IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS FOR THE STATE OF DELAWARE
IN AND FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY
KATHLEEN KEELER, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. CPU4-17-000071
)
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., )
a subsidiary of Wells Fargo & Co., )
)
Defendant. )
)
Elwood T. Eveland, Jr., Esq. Kevin J. Mangan, Esq.
The Eveland LaW Firm Nicholas T. Verna, Esq. (argued)
715 N. King St., Suite 200 Womble Bond Dickinson LLP
Wilmington, DE 19801 222 Delaware Ave., Suite 1501
Attorneyfor Plaintijf Wilmington, DE 19801
Attomeys for Defena'ant
MEMORANDUM ORDER
F acts & Procedure
On January 5, 2017, Plaintiff, Kathleen Keeler (“Keeler”), filed a Complaint against
Defendant, Wells Fargo Bank (“Wells Fargo”), alleging a breach of contract and violation of
Delaware’s Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) § 4-406.l Keeler’s employee fraudulently
' The Court Will not address Keeler’s claim that Wells F argo is liable under a breach of contract theory. Plaintiff’ s
Complaint at 11 15 (“Keeler’s Complaint”). When analyzing negligence and breach of contract claims alongside a
claim under Article 4, the Delaware Superior Court has found the former claims to be preempted See Mahajjj) &
Assocs., Inc. v. Long, 2003 WL 22351271, at *5-6 (Del. Super. Sept. 29, 2003) (“Where the legislature has preempted
the field by enacting a provision in the UCC Which establishes the rights of the parties, competing theories of liability
are not permitted The Code preempts common law duties; an action in negligence or breach of contract cannot
stand.”); see also 6 Del. C. § 1-103 (“Unless displaced by the particular provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code,
the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and
agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, and other validating or invalidating
cause[,] supplement its provisions.”).
cashed checks connected to her Wells Fargo bank accounts from October 15, 2013 to December
5, 2013.2 Keeler sought reimbursement from Wells Fargo and was denied.3 The Complaint does
not state when the employee’s fraud was first brought to Keeler’s attention, but she asserts that she
verbally reported the fraud to a Wells Fargo employee on December 5, 2013 and again on
December 16, 2013, when she opened new accounts with Wells Fargo.4
Wells Fargo, however, did not provide Keeler with “appropriate forms” to file a fraud claim
with the bank until April 2014.5 On August 8, 2014, after Keeler filed her claim, Wells Fargo
formally denied her claim of fraud.6 Keeler avers that Wells Fargo breached its contract with her
and failed in its duty to credit her account pursuant to 6 Del. C. § 4-406.7 Keeler seeks judgment
against Wells Fargo in the amount of $22,200 along with reasonable attorney’s fees, costs, and
pre- and post-judgment interest at the legal rate.8
On October 13, 2017, Wells F argo filed a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, asserting
that the Complaint is barred by the Statute of Limitations set forth in 6 Del. C. § 4-111.9 Wells
F argo claims that this suit is untimely because it was filed three years after the alleged fraudulent
checks were cashed and should be dismissed with prejudice.10 Although § 4-111 does not state
when an “action accrues,” Wells Fargo relies on the language of Comment 5 to § 4-406, Which
states: “Section 4-1 ll sets out a statute of limitations allowing a customer a three-year period to
seek a credit to an account improperly charged by payment of an item bearing an unauthorized
2 Keeler’s Complaint at 1[1] 5, 15.
3 See id. at 11 12.
4 See id. at 1111 7-10. The specifics of Keeler’s verbal reports to Wells Fargo are unclear.
5 Seeid. at1]10.
6 See id. at 11 12.
7 See id. at 1[ 15.
8 Seeid.at1]16.
9 Defendant Wells Fargo Bank N.A.’S Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings at 3, 11 9 (“Wells Fargo’s Motion”).
