Williams v. Schneider

[Cite as Williams v. Schneider, 2017-Ohio-9152.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
Nos. 104201, 104206, and 104232

JACQUELINE T. WILLIAMS,1 DIRECTOR
OHIO DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
PLAINTIFF

vs.

JOANNE C. SCHNEIDER, ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS

JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART
AND REMANDED

Civil Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case Nos. CV-04-548887, CV-05-555252, CV-05-555408, CV-05-555412,
CV-05-558095, CV-05-559117, CV-05-559879, CV-05-571494, CV-05-572965
CV-05-560633, CV-05-564814, CV-05-569073, and CV-06-592402

BEFORE: Jones, J., Kilbane, P.J., and E.T. Gallagher, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 21, 2017

1
The original caption of this case was Doug White, Director, Ohio Department of Commerce v.
Joanne C. Schneider, et al. In accordance with App.R. 29(C), the court substitutes Jacqueline T.
Williams, the present Director of the Ohio Department of Commerce, for Doug White.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

For Cleveland Construction, Inc.

James R. Small
James L. Ferro
Cleveland Construction, Inc.
8620 Tyler Boulevard
Mentor, Ohio 44060

For Home Savings and Loan Company of Youngstown

Richard J. Thomas
Jerry R. Krzys
Henderson Covington Messenger,
Newman & Thomas Co., L.P.A.
6 Federal Plaza Central, Suite 1300
Youngstown, Ohio 44503

Charles Richley Raley Jr.
Michael J. Sikora
Sikora Law L.L.C.
737 Bolivar Road, Suite 270
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

For City of Parma Heights

Darrel A. Clay
Robert T. Hunt
Charles T. Riehl
Walter & Haverfield, L.L.P.
1301 East 9th Street, Suite 3500
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

For Matthew L. Fornshell

M. Colette M. Gibbons
Robert M. Stefancin
Ice Miller, L.L.P.
600 Superior Avenue, East, Suite 1701
Cleveland, Ohio 44114

For Parma Heights Land Development, L.L.C.

Joseph H. Gutkoski
Harvey Labovitz
Tim L. Collins
Collins & Scanlon L.L.P.
3300 Terminal Tower
50 Public Square
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

For Cuyahoga County Treasurer, W. Christopher Murray, II

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

BY: Colleen Majeski
Assistant County Prosecutor
1200 Ontario Street, 8th Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
PER CURIAM:

{¶1} In the early 2000s, Joanne and Alan Schneider were involved in a Ponzi

scheme that cost innocent investors millions of dollars.2 Individual investors were not

the only ones affected by the couple’s fraud, and litigation resulting from the Schneiders’

investment scheme is still ongoing. These consolidated appeals are the culmination of

court proceedings that arose from part of the Schneiders’ wrongdoings and involved

investment in property in Parma Heights, a suburb of Cleveland.

{¶2} In 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104201, intervenor-appellant, city of Parma

Heights, appeals the trial court’s judgment denying its motion for summary judgment and

granting summary judgment in favor of appellee, The Home Savings & Loan Company of

Youngstown, Ohio (“HSL”). In 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104206, appellant Cleveland

Construction, Inc. (“CCI”), also appeals the trial court’s judgment denying its motion for

summary judgment and granting summary judgment in favor of HSL. In 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 104232, appellant HSL challenges the trial court’s judgments relating to

the distribution of receivership assets. Additional parties to these appeals that filed

appellate briefs include the receiver on the case, Matthew Fornshell, and prior owners of

the subject property, Parma Heights Land Development, L.L.C., and ATC Realty Sixteen,

Inc. Numerous other parties in the underlying cases are not part of this consolidated

2
Over 700 investors are known to have purchased fraudulent promissory notes from Joanne
Schneider, the Ponzi scheme’s mastermind, totaling $60.5 million. See Young v. FirstMerit Bank,
N.A., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94913, 2011-Ohio-614, ¶ 6.
appeal.

{¶3} For the purposes of judicial clarity, we consider the arguments raised in

each appeal separately, but issue one consolidated opinion because the resolution of

issues raised in one case impact those posed in the others.

{¶4} For the reasons set forth below, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Procedural and Factual History

{¶5} The assigned errors raised herein concern trial court judgments relating to the

priority and validity of various liens filed against parcels of real property in Parma

Heights and the court’s receivership orders.

A. The Cornerstone Properties Project

{¶6} In 2003, Pearl Development Company (“PDC”), an entity controlled by

Joanne Schneider, proposed a mixed-use development project funded by private and

public sources that could have potentially revitalized a large portion of Parma Heights

near the intersection of Pearl Road and West 130th Street; the project was called

“Cornerstone” and the involved property, “Cornerstone Properties.” The real property

compromising Cornerstone Properties consisted of five separate parcels of land: three

of the parcels were aggregated into the “Pearl” property and the other two parcels were

known as “Garnet” and “Ruby.”

{¶7} In March 2003, the Schneiders approached CCI, a construction management

firm, to discuss the Cornerstone project. Thereafter, CCI entered into a contract with

PDC to provide construction management for the project.
 {¶8} On June 26, 2003, HSL issued a loan in the amount of $3,320,000 to the

Schneiders in their personal capacities. To secure the debt, the Schneiders executed a

note and an open-end mortgage in favor of HSL encumbering the Garnet property. On

July 9, 2003, HSL issued a loan in the amount of $3,700,000 to PDC through its

president, Joanne Schneider. In return, PDC executed a note and two separate open-end

mortgages in favor of HSL encumbering the Pearl and Ruby properties. The Schneiders

used $2,802,627.20 from the proceeds of the loan from HSL to satisfy two pre-existing

mortgages that had previously encumbered the Pearl and Ruby properties.3

{¶9} In December 2003, Parma Heights City Council passed an ordinance

authorizing the city to enter into a “Project Development Agreement” with the Schneiders

and their business entities. The city and the Schneiders agreed that all reasonable costs

incurred by the city for improvements to the Cornerstone Properties would be paid for by

the Schneiders through service payments in lieu of taxes under a Tax Increment Financing

Program (“TIF”). The contract also allowed for the collection of special assessments of

40 semi-annual payments over a 20-year period against the Cornerstone Properties if the

Schneiders failed to make the payments under the TIF. The Schneiders agreed to file a

petition with Parma Heights to levy a special assessment for the construction of the public

improvements.

{¶10} In May 2004, the city passed a resolution to proceed with construction of the

project. In July 2004, CCI provided PDC with a bridge loan in the amount of

The pre-existing mortgages were referred to as the J.A.M. Pearl and the J.A.M. Lawndale
3

mortgages.
$2,500,000 so that PDC could continue construction on the project. Unfortunately, the

Schneiders’ scheme fell apart soon after construction began. When the Ponzi scheme

collapsed, so did the funding for the Cornerstone project and by December 2004,

construction on the project had completely halted. The Schneiders defaulted on their

obligations to make service payments in lieu of taxes under the TIF. Joanne Schneider

eventually pleaded guilty to a number of criminal charges and went to prison. Investors

and contractors scrambled to recover what they could from the Schneiders’ remaining

assets, but, as mentioned, litigation resulting from their criminal activities continues to the

present day. The property is still not fully developed or in use, and remains the largest

undeveloped parcel in the city.

