Filed 11/20/17; pub order 12/12/17 (see end of opn.)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H043445
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Appellant, Super. Ct. No. C1510381)
v.
REESE ALLEN STANLEY,
Defendant and Respondent.
The superior court granted defendant Reese Allen Stanley’s suppression motion
and dismissed the criminal action against him after it found that the detention of
defendant by a sheriff’s deputy was not supported by reasonable suspicion. The
prosecution challenges that finding. We conclude that the deputy’s detention of
defendant was reasonable, and we therefore reverse the superior court’s order.
I. Facts
On the afternoon of May 7, 2015, Deputy Brian Tanaka responded to a dispatch
telling him that a bus driver had spotted the suspect in “a 288 case” (lewd act on a child)
on a VTA bus in San Jose. Tanaka was aware of the “288 case” because he had seen a
report on the news that included a video of the suspect. He also knew that the sheriff’s
department distributes “Be on the Lookout” fliers to VTA bus drivers. Tanaka responded
to the bus, which was parked, boarded the bus, and spoke with the driver. The bus driver
told Tanaka that he had seen a “picture” on a “Be on the Lookout” flier, and the picture
“matched” a passenger on the bus. The “Be On the Look-out (BOLO)” flier issued by
the San Jose Police Department on May 7, 2015 concerned a child sexual assault that had
occurred on an afternoon two days earlier in the San Jose area. The flier described the
suspect as “WMA, Age: 30, 5’10”, 155 lbs, dark or brown shaggy hair w/beard, tan
complexion, black shoes, black socks and a black beanie.” The flier also contained three
color photographs, two of which showed the suspect’s face.
Tanaka had never seen the flier, but he recalled from the video he had seen on the
news that the suspect was a white male. The bus driver pointed out defendant, who was
asleep on a seat halfway back on the bus, as the man matching the picture the bus driver
had seen on the flier. Tanaka awakened defendant, identified himself, handcuffed
defendant, and removed him from the bus. Tanaka had defendant sit on a bus bench
outside the bus. Defendant identified himself, and Tanaka learned from dispatch that
defendant was on parole.
Other deputies, who arrived after Tanaka had detained defendant, had been
informed by dispatch of the description given in the flier. Upon their arrival, they
observed that, “[j]ust by the descriptors alone, [defendant] did match.” The deputies
were unable to access the flier themselves due to technical problems.
Defendant was subjected to a parole search, which turned up narcotics. About 10
to 15 minutes after the deputies searched defendant, they received clear photos of the
suspect on the flier and determined that defendant was not the person depicted on the
flier.
II. Procedural Background
Defendant was charged with possession of heroin (Health & Saf. Code, § 11350)
and possession of controlled substance paraphernalia (Health & Saf. Code, § 11364). He
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moved to suppress the fruits of the search on the ground that Tanaka lacked reasonable
suspicion to detain him.
The trial court granted defendant’s suppression motion. “I think that the
descriptors that law enforcement had are far, far, far, far too vague under these
circumstances to have initiated a detention. [¶] I do think it does alter the equation
somewhat that a citizen is saying that’s the person I recognize. [¶] But I don’t think the
law enforcement officer can then delegate the duty of ascertaining the likeness of a
description simply to that.” The prosecution stated that it could not proceed, and the
court dismissed the case.
III. Analysis
“In reviewing the trial court’s suppression ruling, we defer to its factual findings if
supported by substantial evidence. We independently assess the legal question of
whether the challenged search or seizure satisfies the Fourth Amendment.” (People v.
Brown (2015) 61 Cal.4th 968, 975.) Because the relevant facts are undisputed in this
case, we exercise de novo review.
“The guiding principle in determining the propriety of an investigatory detention
is ‘the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of
a citizen’s personal security.’ [Citations.] In making our determination, we examine ‘the
totality of the circumstances’ in each case.” (People v. Wells (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1078,
1083 (Wells).) “But to be reasonable, the officer’s suspicion must be supported by some
specific, articulable facts that are ‘reasonably “consistent with criminal activity.” ’ (In re
Tony C. [(1978)] 21 Cal.3d [888,] 894.) The officer’s subjective suspicion must be
objectively reasonable, and ‘an investigative stop or detention predicated on mere
curiosity, rumor, or hunch is unlawful, even though the officer may be acting in complete
good faith. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] But where a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity
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exists, ‘the public rightfully expects a police officer to inquire into such circumstances
“in the proper exercise of the officer’s duties.” [Citation.]’ ” (Wells, at p. 1083.)