10 See id.
indorsement.”11 Wells Fargo argues that its interpretation of Comment 5 aligns with Delaware
law that the statute of limitations generally begins when the parties are capable of knowing that
they can sue or be sued.12 Hence, Wells Fargo argues that because the fraudulent activity allegedly
occurred between October 15, 2013 and December 5, 2013, and the Complaint Was not filed until
January 5, 2017, the case is time-barred.13 Also, Wells Fargo argues that the “discovery rule” does
not apply to the UCC but, even if it does, Keeler had actual knowledge of the fraud on December
5, 2013.14
On November 1, 2017, Keeler filed an Answer to Wells Fargo’s Motion.15 Keeler argues
that Comment 5 to § 4-406 does not expressly or implicitly state when the cause of action for an
improper charge accrues.16 In addition, Keeler asserts that her verbal reports of fraud to Wells
Fargo on December 5, 2013, and again on December 16, 2013, should not be considered in the
statute of limitations analysis, because she was not provided with the appropriate forms to make a
claim until April 29, 2014.17 Keeler contends that the statute of limitations should begin to run
from August 8, 2014, when Wells Fargo denied her fraud claim.18
On November 2, 2017, Wells F argo filed a Reply in Support of its Motion.19 Wells Fargo
argues that any “obligations” it has to Keeler are according to § 4-401 and not § 4-406.20 Section
11 See id. at 3-4, 1111 10-16 (quoting U.C.C. § 4-406 cmt. 5). While Wells F argo cites to the federal Uniform Commercial
Code, the relevant portion of Comment 5 is identical.
12 See id. at 4, 1]1[14-15.
13 See id. at 4, 1116.
14 Wells Fargo’s Motion at 5, 1[1] 17-18.
15 Plaintiffs Response to Defendant Wells Fargo Bank N.A.’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (“Keeler’s
Response”).
16 See id., 1111.
17 seeid.,111[14-15.
18 See id., 1116.
19 Defendant Wells Fargo Bank N.A.’s Reply in Further Support of its Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (“Wells
Fargo’s Reply”).
20 See id. at l-2, 1111 2-3.
4-401 allows a bank to charge a customer’s account if the “item” is “properly payable.”21
Therefore, Wells Fargo argues that because it charged the account, and Keeler is claiming the
fraudulent items were not “properly payable,” the action_by its very nature_must accrue when
Keeler’s account was charged.22 Wells Fargo also notes that courts in other jurisdictions have held
that the statute of limitations for negotiable instruments begins to run when the instrument is
negotiated, under both UCC Article 3 and Article 4.23
T he Law
Court of Common Pleas Civil Rule 12 provides, “[a]fter the pleadings are closed but with
such time as to not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.”24 On
such a motion, the applicable standard is “almost identica ” to the standard for a motion to dismiss,
and requires the Court to accept all of the well-pled facts in the Complaint as true and construe all
reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.25 The Court will grant a motion for
judgment on the pleadings when “no material issues of fact exist and the moving party is entitled
3526 44
to judgment as a matter of law. [F]or purposes of the motion, the moving party admits the
allegations of the opposing party's pleading, but contends that they are insufficient as a matter of
law ”27
21See id.; see also 6 Del. C. § 4-401 (When bank may charge customer’s account) (“A bank may charge against the
account of a customer an item that is properly payable from that account even though the charge creates an overdraft.
An item is properly payable if it is authorized by the customer and is in accordance with any agreement between the
customer and bank.”).
22 Wells Fargo’s Reply at 2, 11 4.
23 See id. at 2, 11 5.
24 Ct. Com. Pl. Civ. R. 12(c).
25 Silver Lake Ojj‘ice Plaza, LLC v. Lanard & Axilbund, Inc., 2014 WL 595378, at *6 (Del. Super. Jan. 17, 2014)
(quoting Blanco v. AMVAC Chem. Corp., 2012 WL 3194412, at *6 (Del. Super. Aug. 8, 2012)).
26 Id.
27 Green v. PNC Fin. Servs. Grp., Inc., 2015 WL 1236847, at *2 (Del. Com. Pl. Mar. 18, 2015) (internal citations
omitted).