{¶11} CCI filed two separate mechanic’s liens in the amounts of $720,152.22 and

$837,583.50 against the Pearl property pursuant to R.C. 1311.01. The affidavits

supporting each mechanic’s lien stated that the last day of work on the Pearl property was

December 3, 2004. CCI also obtained a judgment lien against PDC for the $2,500,000

bridge loan the construction management firm had provided to the development company.

{¶12} More than a dozen separate civil actions were filed in the Cuyahoga County

Court of Common Pleas as a result of the project’s failure. The actions were

consolidated before a single trial judge. On February 4, 2005, the trial court appointed a

receiver, appellee Matthew Fornshell, to oversee the assets.

{¶13} Parma Heights’ work on public improvements to the Cornerstone Properties

ceased sometime in 2005 or 2006. On May 22, 2006, Parma Heights passed Ordinance

2006-16 and levied a special assessment in the amount of $2,695,852.55, which was the
amount the city had spent “to date” on improvements to the Cornerstone Properties for

“construction and installation of public sanitary sewers, storm sewers, water mains, street

lighting, concrete curbs, asphalt pavement sidewalks, traffic signals, other public utility

lines, and all together with the necessary appurtenances thereto.”

{¶14} On October 16, 2006, the city certified $3,743,190.74 to Cuyahoga County

for collection, which included the $2,695,852.55 in costs and $1,047,338.19 in estimated

interest over the 20-year repayment period. The amount did not include $394,366.48 in

fees and expenses the city had determined it was owed pursuant to the Project

Development Agreement. The city had originally estimated that it would spend about

$15 million on improvements to the Cornerstone Properties.

{¶15} In the meantime, the receiver moved the court to authorize the sale of the

Cornerstone Properties free and clear of any liens, claims, or encumbrances and transfer

the interests of the lienholders to the proceeds of the sale. The court set forth the auction

procedures and, in doing so, precluded any claims on the property via the following June

2006 order:

The Court further finds that the sales of the properties shall be free and
clear of all liens, claims and encumbrances * * *. Accordingly, all such
liens, claims and encumbrances which now exist or are hereafter placed of
record prior to the date of sale on or against the properties shall be, and they
hereby are, extinguished as liens, claims and encumbrances against the
properties; rather, the liens, claims and encumbrances against a particular
property will attach to the net proceeds of the sale of that property. All
such net proceedings from the sale of a Property will be held in a separate
interest bearing account until further order of the Court.

{¶16} In November 2006, the Cornerstone Properties sold at auction for

$7,900,000 to the McGill Property Group, L.L.C. (“McGill”). The court confirmed the
sale on January 2, 2007, and, consistent with the terms of the purchase agreement entered

into at auction, issued a judgment entry stating, in part:

4. The sale of the Properties to the Buyer shall be free and clear of any lien,
claim, or encumbrance whether known or unknown, * * * including but not
limited to those liens and encumbrances expressly identified and included in
the title commitment issued with respect to the Properties and incorporated
by reference in this Order * * *. Sale of the Property shall be free and
clear of any and all asserted or unasserted, known or unknown, statutory or
contractual * * * assessments and governmental funded improvements
whether assessed or not, including assessments that can be filed or
certified for inclusion on the County Auditor’s tax duplicate now or in the
future for any improvements already made to or for the benefit of the
Properties. Any and all valid and enforceable liens, claims or encumbrances
of the Properties, including but not limited to any liens or claims arising
from any assessments, liens or taxes, or the provisions of any
governmentally funded improvements, whether assessed or not, shall be
transferred, fixed and attached to the net proceeds of the sale of the
Properties, with the same validity, priority, force and effect as such liens
and/or claims had upon the properties immediately prior to the closing.

{¶17} The net proceeds of the sale after expenses were $6,621,496.23, and was

held by the receiver in a separate account.

{¶18} Following the sale, McGill assigned its rights to Cornerstone Properties to

appellee Parma Heights Land Development, L.L.C.4 It was not until after the sale,

McGill alleged, that it learned that the city had previously placed a special assessment on

the property.

{¶19} On December 4, 2007, the city sought to intervene in the matter to protect its

rights under the special assessment. The trial court granted the city’s motion to

Appellee Parma Heights Land Development is a privately held company that is a separate entity
4

unrelated to the city of Parma Heights. Co-appellee ATC Realty Sixteen, Inc. bought the property in
2012 at a sheriff’s sale for approximately $2,000,000 and is the current owner.
intervene. The city now alleges it is owed $4,137,557.72 pursuant to its special

assessment, which includes $3,743,190.74 it spent on improvements to the Cornerstone

Properties (the principal amount due plus 20 years of interest) and an additional

$394,366.48 in legal fees, engineering fees, other professional fees, and miscellaneous

expenses.

{¶20} On December 21, 2007, the trial court issued a Findings and Order of

Distribution. The decision limited secured claims to amounts due and owing as of

February 4, 2005 and stated that allowed claims would be given the following priority:

(1) administrative claims, (2) secured claims, and (3) unsecured claims. The distribution

order also provided for a Secured Creditor Allocation account, which the court defined as

“ten percent (10%) of each Secured Claim that shall be set aside for payment of Allowed

Administrative Claims.” The order required the receiver to obtain the court’s approval

by way of application before paying an administrative claim, required the applications be

served on “all parties desiring notice that have filed a Notice of Appearance,” and

indicated that “objections to the applications must be filed and served in accordance with

the Local Rules of the Court.”

{¶21} In late 2008, the trial court issued an order requiring those parties that

claimed secured creditor status with respect to the Cornerstone Properties to move for

summary judgment on the issue of priority of the various liens. CCI, HSL, and Parma

Heights each argued their respective liens had priority. Parma Heights Land

Development, L.L.C., who owned Cornerstone Properties at the time, argued that the trial

court should transfer the city’s assessment on the Cornerstone Properties to the proceeds
from the sale of the property.

{¶22} HSL argued that because the proceeds of its loan were used to satisfy the

Pearl mortgage, its lien had priority on the Pearl property pursuant to R.C. 1311.14. CCI

claimed that their mechanic’s liens on the Pearl property had priority pursuant to R.C.

1311.13(A) because the first visible work occurred prior to the recording of HSL’s loan.

CCI further asserted that the recorded instruments upon which HSL relied were flawed,

thereby negating HSL’s priority argument. Parma Heights argued that its special

assessment had priority against all others asserting secured creditor status.

