UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________________
)
JAKAYARN D. SAMUELS, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Case No. 16-cv-0873 (APM)
)
SOUTHERN HILLS LIMITED )
PARTNERSHIP, )
)
Defendant. )
_________________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINON AND ORDER
On November 19, 2003, District of Columbia resident Plaintiff Jakayarn D. Samuels left
unattended an uncovered, warming pot of oil on her electric stovetop. Sometime later, after
Plaintiff’s daughter alerted her to a problem, Plaintiff returned to the kitchen to find smoke coming
out of the pot and filling the room. Plaintiff began to panic and, in an effort to stop the smoke,
tried to move the pot from one burner to another. When she did, the oil caught fire. So, too, did
Plaintiff’s hair and clothing. Plaintiff was able to douse the flames, but not before suffering burns
to her chest, torso, legs, and other areas of her body.
Plaintiff sued the company that owns her apartment building, Defendant Southern Hills
Limited Partnership. Her Complaint advances two causes of action: negligence and breach of
contract. Plaintiff’s theory of liability as to both claims rests on Defendant’s failure to supply her
with a working smoke alarm, a fire extinguisher, and a non-defective piece of fire safety equipment
called a “Firestop.”
Before the court is Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. After consideration of the
record and the parties’ briefs, the court grants Defendant’s motion in part and denies it in part.
I
Plaintiff’s negligence claim is premised on Defendant’s failure: (1) to maintain a
functioning smoke detector in Plaintiff’s apartment, (2) to install a visible, accessible fire
extinguisher in Plaintiff’s apartment, and (3) to supply a working “Firestop”—a type of emergency
fire equipment installed above the stove. Compl., ECF No. 1, at 1–2. The court concludes that
there remains a genuine dispute of material fact that precludes summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s
first two theories—the failure to supply a working smoke alarm and a fire extinguisher—but not
with respect to her third theory—the alleged faulty Firestop.
Defendant first contends that it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s negligence
claim because Plaintiff’s contributory negligence—her leaving the stove unattended while heating
the pot of oil, which led to the fire—is a complete defense against liability. Def.’s Mot for Summ.
J., ECF No. 32, Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 32-1 [hereinafter Def.’s Mem.], at 4–7. At this stage,
however, that defense is precluded as a matter of law. It is settled under District of Columbia law
that “[t]he common law of contributory negligence is not available . . . to defeat liability for
negligent conduct that contravenes a statutory mandate because ‘[s]tatutes and regulations should
not be overborne by the common law.’” Jarrett v. Woodward Bros., Inc., 751 A.2d 972, 985 (D.C.
2000) (quoting Martin v. George Hyman Constr. Co., 395 A.2d 63, 68–69 (D.C. 1978)). 1 As
relevant here, District of Columbia law required Defendant, as the owner of Plaintiff’s apartment
complex, to: (1) install and maintain smoke detectors “in a reliable operating condition,”
1
In her opposition brief, Plaintiff asserts that neither contributory negligence nor assumption of the risk is a defense
to negligent conduct that violates the law. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Summ. J., ECF No. 35, Mem. in Opp’n, ECF No. 35–1
[hereinafter Pl.’s Mem.], at 1, 5. That contention is wrong. The D.C. Court of Appeals made clear in Jarrett that
there is a difference between the defenses of contributory negligence and assumption of risk, and that only the former
is a defense to a negligence claim premised on a violation of law. Jarrett, 751 A.2d at 985–86. Notwithstanding the
availability of an assumption-of-risk defense, Defendant has not argued for entry of judgment based on that defense.
2
D.C. Code § 6-751.06 2; see also id. § 6-751.02(a) (requiring “install[ation of] smoke detectors as
required by this subchapter”); and (2) supply a “visible . . . read[ily] access[ible]” fire extinguisher
and maintain it “in an efficient and safe operating condition,” 12 DCMR § PM-705G.2. See also
12 DCMR § PM-704G.2 (requiring the installation and maintenance of smoke alarms); 14 DCMR
§ 901.1 (“The operator of each housing business shall maintain all required fire extinguishing
equipment in an operable condition.”); id. § 904.4 (requiring installation of smoke detectors as
required by the Smoke Detector Act of 1978). 3 Defendant acknowledges that if the facts are
viewed in the light most favorable Plaintiff—as they must be at this stage of the litigation—it: (1)
failed to maintain a functioning smoke detector in Plaintiff’s apartment, Def.’s Mem. at 7; and (2)
failed to install a visible, accessible fire extinguisher in Plaintiff’s apartment, id. at 9. Those
concessions mean that, at a minimum, there exists a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether
Defendant neglected to follow District of Columbia fire-safety laws. It also means that Defendant,
at this stage, cannot rely on Plaintiff’s contributory negligence as a defense to avoid liability for
those violations. See Jarrett, 751 A.2d at 985.