At the outset, we reject defendant’s and the trial court’s reliance on this court’s
decision in People v. Walker (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1372 (Walker). In Walker, a
sheriff’s detective had circulated an e-mail about a sexual assault that had occurred a
week earlier at a downtown San Jose light rail station. The e-mail contained a description
of the two suspects and photographs of the suspects taken from a surveillance video. The
description of one suspect was: “ ‘[B]lack male adult, approximately in his 20’s,
approximately six[-]one, 195, short afro, clean shaven, light complected, appeared
unkempt[,] wearing a backpack.’ ” The description of the second suspect was: “ ‘[B]lack
male adult, 30’s, approximately five[-]five, 195, short hair[,] unkempt with a body odor[,]
wearing a black sweatshirt jacket with a hood and black pants.’ ” (Walker, at p. 1378.)
A deputy who had reviewed the e-mail, the photographs, and the video saw the
defendant at the same downtown San Jose light rail station where the sexual assault had
occurred a week earlier. “[D]efendant was 19 years old; was five feet 10 inches tall;
weighed approximately 180 pounds; had short black hair; was of medium to dark
complexion; had a mustache and a slight goatee; was well groomed; and was wearing a
gray sweatshirt, blue jeans, and blue and white shoes” and “a cap or a hat.” (Walker,
supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 1379.) The deputy detained the defendant. At the
suppression hearing, the deputy testified that he thought the defendant resembled one of
the suspects based on height, weight, age, hairline, and shape of nose. The trial court
denied the defendant’s suppression motion. (Ibid.)
On appeal, this court held that the “defendant’s alleged resemblance to one or both
of the suspects” did not provide the officer with reasonable suspicion to detain him
because the defendant was not objectively a substantial match for either of the suspects.
“[I]t is objectively clear that the 19-year-old, five-foot-10, 180-pound, well-groomed
defendant could not have reasonably been considered to resemble Suspect Two—who
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was described as being a Black male in his 30’s, unkempt (with body odor), and
‘approximately five[-]five, 195 [pounds].’ ” (Walker, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1385-1386.) This court concluded that the deputy’s belief that the defendant
resembled the other suspect also was not objectively reasonable because the only
similarities were race, age, and weight. “[T]here were significant differences between
Suspect One and defendant. Suspect One was described as approximately six feet one
inches tall, while defendant is five feet 10 inches tall. . . . Further, Suspect One was
described as ‘clean shaven, light complected, [and] appeared unkempt,’ while defendant
is of medium to dark complexion, and at the time of the detention was well groomed and
had a mustache and slight goatee.” (Walker, at p. 1386.)
This court further concluded that the photographs reviewed by the deputy could
not have provided support for a reasonable suspicion because those “photographs provide
such poor depictions of the suspects’ faces that their noses are not (or, charitably, are
barely) discernible” and “comparing these photographs with defendant’s booking
photograph—one which Deputy Thrall testified was a fair and accurate depiction of
defendant’s appearance at the time of the arrest—there is no basis for concluding that
defendant bore a close resemblance to either suspect. Thus, any opinion that Deputy
Thrall held that defendant resembled one of the suspects in the photographs—whether
based upon nose shape or otherwise—was not objectively reasonable.” (Walker, supra,
210 Cal.App.4th at p. 1387.) “Given the absence of a match between defendant and the
physical descriptions or photographs depicting the suspects, Deputy Thrall’s bases for
connecting defendant to the one-week-old sexual battery were his race and age,” which
were not sufficient to support a detention. (Walker, at p. 1388.)
Unlike Walker, this case does not involve the unusual situation where a deputy’s
claimed basis for a detention is belied by all of the facts other than race, age, and weight.
Although the deputy in Walker claimed that the defendant resembled one of the two
suspects, this court found that there was no factual basis for his claim other than race,
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age, and weight. The photographs that the deputy had reviewed were “poor depictions”
of the suspects’ faces, and there was no evidence of any other similar characteristics.
Here, in contrast, the evidence presented at the suppression hearing established that
defendant matched not only the age, race, and weight of the suspect but also that he was
the same height and had the shaggy hair and beard described in the flier. In addition,
unlike in Walker, the color photographs in the flier in this case provided good depictions
of the suspect’s face. Hence, unlike the situation addressed by this court in Walker, this
case was not one in which a person was detained based solely on his age, race, and
weight. Consequently, we reject the assertion that Walker controls the result in this case.