B. The Priority Opinion and Order

{¶23} On May 16, 2011, the trial court issued its ruling on the priority of the liens

asserted by the parties (“Priority Opinion”). In its Priority Opinion, the trial court made

the following determinations: (1) the ten percent Secured Creditor Allocation set up for

the benefit of the receivership had priority over all other lienholders; (2) HSL’s July 10,

2003 recorded mortgage satisfied the two pre-existing mortgages that encumbered the

Ruby and Garnet properties; (3) HSL’s mortgage lien had “priority as against all

subsequently filed mechanic’s liens, * * * but only as to the Ruby Property and the Garnet

Property”; (4) “the Pearl Property was not encumbered by the mortgages [HSL’s loan]

satisfied”; (5) HSL’s loan funds were not used “for improvements at the Pearl Property”;

and (6) because “visible construction work commenced at the Cornerstone Properties

before [HSL] recorded its mortgage,” CCI’s mechanic’s liens took precedence as to the

Pearl property.

{¶24} The trial court further found, with respect to the city’s claim of priority
based on its special assessment:

[Parma Heights] maintains that it is entitled to priority of its claims as
against all others asserting secured status. The City bases its claim on
legislation enacted on May 22, 2006[,] and thereafter certified to the
Auditor of Cuyahoga County on October 16, 2006[,] imposing a Special
Assessment against the Cornerstone Properties.

***

For a variety of reasons, the City of Parma Heights is not entitled to assert a
claim of priority as against Home Savings and Loan Company or
Lienholders. Putting aside for the moment the question whether the City’s
effort to impose its assessments is void as a matter of law, the City cannot
unilaterally achieve retroactive super priority over other liens previously
recognized in law.

* * * [T]he liens of Home Savings and Loan Company or Lienholders

clearly predate the City’s October 16, 2006 Special Assessment. The fact

that the City had a contractual arrangement with the previous owners, the

Schneiders who were operating a Ponzi scheme, is immaterial and does not

affect in any way the priority of claims subsequently perfected before the

City took any action of its own.

{¶25} Following the issuance of its May 16, 2011 opinion and order, it was

discovered that the order contained internal discrepancies. HSL filed a notice of appeal

(8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96911) and we remanded the case to the trial court for a decision

on HSL’s previously filed motion to partially vacate the Priority Opinion. In that

motion, HSL argued that the Priority Opinion mistakenly identified the Garnet property as

the property to which HSL’s loan applied, rather than the Pearl property. HSL further

argued that the evidence demonstrated that only “$2,802,627.20 of the proceeds of the
loan [to PDC] * * * were used to satisfy the J.A.M. Pearl Mortgage,” so that fact should

have been included in the Priority Opinion.

{¶26} On August 29, 2011, the trial court issued a judgment entry granting HSL’s

motion to partially vacate the Priority Opinion. The amended judgment entry clarified

that HSL’s loan satisfied two pre-existing mortgages that encumbered the Ruby and Pearl

properties and not the Garnet property. Based on this inadvertent error, the trial court

reversed its prior determination that CCI had priority over the Pearl property, and

concluded that HSL “ha[d] priority of its liens as against all [other] lienholders.” The

court clarified that “[t]o the extent that the court’s May 16, 2011 opinion and order

regarding the priority of liens held otherwise, the order is corrected consistent with the

above.”

{¶27} HSL and CCI separately appealed the trial court’s August 29, 2011 amended

judgment entry.5 This court heard CCI and HSL’s consolidated appeals relating to the

Priority Opinion and affirmed the trial court’s determination that HSL had priority over

CCI’s mechanic’s liens with respect to the Pearl property. This court stated, in relevant

part:

[W]here a mortgagee substantially adheres to the provisions of R.C.
1311.14, its lien on the property has “super priority” over that of any
mechanic’s liens. R.C. 1311.14 gives a construction mortgage priority
over mechanic’s liens even if the mortgage was recorded subsequent to the
effective date of the mechanic’s liens.

In this case, HSL provided evidence to show that: (1) it provided a

On September 14, 2011, HSL filed a second motion to partially vacate the trial court’s August 29,
5

2011 judgment entry, which the trial court denied.
 construction loan to PDC, (2) the loan provided to PDC was used to satisfy
the J.A.M. Pearl mortgage, and (3) PDC then began the Cornerstone
project. This evidence was sufficient to satisfy R.C. 1311.14.

***

This court, therefore, cannot find that the trial court acted improperly in
granting summary judgment to HSL on the priority of its lien against the
Pearl property.

(Citations omitted). Cleveland Constr., Inc. v. Schneider, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos.

96911, 97352, 97361 and 97513, 2012-Ohio-5707, ¶ 49.6 This court clarified that the

opinion was limited to issues of priority and that, “in accord with the understanding of all

parties, the trial court specifically stated that the issues of validity and amounts [owed to

the lienholders] were matters for later decision.” Id. at ¶ 51.7

C. The Validity Opinion and Order

{¶28} The case was remanded to the trial court for the final disposition of the

assets in the receivership estate. Parma Heights, CCI, and HSL each filed additional

motions for summary judgment. In an order dated June 15, 2015, the trial court issued

an opinion regarding the validity of liens (“Validity Opinion”). That decision granted

summary judgment in favor of HSL, finding that HSL’s mortgage on the Pearl property

was a valid lien and CCI’s mechanic’s liens were invalid. In rendering its decision, the

Parma Heights also filed a notice of appeal, but this court dismissed the city’s appeal, reasoning that
6

there was no final appealable order: “until the court determines whether the city has a valid lien, the
order determining priority remains interlocutory.” Goodman v. Schneider, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
96883, 2012-Ohio-5411, ¶ 13.
7
This court also found that J.A.M. Pearl, not J.A.M. Lawndale, held the mortgage on the Pearl
property and reversed the trial court’s August 29, 2011 order as to the incorrect name. Cleveland
Constr., Inc. v. Schneider at ¶ 55-56.
trial court rejected CCI’s contention that HSL’s mortgage was defectively executed and

did not afford constructive notice to third parties that the mortgage encumbered the Pearl

property. The trial court found that CCI failed to satisfy its burden of showing that it

recorded the mechanic’s liens within 75 days of its last day of work on the Pearl Property,

as required by R.C. 1311.06(B)(3).

{¶29} The Validity Opinion did not address the validity of CCI’s judgment lien

or the city’s special assessment. CCI and the city initiated appeals from the Validity

Opinion, but this court dismissed the appeals for lack of final appealable orders. White v.

Schneider, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103260, Motion No. 488703 (Oct. 1, 2015); Bradley v.

Schneider, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103261, Motion No. 488600 (Oct. 1, 2015).

D. Supplemental Motions

{¶30} In November 2015, HSL filed a supplemental motion for summary judgment

as to the amounts owed to HSL. In the motion, HSL argued that it is owed $3,320,000

plus contractual interest on the Garnet mortgage, and $3,700,000 plus contractual interest

on the Pearl and Ruby mortgages, for a total of $7,020,000, plus contractual interest at a

rate of 5.25% per annum.