Defendant’s next argument fares no better. Defendant asserts that, because Plaintiff had
“notice of the smoke before the fire and failed to respond reasonably,” the presence of a working
smoke alarm or fire extinguisher would have made no difference. Def.’s Mem. at 7. But that
argument is simply a variant of Defendant’s contributory negligence defense, which, for the
reasons already discussed, cannot shield Defendant from liability at this stage. Additionally,
Defendant asserts that “there is no evidence [a working smoke detector] would have provided
2
Citations to the District of Columbia Code and the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations are to the 2013
versions that were in place at the time of the fire in Plaintiff’s apartment.
3
Defendant does not contend that the law required otherwise. Plaintiff argued in her opposition brief that,
notwithstanding Plaintiff’s own contributory negligence, Defendant remains liable because its omissions violated
District of Columbia law. See Pl.’s Mem. at 1–3. Defendant filed no reply brief opposing that argument.
3
earlier notice than that provided by her daughter.” Id. at 7–8. That argument, however, ignores
the testimony of Defendant’s own expert, R. Thomas Long, Jr., who opined “to a reasonable
degree of scientific certainty” that “[h]ad a smoke alarm been present, Ms. Samuels most likely
would have received earlier notification of the situation in the kitchen.” Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. for
Summ. J., ECF No. 35 [hereinafter Pl.’s Opp’n], Exs., ECF No. 35-2, at 28–29. 4 Long also
testified that “smoke alarms are pretty good at doing their job. And if there’s smoke, they will go
off.” Id. at 28. Based on that expert evidence, a reasonable juror could conclude that a functioning
smoke alarm would have given Plaintiff (or her daughter) earlier notice of the smoking oil before
it reached an ignitable temperature and, correspondingly, that such earlier notice would have
allowed Plaintiff to avoid injury. Accordingly, the existence of a genuine dispute of fact
concerning the early-warning efficacy of a working smoke detector precludes granting Defendant
summary judgment.
Next, Defendant contends that a working, readily accessible fire extinguisher would not
have prevented Plaintiff’s injuries because Plaintiff testified that she looked for a fire extinguisher
only after she put the fire out on her body. Def.’s Mem. at 9. Thus, Defendant insists, “[e]ven if
the fire extinguisher were present, it would not have altered the course of what occurred.” Id. That
argument, however, overlooks a reasonable inference that a trier of fact could draw: Had a fire
extinguisher in fact been visible and readily accessible, as required by District of Columbia law,
Plaintiff might have reached for the fire extinguisher before the pot of oil ignited, thereby allowing
her to avoid injury. In other words, if Defendant had supplied a visible fire extinguisher, as it was
required to do, Plaintiff presumably would have known about the extinguisher’s location and her
first instinct might have been to use it. But because no fire extinguisher was present, Plaintiff may
4
Citations to Plaintiff’s exhibits are to the electronically page numbers generated by CM/ECF.
4
have reflexively addressed the emergency without one. Plaintiff’s act of searching for a fire
extinguisher only after she had doused the flames on herself therefore does not render Plaintiff
unable to prove that Defendant’s failure to provide a fire extinguisher was the proximate cause of
her injuries. See Rong Yao Zhou v. Jennifer Mall Rest., Inc., 534 A.2d 1268, 1277 (D.C. 1987)
(“[P]laintiffs must prove that the statutory violation was the proximate cause of their injuries.”).
Finally, the court reaches a different conclusion with respect to Plaintiff’s theory of
negligence predicated upon the Firestop’s failure to prevent her injuries. Defendant argues that
Plaintiff “has provided no evidence or expert opinion in support of her conclusory statements
regarding how Firestops function and when they should activate,” and that Plaintiff “has no
evidence that the devices were defective and did not work.” Def.’s Mem. at 8–9. Plaintiff counters
that “[i]t is not undisputed that the firestops were functioning correctly as no investigation was
done by the Defendant to offer an opinion as to whether the firestops were working correctly[.]”
Pl.’s Mem. at 3–4. Plaintiff, however, misapprehends her burden at the summary judgment stage.
A movant can satisfy its burden at the summary judgment stage by noting the absence of evidence
supporting a non-moving party’s case. See Durant v. Dist. of Columbia, 875 F.3d 685, 695–96
(D.C. Cir. 2017). Once a movant does so, the non-moving party “must present affirmative
evidence in order to defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 257 (1986). Plaintiff offers no such affirmative evidence here.