Defendant contends that the information that the bus driver gave to Tanaka could
not support a detention because this information was from a “secondary source.” The
United States Supreme Court long ago rejected the argument that a detention “can only
be based on the officer’s personal observation, rather than on information supplied by
another person. Informants’ tips, like all other clues and evidence coming to a policeman
on the scene, may vary greatly in their value and reliability.” (Adams v. Williams (1972)
407 U.S. 143, 147 (Adams).) “The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who
lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply
shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape. On the contrary,
[the law] recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an
intermediate response. [Citation.] A brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to
determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more
information, may be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the
time.” (Id. at pp. 145-146.) Therefore, the bus driver’s information could supply the
basis for a detention.
Defendant maintains that the bus driver’s information was insufficient to support a
detention because it was analogous to an anonymous tip like the one that was found
insufficient to support a detention in Florida v. J.L. (2000) 529 U.S. 266 (J.L.). He
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contends that a report by an identified citizen, like the bus driver, must be treated the
same as an anonymous tip because both involve reliance by law enforcement on a
“secondary source.” We disagree. “[P]rivate citizens who are witnesses to or victims of
a criminal act, absent some circumstance that would cast doubt upon their information,
should be considered reliable. This does not, of course, dispense with the requirement
that the informant—whether citizen or otherwise—furnish underlying facts sufficiently
detailed to cause a reasonable person to believe that a crime had been committed and the
named suspect was the perpetrator; and the rule also presupposes that the police be aware
of the identity of the person providing the information and of his status as a true citizen
informant. . . . [N]either a previous demonstration of reliability nor subsequent
corroboration is ordinarily necessary when witnesses to or victims of criminal activities
report their observations in detail to the authorities.” (People v. Ramey (1976) 16 Cal.3d
263, 269.)
Here, while the bus driver was not a witness to criminal activity, he was a “true
citizen informant” because he voluntarily provided Tanaka with information that
appeared to link defendant to a crime. Unlike information provided by an anonymous tip,
information from a true citizen informant is considered reliable because a citizen
informant “can be held responsible if her allegations turn out to be fabricated.” (J.L.,
supra, 529 U.S. at p. 270.) Consequently, the anonymous tip cases do not provide the
appropriate framework for analyzing the propriety of the detention in this case.
We conclude that the information provided by the bus driver to Tanaka was
sufficient to reasonably justify a brief stop of defendant to determine if he was actually
the suspect sought in the “288 case.” Tanaka knew that pictures of the suspect in the
“288 case” had been widely disseminated. The bus driver told Tanaka that he had seen a
picture of the suspect on a “Be on the Lookout” flier and that the picture on the flier
“matched” a passenger on his bus. That flier had just been issued on the very day that the
bus driver saw the passenger, so the picture must have been fresh in the bus driver’s
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mind. Although Tanaka had only a vague recollection of the video he had seen, it was
not inconsistent with the man identified by the bus driver as the suspect in the “288 case.”
And Tanaka had no reason to suspect that the bus driver had any motivation other than
good citizenship. Just because Tanaka lacked “the precise level of information necessary
for probable cause to arrest,” he was not required “to simply shrug his shoulders and
allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape.” (Adams, supra, 407 U.S. at p. 145.) The
information that Tanaka possessed was sufficient to support a brief detention. “[T]he
grave risks posed by” a person who appeared to be the man sought for sexually assaulting
a child justified “the minimal intrusion of a brief investigatory” detention to determine if
he in fact was the person sought. (Wells, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 1082.)
IV. Disposition
The superior court’s order dismissing the case is reversed, and the matter is
remanded with directions to vacate that order and the order granting defendant’s
suppression motion and to enter a new order denying defendant’s suppression motion.
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_______________________________
Mihara, J.
WE CONCUR:
_____________________________
Elia, Acting P. J.
_____________________________
Premo, J.
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Filed 12/12/17
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H043445
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Appellant, Super. Ct. No. C1510381)
v.
ORDER GRANTING REQUEST
REESE ALLEN STANLEY, FOR PUBLICATION
Defendant and Respondent.
BY THE COURT:
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(b), the request for publication is
hereby granted. It is ordered that the opinion in this matter, filed on November 20, 2017,
shall be certified for publication.
Date: _____________________________
Mihara, J.
_____________________________
Elia, Acting P. J.
_____________________________
Premo, J.
Trial Court: Santa Clara County Superior Court
Trial Judge: Honorable Helen E. Williams
Attorneys for Plaintiff and Appellant: Kamala D. Harris
Attorney General of California
Gerald A. Engler
Chief Assistant Attorney General
Jeffrey M. Laurence
SeniorAssistant Attorney General
Laurence K. Sullivan
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Bridget Billeter
Deputy Attorney General
Attorney for Defendant and Respondent: Eric Cioffi
Law Office of Eric Cioffi
People v. Stanley
H043445