{¶31} The receiver filed a brief in opposition, arguing that the trial court’s

December 2007 Order of Distribution decision expressly stated that secured claims could

not include interest or penalty charges after February 4, 2005. Thus, the receiver

claimed, HSL’s “request to include contractual interest at a rate of 5.25% per annum is

contrary to the court’s prior orders, which is the law of the case.” HSL moved for leave

to file a reply to the receiver’s brief in opposition, which the trial court denied.
 {¶32} Also in November 2015, CCI filed a supplemental motion for summary

judgment with respect to the validity of its judgment lien. The receiver filed a brief in

opposition, arguing that CCI’s judgment lien was invalid. CCI moved for leave to file a

reply brief, which the trial court denied.

{¶33} On February 11, 2016, the trial court issued a series of judgment entries.

The trial court denied HSL’s supplemental motion for summary judgment as to the

amounts owed to HSL. The trial court limited the amount of HSL’s secured claim to

$6,715,183.11 and determined that HSL was not entitled to interest accrued after

February 4, 2005. The court stated that “there are no additional funds in the

Receivership Estate on which [HSL] has a secured claim.” The trial court relied on the

receiver’s December 4, 2015 report filed pursuant to Local R. 26(B), where the receiver

attested:

As of December 1, 2015, the aggregate balance of the real property

accounts was $8,015,086.88. The proceeds from the sale of the

Cornerstone Properties account for $6,715,183.11 of that aggregate balance.

* * * The balance of the Secured Creditor Allocation Account as of

December 1, 2015, was $416,112.46. There have been no transfers from

this account since the Receiver’s last report.

{¶34} The trial court determined that the city’s special assessment was not a valid

lien because (1) it did not comply with statutory requirements, and (2) the city certified

the special assessment without the trial court’s consent.

{¶35} The trial court also denied CCI’s supplemental motion for summary
judgment as to the validity of its judgment lien. The court reasoned that: (1) CCI’s

action in obtaining its December 3, 2004 cognovit lien and judgment lien against the

Schneiders violated the trial court’s December 1, 2004 injunction; (2) CCI did not qualify

as a secured creditor because it was never in the business of routinely lending money nor

did it have secured liens on the date services were provided; and (3) CCI had not

submitted evidence to support its judgment lien despite repeated requests from the

receiver for documentation to prove its lien.

{¶36} Finally, the trial court issued a journal entry instructing the receiver to

“distribute any remaining assets in the Receivership to unsecured creditors in a pro rata

allocation” or “to a charity of the receiver’s choice” if he is “unable to distribute assets to

any unsecured creditors.”

{¶37} Parma Heights, CCI, and HSL now appeal from various aspects of the

foregoing judgments. Upon motions of Parma Heights and CCI, the trial court granted a

stay and ordered the receiver to stay distribution of all funds pending appeal, except that

the receiver was to continue payment of the ongoing fees and expenses of the

receivership.

II. Law and Analysis

A. Standard of Review — Summary Judgment

{¶38} Our review of a trial court’s decision on a summary judgment motion is de

novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996).

The Ohio Supreme Court has provided the following standard for courts to follow when

deciding a summary judgment motion:
 Pursuant to Civ.R. 56, summary judgment is appropriate when (1) there is

no genuine issue of material fact, (2) the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds can come to but one

conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party, said party

being entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in his favor.

The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of showing that

there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.

(Citations omitted.) Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, 82 Ohio St.3d 367, 369-370, 696

N.E.2d 201 (1998).

{¶39} Once the moving party satisfies its burden, the nonmoving party “may not

rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the party’s pleadings, but the party’s response,

by affidavit or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing

that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Civ.R. 56(E); Mootispaw v. Eckstein, 76 Ohio

St.3d 383, 385, 667 N.E.2d 1197 (1996). Doubts must be resolved in favor of the

nonmoving party. Murphy v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-359, 604 N.E.2d

138 (1992).

B. Parma Heights’ Appeal

{¶40} Parma Heights raises three assignments of error challenging the trial court’s

denial of its motion for summary judgment, its determination that the city’s certified

special assessment was invalid as a matter of law, and the court’s finding that the city did

not have priority over other lien claimants. Parma Heights further contends that the trial
court did not have the authority to authorize the sale of the Cornerstone Properties free

and clear of the city’s lien by special assessment.8

1. Lien Validity

{¶41} We consider the second assignment of error first, whether Parma Heights

had a valid lien. If the city’s lien was not valid, as the trial court held, then the issue of

whether Parma Heights’ lien has priority over other lienholders is moot.

{¶42} Ohio courts have repeatedly found special assessments to be akin to general

taxes and, as a result, they are collected in the same manner as other taxes. Cleveland

Metro. Hous. Auth. v. Lincoln Prop. Mgmt. Co., 22 Ohio App.2d 157, 259 N.E.2d 512

(8th Dist.1970); Collister v. Kovanda, 51 Ohio App. 43, 199 N.E. 477 (8th Dist.1935);

State ex rel. Brown v. Cooper, 123 Ohio St. 23, 24, 173 N.E. 725 (1930) (special

assessments upon real estate for public improvements are taxes within the meaning of the

statutory law); Jackson v. Bd. of Edn., 115 Ohio St. 368, 372, 154 N.E. 247 (1926). In

8
Parma Heights raises the following assignments of error for our review:

I. The trial court erred by concluding that Parma Heights’ lien arising from a duly
enacted and properly certified special assessment for improvements benefitting real
property was not entitled to priority over competing liens of a construction mortgage
lender and other lien claimants.

II. The trial court erred by concluding that Parma Heights’s lien arising from a duly
enacted and properly certified special assessment for improvements benefitting the
real property in question was invalid as a matter of law.

III. The trial court erred by concluding that it could order Parma Heights not to
cause a lien arising from a special assessment to be recorded on real property that was
the subject of a receivership, and that it could order that property sold free and clear of
a lien for an unpaid municipal special assessment enacted at the request, and with the
this case, the city originally contracted with the Schneiders and their business entities and

agreed that the improvements would be paid by service payments in lieu of taxes (a TIF

program) pursuant to R.C. 5709.40. Like assessments levied under R.C. Chapter 727,

service payments in lieu of taxes under R.C. 5709.40 are another form of statutory special

assessment. Chu Bros. Tulsa Partnership, P.L.L. v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 187 Ohio

App.3d 261, 2010-Ohio-858, 931 N.E.2d 1116, ¶ 10 (12th Dist.).

{¶43} The Schneiders petitioned Parma Heights to make public improvements and

levy special assessments on the Cornerstone Properties. Pursuant to the petition, Parma

Heights City Council passed Ordinance No. 2004–11 on May 24, 2004, declaring it

necessary to construct public improvements at the Cornerstone Properties and stating that

100 percent of the improvements would be paid by the special assessments. The work

began in 2004 and was completed in 2005 or 2006. Terrence Hickey, the city’s finance

director, averred that once the city realized that neither the Schneiders nor the receiver

(after the property went into receivership) were going to develop buildings on the

Cornerstone Properties that could then pay for the TIF program, it became necessary to

levy a special assessment against the property.