Discussion
In Wells Fargo’s Motion and subsequent briefing, it argues the general principle of
accrual_the statute of limitations begins to run when the victim is able to sue.28 Conversely,
Keeler proffers a fact-specific argument that the statute of limitations should not begin to run until
the victim is notified by the bank that it will not reimburse the victim’s account.29
Both parties have conceded that the UCC does not define when a claim accrues relevant to
6 Del. C. § 4-401 or § 4-406,30 and neither party has provided applicable Delaware case law. The
Court’s own research has yielded only one Delaware case that tangentially addresses the
applicability of Article 4’s statute of limitations to a claim of improper payment.31 In the absence
28 The Court disagrees with Wells Fargo’s interpretation of Comment 5, which states in relevant part: “the reference
in former subsection (4) to unauthorized indorsements is deleted. Section 4-406 imposes no duties on the drawer to
look for unauthorized indorsements. Section 4-]11 sets out a statute of limitations allowing a customer a three-year
period to seek a credit to an account improperly charged by payment of an item bearing an unauthorized
indorsement.” 6 Del. C. § 4-406 cmt. 5 (emphasis added). The comment, when read in its entirety, is simply denoting
a change in versions and does not define when an action accrues under § 4-111.
29 Keeler mainly relies on the non-analogous cases of Davis v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA. and Alonso v. Mala'onado.
Davis v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2017 WL 4516830 (D. Colo. Oct. 10, 2017); Alonso v. Maldonado, 2015 WL
7068206 (Del. Super. Nov. 12, 2015). Unlike in the case sub judice, the court in Davis was dealing with a promissory
note installment contract that expressly triggered the statute of limitations when Wells Fargo accelerated payment of
the installment contract. Davis, 2017 WL 4516830, at *2, 4. Keeler argues that Davis is analogous because it was
bank action_to accelerate the amount due_that caused the statute of limitations to accrue. Keeler’s Response at 11
19. However, the relevant Colorado statute expressly states that “[a] cause of action for debt, obligation, money owed,
or performance shall be considered to accrue on the date such debt, obligation, money owed, or performance becomes
due.” Davis, 2017 WL 4516830, at *3 (quoting Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-80-108(4)) (intemal quotation marks omitted).
Thus, unlike in this case, accrual was defined in Davis.
Similarly, Alonso is not analogous In Alonso, the court held that the defendant was not required to reimburse
the plaintiff for monetary advances until either: (l) the last advancement occurred, or (2) Defendant’s home sold.
Alonso, 2015 WL 7068206, at *2-3. Hence, the court found that the statute of limitations did not begin to run when
the plaintiff advanced the first payment to the defendant See id. at *2. Keeler argues that Alonso supports her position
that the statute of limitations does not commerce until the defendant acts. Keeler’s Response at 11 21. Yet, Alonso
does not stand for this proposition Because the parties had not expressly stated when repayment would occur, the
court in Alonso found accrual of the debt to occur a “ ‘reasonable time after the loan is made.’ ” Alonso, 2015 WL
7068206, at *2-3 (quoting Estate of Rigby v. Walls, 1994 WL 728843, at *6 (Del. Ch. Nov. 9, 1994)). Thus, accrual
was defined in Alonso. In addition, the underlying facts of Alonso_the plaintiff loaned her cousin nearly sixty-
thousand dollars and allowed her cousin a reasonable time to repay her_is not analogous to the strict UCC
requirements that govern a bank’s actions. See id. at *1-3.
30 Wells Fargo’s Motion at 4, 11 14 (“Although the Delaware UCC and the Model UCC fail to define When a cause of
actions ‘accrues’ . . . .”); Keeler’s Response at 11 12 (“As defendant concedes, the UCC neither defines when a cause
of action accrues . . . .”).
31 In re Federal-Mogul Global, Inc., 319 B.R. 363, 365-66 & n.8 (Bankr. D. Del. 2005) (noting in dicta that the three-
year statute of limitations began to run from the date the check was drawn, even though the plaintiff discovered the
checking mistake and the accused bank denied a claim for reimbursement within the three-year statute of limitations).
