believe “that if she did not get the money to [him] fast enough, something bad would
happen.” R., Vol. II at 6. Bank robberies are, by definition, not mild crimes. See
18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) (defining the crime as, among other things, taking a bank’s money
from a person by using “force and violence, or . . . intimidation”).
Second, the robbery is consistent with Downing’s criminal character. For
instance, in 2001, Downing was charged with assault and battery after driving his car “in
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a reckless and dangerous manner toward[ ]” a narcotics agent attempting to arrest
Downing on felony warrants. R., Vol. II at 23. And when Downing committed the
instant robbery, he was awaiting trial on assault-and-battery charges for a stabbing.
Further, Downing’s criminal drug history includes not just using drugs, but also
manufacturing them.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in sentencing Downing to the uppermost portion of the applicable guidelines
range.
Affirmed.
Entered for the Court
Nancy L. Moritz
Circuit Judge
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