{¶44} This court has previously held that “legislative determinations for special

improvements and the procedures for such assessments are presumed valid and

reasonable until a showing to the contrary has been made.” Blake v. Solon, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 65255, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 1688, 11 (Apr. 21, 1994). “Where a party

express written consent, of the property owner.
seeks to overturn an assessment on the ground that certain legal requirements were not

complied with in making the assessment, such party has the burden of alleging and

proving that such requirements were not met.” Id., citing Schiff v. Columbus, 9 Ohio

St.2d 31, 223 N.E.2d 54 (1966).

i. Substantial Compliance and Waiver

{¶45} The trial court found that Parma Heights failed to substantially comply with

the statutory requirements when it levied the special assessment; therefore, the city’s lien

was invalid.

{¶46} “The authority to levy special assessments for local improvements is

conferred only by statute and the validity of such assessments is conditioned upon

compliance with the requirements of these statutes.” Davis v. Willoughby, 173 Ohio St.

338, 343, 182 N.E.2d 552 (1962). “[S]tatutes imposing taxes and public burdens of that

nature are to be strictly construed and any doubt as to construction or effect must be

resolved in favor of those on whom the burden is sought to be imposed.” Id.

{¶47} While such statutes are to be strictly construed, Ohio courts have held that

substantial, not strict, compliance with the statutes is generally sufficient. Ninth St.

Community Paving Project Commt. v. Ironton, 22 Ohio St.3d 25, 29, 488 N.E.2d 204

(1986); State ex rel. Wise v. Solon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64210, 1993 Ohio App.

LEXIS 5560, 8 (Nov. 18, 1993); but see Mallo v. Dover, 36 Ohio App. 84, 84, 172 N.E.

841 (8th Dist.1929) (notice provisions of assessing statute must be strictly conformed to).

{¶48} When considering whether the city substantially complied with the statutory

provisions, this court also takes into consideration principles of equity. See Ninth St.
Community Paving Project Commt. at 28 (“The use of equitable principles is proper not

only because appellants have sought injunctive relief, but also by virtue of this court’s

longstanding application of equity to real estate assessment controversies.”); see also

Kellogg v. Ely, 15 Ohio St. 64, 1864 Ohio LEXIS 103 (1864) and Steese v. Oviatt, 24

Ohio St. 248, 1873 Ohio LEXIS 121 (1873).

{¶49} The trial court held that the special assessment was invalid because the city

failed to comply with the requirements and procedures set forth in R.C. 727.12 and

727.23 - 727.25 and the city’s contract with the Schneiders did not waive any defects in

the assessments because R.C. Chapter 727 does not expressly provide authority for such

waivers.

{¶50} The trial court determined that the city failed to comply with R.C. 727.23,

which authorizes a municipality to adopt an ordinance to proceed with a special

assessment only after the expiration of the time for filing claims for damages under

statute has expired. In this case, the city adopted Ordinance 2004-11 on May 24, 2004,

contemporaneous with its adoption of Resolution 2004-11. R.C. 727.23, however, refers

only to filing claims for damages under R.C. 727.18 and objections to the assessment

under R.C. 727.15. Both R.C. 727.18 and 727.15 deal solely with the owner’s rights to

file claims or objections. The landowners at the time, which were the Schneiders and

their business entities, never claimed they were prejudiced because they were not allowed

to file a claim for damages. The Schneiders requested the special assessment.

{¶51} The trial court also concluded that the city failed to comply with

R.C. 727.24 because the city began work on the project in 2003, prior to the May 2004
passage of Resolution 2004-11 and Ordinance 2004-11. But R.C. 727.24 sets forth how

construction on a public improvement may proceed, what procedure a municipality must

take if accepting bids, and what to do if a low bid exceeds estimates. While it certainly

may not be advisable, we do not find that the plain reading of the statute prohibits a

municipality from commencing with construction before passage of its resolution and

ordinance to proceed, nor have the appellees provided us with any authority to support

their claims.9 Thus, we disagree that Parma Heights’ special assessment was invalid on

this basis.

{¶52} The trial court also found that the city failed to comply with R.C. 727.12

because Resolution 2004-11 did not show the amount of assessment against each parcel

of land to be assessed, failed to show a breakdown of the cost estimate as to each parcel,

and did not comply with R.C. 727.25 because, even after the city knew the actual cost of

the improvement, it failed to apportion to each parcel of land its share of the total cost of

the improvement.10

In 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104201, appellees CCI, HSL, Parma Heights Land Development, and
9

Fornshell each filed appellate briefs making this argument. Appellee Parma Heights Land
Development filed an appellate brief advancing similar claims.

It appears from the record that the city filed a revised special assessment certification list with the
10

county auditor in April 2008, which apportioned the principal, interest, total amount, and breakdown
of annual installments as to each parcel of land in Cornerstone Properties.
{¶53} R.C. 727.12 provides:

When it is deemed necessary by a municipal corporation to make a public
improvement to be paid for in whole or in part by special assessments
levied under this chapter, plans, specifications, profiles of the proposed
improvement showing the proposed grade of the street and improvement
after completion with reference to the property abutting thereon, and an
estimate of the cost of the improvement shall be prepared and filed in the
office of the clerk of the legislative authority of the municipal corporation
and shall be open to the inspection of all persons interested. After such
plans, specifications, profiles, and estimate of cost of the improvement have
been filed as provided in this section, the legislative authority of the
municipal corporation may declare the necessity for such improvement by
the passage of a resolution.

Such resolution shall:

***

(H) Provide for the preparation of an estimated assessment in accordance
with the method of assessment set forth in the resolution, showing the
amount of the assessment against each lot or parcel of land to be assessed.
Such estimated assessment shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the
legislative authority of the municipal corporation.

{¶54} R.C. 727.25 provides:

After the actual cost of a public improvement authorized under section

727.23 of the Revised Code has been ascertained, the legislative authority

of the municipal corporation shall by ordinance assess, in the manner

provided in the resolution of necessity adopted under section 727.12 of the

Revised Code, upon the lots and lands enumerated in the estimated

assessment adopted under section 727.23 of the Revised Code, that portion

of the total cost of the improvement to be paid for by special assessments

and such assessments as to each lot or parcel of land, shall be increased or
 decreased in the same proportion to the estimated assessment on each such

lot or parcel of land as the actual cost of the improvement bears to the

estimated cost of the improvement upon which the estimated assessment

was based.

{¶55} Parma Heights presents two responses to the trial court’s finding that it did

not substantially comply with statutory requirements in passing the special assessment.

First, Parma Heights argues that the Project Development Agreement it entered into with

the Schneiders expressly waived any defects in the assessments. The contract provided

that the “special assessments be levied and collected without limitation as to the value of

the Property assessed, and waive all the following relating to the Improvement and the

special assessments: * * * any and all irregularities and defects in the proceedings.”

{¶56} With respect to special assessments, the essential elements of a waiver are

“an existing right, knowledge of that right, and an intention to relinquish such right.”

Marchky v. Kelleys Island, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-89-59, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 318, 13

(Jan. 25, 1991), citing Parente v. Day, 16 Ohio App.2d 35, 38, 241 N.E.2d 280 (8th

Dist.1968).