5
of Delaware case law on point, the Court examined the prevailing views in other jurisdictions
Three distinct approaches have emerged. One approach is to apply the “discovery rule” to State
UCC claims that are inherently unknowable; therefore, allowing the statute of limitations to accrue
when the victim knew or should have known of the wrong.32 A second approach is to apply the
statute of repose in place of the three-year statute of limitations and require the victim to notify the
bank of fraudulent charges on the account within one year of receiving an accounting statement
from the bank.33 This, in effect, interposes a one-year statute of limitations rather than the UCC’s
three-year statute of limitations, and focuses on when the victim properly notified the bank.34
Finally, under a third approach, other jurisdictions agree with Wells Fargo’s interpretation that the
statute of limitations begins to accrue when negotiable instruments are negotiated_that is, when
the account is debited_under both Article 3 and Article 4.35
While all three approaches are detrimental to Keeler’s case, this Court finds the third
approach to align with Delaware legal principles. Applying the first approach to the facts in this
case would require this Court to apply the “discovery rule” to a knowable UCC claim, which is
32 See, e.g., Cont ’l Cas. Co. v. American Nat ’l Bank, 768 N.E. 2d 352, 356-57, 363-64 (Ill. App. Ct. 2002) (interpreting
the three-year statute of limitations relevant to an embezzlement claim under the Illinois UCC).
33 See, e.g., Deutsch v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2015 WL 3833226, at *6 (E.D. Pa. June 22, 2015) (“Plaintif`f must
properly notify the bank of the dispute in accordance with 13 Pa.C.S. § 4406(c) and must bring the claim within the
relevant statute of limitation imposed by 13 Pa.C.S. § 4406(f).”).
34 See id. at *6-7 & n.8.
33 See Silver v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2017 WL 2833254, at *9 (D. Md. June 30, 2017), order vacated in part on
reconsideration, 2017 WL 3621235 (D. Md. Aug. 23, 2017) (“[T]he Court concludes that the discovery rule did not
toll the UCC's three-year limitations period and Silver's UCC causes of action accrued at the time when each check
was negotiated.”); U.S. v. Zarra, 2011 WL 3667313, at *2-3 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 22, 2011) (holding that the three-year
statute of limitations began to run when the “check was negotiated and the funds debited” fi'om the account); New
Jersey Lawyers' F und for Client Protection v. Pace, 892 A.2d 661, 661 (N.J. 2006) (“We agree with the Appellate
Division that, generally, the statute of limitations on a claim for conversion of negotiable instruments begins to run
from the date the instrument was negotiated.”); Connors v. U.S. Bank, 2008 WL 1759071, at *1, 6 (Ohio Ct. App.
Apr. 17, 2008) (applying three-year statute of limitations to the year when the check amounts were drawn from the
account); Estate of Hollywood v. First Nat 'l Bank ofPalmerton, 859 A.2d 472, 483 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004) (finding the
limitation period to run for unauthorized payment claims when the instrument is negotiated, and making an analogy
to claims for conversion of negotiable instruments).
counter to Delaware policy.36 The second approach wrongly equates the procedural statute of
limitations with the substantive statute of repose under the UCC.37 In Delaware, the two limitation
periods are separate.38 ln Admiral Holding v. T he T own of Bowers, the Superior Court stated:
lt must first be noted that there is apparent confusion in the law as to the
distinction between a statute of repose and a statute of limitations Woolley's
Delaware Practice equates the two, noting, “Statutes of limitations are founded in
wisdom and sound policy. They have been termed statutes of repose and are
regarded as highly beneficial.” More recent definitions, however, draw a
distinction between statutes of limitations and statutes of repose, observing that:
A statute of repose limits the time within which an action may be
brought and is not related to the accrual of any cause of action; the
injury need not have occurred, much less have been discovered.
Unlike an ordinary statute of limitations which begins running upon
accrual of the claim, the period contained in a statute of repose
begins when a specific event occurs, regardless of whether a cause
of action has accrued or whether any injury has resultcd.