The record contains no evidence to support Plaintiff’s contention that the Firestop installed above
her stovetop was defective or did not work properly when the pot of oil caught fire. Consequently,
summary judgment is warranted in favor of Defendant on Plaintiff’s negligence claim insofar as
that claim is premised on the alleged failure of the Firestop to prevent Plaintiff’s injuries. See
Durant, 875 F.3d at 695–96.
5
Accordingly, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in
part as to Plaintiff’s negligence claim.
II
Defendant also seeks summary judgment on Count II, Plaintiff’s breach-of-contract claim,
which largely mirrors Plaintiff’s negligence claim. Count II differs from the first count only in
that, instead of resting on violations of District of Columbia law, it asserts violations of
Defendant’s obligations, set forth in the apartment lease, to maintain all safety equipment in proper
working order and to keep the property in a safe condition. Compl. at 3. Consequently, the court
holds the same for Count II as it did with respect to Count I: Plaintiff may proceed to trial on the
theory that Defendant breached the lease by failing to maintain a working smoke detector and
supply a fire extinguisher, but not by providing a defective Firestop.
As it did with Plaintiff’s negligence claim, Defendant attempts to shield itself from contract
liability by pointing to Plaintiff’s conduct. Specifically, Defendant contends that, even if it did not
satisfy its contractual obligation to provide and maintain fire-safety equipment, Plaintiff’s failure
to carry out her contractual obligations to inform Defendant about the inoperable smoke detector
and the absence of a fire extinguisher precludes liability on her breach-of-contract claim. Def.’s
Mem. at 10–11.
The court rejects Defendant’s argument for two reasons. First, public policy counsels
against enforcing any such contractual obligation against Plaintiff. “It is accepted law that ‘[a]
promise or other term of an agreement is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if . . . the
interest in its enforcement is clearly outweighed in the circumstances by a public policy against
the enforcement of such terms.’” Jacobsen v. Oliver, 555 F. Supp. 2d 72, 79 (D.D.C. 2008)
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 178, at 6 (1981)). It is apparent that the District of
6
Columbia espouses a strong public policy in favor of mandating that landlords install and maintain
smoke detectors in working condition. As discussed, both the District of Columbia Code and the
District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (“DCMR”) reflect that strong public policy. See
supra p. 2–3. That policy, however, would be substantially undermined if landlords could escape
liability simply by pointing to a tenant’s failure to inform the landlord about missing or defective
fire-safety equipment. The law cannot possibly countenance such a result. Second, it would be
incongruous to hold, as Defendant would have it, that a tenant’s failure to report a malfunctioning
smoke alarm is a complete defense to a breach-of-contract claim, when the common law expressly
denies landlords the defense of contributory negligence in similar circumstances. District of
Columbia law places responsibility for fire safety squarely on landlords, and does not permit
shifting blame to tenants in order to shield landlords from liability.
In addition, Defendant’s position that Plaintiff had a contractual “duty” to report the
absence of a fire extinguisher is not supported by the record evidence. Def.’s Mem. at 10–11. The
only evidence Defendant cites to support its contention is a letter from Defendant to Plaintiff titled
“Fire Safety Equipment,” which asked Plaintiff “to assist us in maintaining [fire safety] equipment
by following the recommendation[ ] . . . [of] [i]nform[ing] us immediately if the equipment fails
or is damaged in any way so we may repair or replace it.” Def.’s Mem., Ex., ECF No. 32-7
(emphasis added). Merely “recommend[ing]” that a tenant report the absence of a fire extinguisher
does not create a contractual duty to do so. Cf. id., Ex., ECF No. 32-8 (“Smoke Detector
Agreement,” which is “an addendum and part of” the lease, states that “Resident must inform the
owner or authorized agent immediately in writing of any defect, malfunction or failure of any
7
[smoke] detector(s).”). Plaintiff therefore did not breach any duty to Defendant by failing to report
the lack of a fire extinguisher in her apartment. 5
The court thus denies Defendant’s Motion with respect to Plaintiff’s breach-of-contract
claim, except insofar as Plaintiff contends that Defendant’s alleged failure to maintain a working
Firestop violated the terms of the lease.
III
For the foregoing reasons, the grants in part and denies in part Defendant’s Motion for
Summary Judgment.
Dated: December 7, 2017 Amit P. Mehta
United States District Judge
5
The court rejects Defendant’s causation arguments in the breach-of-contract context, see Def.’s Mem. at 12, for the
same reason it rejects them as to the negligence claim.
8