{¶57} In Parente, this court acknowledged that an assessment that is illegal and

void may make a waiver ineffective. Id. at 40. In Parente, the Cuyahoga County

Commissioners adopted a resolution that authorized construction of a sewage treatment

plant and created an assessment in the city of Brecksville. Four years later, and after the

tap-ins had been completed, the county commissioners established a schedule of tap-in

charges for certain affected homes. The plaintiff homeowners petitioned the court to
enjoin collection of the tap-in charges. This court held that the failure to follow the

requirements of R.C. 6117.02 made the tap-ins improper and unlawful because R.C.

6117.02 required that such charges be made at or prior to the time of the tap-in.

{¶58} This court examined the difference between void and voidable proceedings

and considered whether procedural defects would void assessments. This court noted

that Ohio courts had previously found some irregularities in municipal assessments that

would void proceedings: failure to give notice, assessing lands outside the corporate

boundaries of a city or that are exempt from assessment, assessing property owners for

paving of a street when it had been formally dedicated as a boulevard, and assessment

made in excess of the value of property. Id. at 43. But this court also recognized that,

at times, such proceedings are “simply voidable,” Id. at 42, and that “even a void

assessment, in certain cases, can be waived.” Id. at 43. This court concluded that the

assessment at issue was made “in an illegal manner, completely contrary to statutory

procedures” and against plaintiff homeowners who had not petitioned for the

improvement in the first place. Id. at 44.

{¶59} The instant case is distinguishable. The Schneiders petitioned Parma

Heights to make the special assessments, knowingly waived defects and irregularities, and

the assessments in this case were not made in an illegal manner, completely contrary to

statutory procedures. Moreover, the Schneiders who were the original landowners

petitioned for the improvements, and the subsequent landowners benefitted from the

improvements to the land; the appellees are not claiming that they were prejudiced by the

special assessments (except to the extent that they challenge the priority of the city’s lien).
 {¶60} Second, the city argues that despite the issue of the validity of any waivers,

it still substantially complied with statutory requirements. To support its position that it

substantially complied with statutory requirements, Parma Heights cites this court’s

decision in Wise, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64210, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 5560, for the

proposition that a municipality’s determinations for public improvements and the

procedures used for special assessments enjoy a presumption of validity until the contrary

is affirmatively shown. See id. at 11, citing Wolfe v. Avon, 11 Ohio St.3d 81, 463

N.E.2d 1251 (1984).

{¶61} In Wise, the appellant argued that the trial court erred in finding the city of

Solon’s assessment valid because the city failed to comply with the filing requirements of

R.C. 727.12 and 727.09 in combining improvement projects. This court held that the

city substantially complied with the statutes because it made a bona fide attempt to do so

and its noncompliance was “technical.” Id. at 8, 11.

{¶62} The trial court in the instant case distinguished Wise in its February 11, 2016

opinion, which found Parma Heights’ special assessment invalid. In distinguishing

Wise, the trial court found that Solon had made a bona fide attempt to comply and

substantially complied with the statutory requirements of R.C. Chapter 727, while, here,

Parma Heights failed to comply with the mandatory requirements of R.C. Chapter 727.

Put another way, the trial court found that the alleged violations of the statutory

requirements in Wise were technical in nature, while the alleged violations in this case

were both technical and substantive in nature.

{¶63} R.C. 727.40 provides guidance when interpreting proceedings with respect
to public improvements made by special assessment:

Proceedings with respect to public improvements to be paid for in whole or
in part by special assessments shall be liberally construed by the legislative
authorities of municipal corporations and by the courts in order to secure a
speedy completion of the work at reasonable cost, and the speedy collection
of the assessment after the time has elapsed for its payment. Merely
formal objections shall be disregarded, but the proceedings shall be strictly
construed in favor of the owner of the property assessed or injured as to the
limitations on assessment of private property and compensation for
damages sustained.

{¶64} Thus, R.C. 727.40 provides that courts shall liberally construe proceedings

with respect to public improvements to be paid for by special assessments, such as the

one in this case. We find that given the waivers in the Project Development Agreement,

the city’s attempts to comply with statutory requirements, and our liberal construction of

proceedings, the competing lienholders have not carried the burden of showing that the

city failed to substantially comply with R.C. Chapter 727 in passing the special

assessments. ii. Court Order Appointing Receiver

{¶65} The trial court further found that the special assessment was not valid

because the assessment violated the court’s amended order appointing the receiver. The

court’s order, dated February 28, 2005, provided:

Without prior consent from the Court, all creditors, claimants, bodies

politic, parties in interest, and their respective attorneys, servants, agents,

and employees, and all other persons, firms and corporations be, they

hereby are, jointly and severally, enjoined and stayed from (a) commencing

or continuing any action at law or suit or proceeding in equity to foreclose

any lien or enforce any claim against the Receivership Assets, or against the
 Receiver in any court, and (b) from executing or issuing or causing the

execution or issuance out of any court of any Writ, process, summons,

attachment, subpoena, replevin, execution, or other process for the purpose

of impounding or taking possession of or interfering With the Receiver in

the discharge of his duties in this proceeding or With the exclusive

jurisdiction of this Court over the Receivership Assets and the said

Receiver.

{¶66} The trial court found that Parma Heights, as a lienholder, was required to

comply with its order that all creditors were enjoined from commencing or continuing any

proceeding to enforce any claim against the receivership without prior permission from

the court. The court concluded that because the city did not ask permission from the

court before it filed its special assessment, its attempt to certify the assessment failed as a

matter of law. Parma Heights claims that its levying of the special assessments was not

prohibited by the court’s February 28, 2005 order because the assessment was not an

“action at law or suit or proceeding in equity” in a court nor was it the product of an

execution or issuance “out of any court” of a writ, process, summons, attachment,

subpoena, replevin, execution, or other process; therefore, the city contends, the levying

of the special assessment did not violate the court’s order.

{¶67} HSL contends that the city’s 2006 ordinance violated the court’s February

28, 2005 order because Parma Heights, at the time it passed its 2006 ordinance, knew that

the only way the city was going to be able to recover what it had expended in

improvements to Cornerstone Properties was to pursue its claims in court.
 {¶68} We agree with Parma Heights that its passage of Ordinance 2006-16 and

certification of the special assessment did not violate the court’s order appointing the

receiver. We base this conclusion in part on the ambiguous language of the February 28,

2005 order. We also base our finding on the principles of equity. The evidence

demonstrates that both the trial court and the appellees had knowledge that Parma Heights

was continuing to make improvements to Cornerstone Properties after the February 28,

2005 court order, and the evidence reveals that this was at the bequest of the trial court.

{¶69} In an affidavit dated January 22, 2008, then-mayor Martin Zanotti averred

the following:

8. On May 22, 2006 the Parma Heights City Council passed legislation
authorizing a special assessment on the Cornerstone properties * * * for
street and utilities construction.