Black's Law Dictionary similarly differentiates between statutes of repose
and statutes of limitations:
A statute of limitations bars an action unless the plaintiff
files the action within a specified period of time after the injury
occurs. A statute of repose on the other hand terminates any right of
action after a specified period of time has elapsed, regardless of
whether an injury has yet occurred.39
36 The “discovery rule” does not apply to the claims in this case. The Delaware Superior Court has stated, “[t]he time
of discovery rule applies to breach of contract claims and to claims for breach of an express warranty not covered by
the UCC. It applies when the injury or conditions are inherently unknowable’ and the plainti/j’ is 'blamelessly
ignorant.’ ” (emphasis added) (intemal citations omitted)). Legatski v. BethanyForestAssoc., Inc., 2005 WL 2249598,
at *2 n.3 (Del. Super. Sept. 15, 2005); see also Amvest Corp. v. Anderson Equip. Co., 358 F. App‘x 344, 347 (3d Cir.
2009) (interpreting the application of the rule in Pennsylvania: “ ‘[a]s the discovery rule has developed, the salient
point giving rise to its application is the inability of the injured, despite the exercise of reasonable diligence, to know
that he is injured and by What cause.’ ” (quoting Fine v. Checcio, 582 Pa. 253, 870 A.2d 850, 858 (2005))).
37 Deutsch, 2015 WL 3833226, at *6 (“Defendant asserts that these claims should be dismissed because Plaintiff: (1)
. . . and (2) because the claim is time barred by the Statute of limitations imposed by 13 Pa.C.S. § 4406(f) [statute of
repose section].”). In fact, prior to Deutsch, the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania stated that the
statute of limitations and statute of repose were distinct. See Envtl. Equip. & Servs. Co. v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., 741
F. Supp. 2d 705, 709 & n.2, 716-21 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 23, 2010).
33 Admiral Holding v. The Town ofBowers, 2004 WL 2744581, at *2 (Del. Super. Oct. 18, 2004).
39 See id. (internal footnotes omitted).
This Court finds the second approach to be flawed because it improperly subsumes a substantive
limitation into the analysis of a procedural limit.40 Indeed, at the motion to dismiss stage, applying
the statute of repose rather than the statute of limitations to a cause of action for a bank’s improper
payment is problematic, because the statute of repose does not require the court to determine when
the claim accrues.41
Conversely, the third approach is intuitive,42 creates consistency, and accords with the
UCC’s founding principle of uniformity.43 Hence, this Court is apt to follow jurisdictions that
adhere to the third approach. Applying the third approach to the present case, this Court finds that
the statute of limitations on each check began to run when they were cashed between October 15,
2013 and December 5 , 2013. Therefore, because Keeler did not file her Complaint until January
5, 2017, her claims under the UCC are time-barred.
40 This Court sees no reason to address the substantive statute of repose when the statute of limitations is dispositive
41 Deutsch, 2015 WL 3833226, at *6-7 & n.8 (focusing solely on the statute of repose and if the plaintiff notified the
bank that a fraudulent check had been cashed).
42 See, e.g., Pero ’s Steak & Spaghetti House v. Lee, 90 S.W. 3d 614, 623-24 (Tenn. 2002) (noting the necessity under
UCC principles, but “harsh” reality, of running the statute of limitations from the date the check is negotiated).
43 See Heronemus v. Ulrick, 1997 WL 524127, at *4 (Del. Super. July 9, 1997) (stating that the UCC’s “express[]
purpose” is uniformity); Husker News Co. v. Mahaska State Bank, 460 N.W. 2d 476, 477 (Iowa 1990) (“These [UCC]
objectives include the uniform application of commercial law among the states and the presumption in favor of
predictability and finality of commercial transactions.”).
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, Wells Fargo’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings is
GRANTED. Keeler’s case is dismissed with prejudice.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 5111 day of December, 2017,
`_/"> _ __
sizth
Judge
cc: Ms. Tamu White, Chief Civil Clerk