***

11. At a status conference in response to a question I asked the Judge
about his expectations of the City[,] I was advised by him that the City
should continue assisting the Court and the Receiver with preserving the
receivership estate and in order to maintain the properties [sic] value.

12. Based upon the direction that I received from the Judge[,] the City
expended additional taxpayer funds to preserve the receivership estate.

13. Absent the Court’s instructions to continue work, the City would have

halted its efforts to construct improvements on the property.11

{¶70} At his January 12, 2009 deposition, the mayor explained that once the

Schneider’s Ponzi scheme failed, there were no other means for the city to recoup its

Reply memorandum in support of the city of Parma Heights Ohio’s motion to intervene as of right,
11

R. 657.
investment in Cornerstone Properties; the only option the city had was to levy special

assessments against the property. The mayor explained:

Once the property went into receivership, the city no longer had an owner
[that] was going to develop the property, so the proposed means of
recouping the city’s investment in the property no longer was available.
At that point in time, it was the only option the city had, to protect itself,
was a special collector to collect its money.
R. 813, tr. 18. When asked why the city did not pass a special assessment when the

property went into receivership in 2005, the mayor stated that the city “could have,” but,

as the mayor explained:

I believe it was in our best interest to work with the receiver and the court to
try to determine how quickly [a new] developer would come in. Once it
was clear that it was going to get wrapped up in the legal process for a long
period of time, the city had no other potential source for recouping its
investment except on the special assessment.

It was probably my decision to at least work with the courts for awhile to
see how quickly this property would — it had been our hope that once it
went into receivership, the property would be quickly turned over to another
developer and we would be able to recoup our investment quickly with that
developer. Obviously, that didn’t pan out. The city had to move forward
with special assessment.

R. 813, tr. 19-20.

{¶71} It is clear from the mayor’s deposition testimony that the city was trying to

work with the court and the receiver to determine the best course of action before it took

legal action or levied the special assessments against the property to recoup its

investment. The city was expecting the area would be developed, not that it would

remain undeveloped or mired in years of litigation.

{¶72} We are reminded that “[w]here the rights of the parties are not clearly

defined in law, broad equitable principles of fairness apply and will determine the
outcome of each case individually.” McDonald Co. v. Alzheimer’s Disease & Related

Disorders Assn., 140 Ohio App.3d 358, 747 N.E.2d 843, ¶ 16-18 (1st Dist.2000), citing In

re Estate of Cogan, 123 Ohio App.3d 186, 188, 703 N.E.2d 858, 860 (8th Dist.1997).

“In equitable matters, the court has considerable discretion in attempting to fashion a fair

and just remedy.” McDonald at id., citing Winchell v. Burch, 116 Ohio App.3d 555,

561, 688 N.E.2d 1053 (11th Dist.1996). The court has the power to fashion any remedy

necessary and appropriate to do justice in a particular case. McDonald at id., citing

Carter-Jones Lumber Co. v. Dixie Distrib. Co., 166 F.3d 840 (6th Cir.1999).

{¶73} While this court recognizes the considerable time the trial court has invested

in these consolidated cases, we have reached a different conclusion on the issue of lien

validity. Based on the unique circumstances of this case, Parma Heights’ second

assignment of error is sustained.

2. Court’s Authority to Authorize Sale Free and Clear of Liens

{¶74} In the third assignment of error, Parma Heights argues that the trial court did

not have the authority to authorize the sale of the Cornerstone Properties free and clear of

the city’s lien by special assessment. The city claims that because the trial court decided

to sell the property free and clear of all liens, the court effectively prohibited the city from

being able to collect on its debt. We disagree.

{¶75} Generally, a special assessment levied pursuant to R.C. Chapter 727 is a lien

against the land being assessed, which runs with the property. R.C. 727.27. Thus,

when a new property owner purchases the property that has benefitted from construction

financed by a special assessment, the new owner is responsible for the remaining
payments. This method ensures that in case of a nonpayment, the municipality has a

method to recover its costs. R.C. 727.31; C.I.V.I.C. Group v. Warren, 88 Ohio St.3d

37, 41, 723 N.E.2d 106 (2000).

{¶76} R.C. 2735.04 enables a trial court to exercise its sound judicial discretion to

limit or expand a receiver’s powers as it deems appropriate. State ex rel. Celebrezze v.

Gibbs, 60 Ohio St.3d 69, 74, 573 N.E.2d 62 (1991). “R.C. Chapter 2735 does not

contain any restrictions on what the court may authorize when it issues orders regarding

receivership property.” Quill v. Troutman Ent., Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20536,

2005-Ohio-2020, ¶ 34. “[A]n appellate court will not disturb a trial court’s judgment

regarding a receiver’s powers absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.” Campbell

Investors v. TPSS Acquisition Corp., 152 Ohio App.3d 218, 2003-Ohio-1399, 787 N.E.2d

78, ¶ 34 (6th Dist.), citing Celebrezze at 73-74.

{¶77} Because R.C. Chapter 2735 does not contain any restrictions on what the

court may authorize when it issues orders regarding receivership property, Ohio courts

have generally found that the court’s powers includes the power to authorize a receiver,

and under certain circumstances, to sell property at a private sale free and clear of all liens

and encumbrances. Park Natl. Bank v. Cattani, Inc., 187 Ohio App.3d 186,

2010-Ohio-1291, 931 N.E.2d 623, ¶ 13 (12th Dist.).12 “A receiver sale is an alternative

R.C. 2735.04 was rewritten by 2014 H.B. 9, effective March 23, 2015, and provides, in part, that a
12

“court may order that the real property be sold free and clear of all liens other than the lien of the
treasurer of the county in which the real property is located for real estate taxes and assessments.”
R.C. 2735.04(D)(3)(a). The parties agree that the current statute is inapplicable to the case at bar.
remedy to a sheriff’s sale for enforcing and satisfying a judgment.” Huntington Bank

L.L.C. v. Prospect Park L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97720, 2012-Ohio-3261, ¶ 9,

citing Huntington Natl. Bank v. Motel 4 BAPS, Inc., 191 Ohio App.3d 90,

2010-Ohio-5792, 944 N.E.2d 1210 (8th Dist). In the instant case, the record shows that

the total amount owed on the mortgages and liens on the Cornerstone Properties exceeded

the value of the properties as estimated before the sale; thus, as a result, the properties

would probably have sold for less than what was owed. The trial court determined that

“[a] sale of the Properties other than one free and clear of liens, claims and encumbrances

would adversely affect the Receivership Estate and would be of substantially less benefit

to the Receivership Estate.” Thus, we find that the trial court maximized the benefit to

the receivership estate by ordering the sale free and clear of all liens and claims, and the

final sale order was not an abuse of discretion.

{¶78} The city knew about the pending receiver’s sale, acquiesced to the sale, and

did not object to the sale. Mayor Zanotti testified at deposition that he was aware of the

trial court’s order allowing the receiver to sell Cornerstone Properties, but believed the

city’s “special assessment trumped any legal claim on the property, and felt that short of

appropriate resolution through the court, the distribution of the assets, that its special

assessment would remain on the property for the present owners.” R. 813, tr. 33.

{¶79} Although the mayor may have believed that the special assessment would

remain as a lien on the property when it was sold, the trial court’s order was unambiguous

in stating that the property was to be sold free and clear of all liens in order to maximize

the property’s value.
 {¶80} Finally, the trial court’s order to sell the property free and clear of all liens

does not preclude Parma Heights from recovery. The trial court’s January 2, 2007 order

confirming the sale expressly provided that all liens would be transferred, fixed, and

attached to the net proceeds of the sale of the Cornerstone Properties.

{¶81} Thus, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the

receiver to sell the property free and clear of liens.

{¶82} Parma Heights’ third assignment of error is overruled.

3. Lien Priority

{¶83} Thus far, we have determined that Parma Heights has a valid special

assessment lien, but because the receiver sold Cornerstone Properties free and clear of all

liens, Parma Heights cannot recover through a lien on the property. As a result, the

city’s only method of recovery is from the proceeds of the sale of the property.

Therefore, we must determine lien priority, and to do so, we must address Parma

Heights’s first assignment of error in which the city argues that the trial court erred in

finding that the city’s special assessment lien did not have priority over other lienholders.

{¶84} In an order dated May 16, 2011, the trial court found:

[T]he City cannot unilaterally achieve retroactive super priority over other
liens previously recognized in law.

* * * [T]he liens of Home Savings and Loan Company or Lienholders

clearly predate the City’s October 16, 2006 Special Assessment. The fact

that the City had a contractual arrangement with the previous owners, the

Schneiders who were operating a Ponzi scheme, is immaterial and does not
 affect in any way the priority of claims subsequently perfected before the

City took any action of its own.

{¶85} The issue is whether the city’s lien, which the parties agree accrued after

HSL’s mortgages, has priority over HSL’s mortgage lien. We answer in the affirmative.

{¶86} R.C. 5721.10 provides that

[e]xcept as otherwise provided under sections 5721.30 to 5721.43 of the
Revised Code, the state shall have the first lien on the lands and lots
described in the delinquent land list, for the amount of taxes, assessments,
interest, and penalty charged prior to the delivery of such list.”13 “Special
assessment liens, like tax liens, generally have priority over the liens of
private creditors.”

Star Bank, N.A. v. Fisher Dev. Corp., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 13566, 1993 Ohio App.

LEXIS 2809, 5 (June 2, 1993).

{¶87} HSL does not contest the general principle that valid assessment liens have

priority over mortgages. HSL contends that Parma Heights’ lien does not have priority

over its pre-existing mortgage because the city began construction on the Cornerstone

Properties before it passed its May 24, 2004 ordinance to proceed.

{¶88} To support its position, HSL cites Donohue v. Brotherton, 10 Ohio Dec. 47,

1900 Ohio Misc. LEXIS 27 (1900), where the court determined that a bank’s mortgage

lien had priority over a village’s assessment lien. In Donohue, a group of private

property owners improved a portion of a road abutting their lots. The improvements

were paid by a loan issued by a bank and secured by the lots. The lots were later

annexed to the village. After the annexation, the property owners petitioned the village

R.C. 5721.30 to 5721.43 are inapplicable to this case.
13
to improve the portion of the road abutting their lots and agreed to pay an assessment on

their lots for the improvements. The village council passed an ordinance to install the

petitioned-for improvements, entered into a contract with a contractor, and passed an

ordinance to assess the lots and issue bonds to pay for the improvements, knowing the

work was already done and the proceedings were for the sole purpose of paying the

balance due by the property owners for the improvements. Id. at 49.

{¶89} The bank foreclosed on the lots. The trial court decided that the city

council could not order an improvement to be made and then, after the improvement is

made, assess the benefitting properties. Because the village levied the assessment after

the improvements were made, the court found that the bank’s mortgage lien had priority

over the village’s assessment lien. Id. at 50.

{¶90} Parma Heights distinguishes Donahue, arguing that it decided to make

improvements on the Cornerstone Properties and determined that the improvements

would be paid by special assessments prior to actually making the improvements, even

though it did not pass its ordinance to proceed until May 24, 2004.

{¶91} HSL claims that work on the Cornerstone Properties actually began in 2003.

HSL points to Mayor Zanotti’s February 4, 2009 deposition, during which the mayor

testified that he used a bulldozer at the July 11, 2003 groundbreaking ceremony and the

demolition of a grocery store began the next day. The mayor also testified that the city

started infrastructure work and issued contracts on the project prior to signing the Project

Development Agreement with the Schneiders in December 2003.

{¶92} We find that the Donahue case, a Hamilton County Common Pleas Court
Case that dates from 1900, is not binding on this court and is distinguishable. In

Donahue, the work on the lots was finished at the time the village council passed its

assessment and the assessment was passed solely for the purpose of paying the balance

due. In this case, the work on the Cornerstone Properties was not complete by the time

the ordinance for the special assessment was passed, and in fact, only a fraction of work

had been done on the project before the city passed its resolution and ordinance to

proceed. See Donahue at 48.

{¶93} R.C. 5721.10 grants the city priority over other lienholders; the first

lienholder is the state. When an unpaid assessment exists on a parcel of property,

despite the presence of other creditors or lienholders, the state gets paid first for discharge

of the lien. R.C. 323.47; see Twin Lakes Resorts v. Thousand Adventures of Ohio, 3d

Dist. Auglaize No. 2-97-16, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 5828, 10 (Dec. 18, 1997). The

city’s lien for special assessments takes precedence over a mortgage regardless of when

the mortgage was recorded. See In re McCullom, Bankr.S.D.Ohio No. 11-12102, 2011

Bankr. LEXIS 5793, 4-5 (U.S.Nov. 21, 2011) (pursuant to R.C. 5721.10, the state’s lien

for taxes included on the delinquent land list takes precedence over a mortgage regardless

of when the mortgage was recorded); Integra Bank Natl. Assn. v. 3700 Williston

Northwood S & B, N.D.Ohio No. 3:09 CV 00547, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 94034, 16

(N.D.Ohio Aug. 17, 2010) (R.C. 5301.23 sets forth the general rule that “the seniority of

liens is usually determined by the chronological order in which the liens or mortgages are

recorded. However, the legislature has created statutory liens and established their

priority. Ohio law is quite clear. The state of Ohio shall have the first lien.”) We see
no reason to deviate from this well-settled principle.

{¶94} Thus, we find that the trial court erred in finding that Parma Heights’ lien by

special assessment did not have priority over the other lienholders.

{¶95} Parma Heights’ first assignment of error is sustained.

4. Amount of Lien to be Determined

{¶96} As this court has determined, Parma Heights has a valid lien that has priority

over all other lienholders, except for the ten percent Secured Creditor Allocation account

set up for the benefit of the receivership. While the trial court is in the best position to

ultimately determine the total amount of Parma Heights’ lien, it is necessary to address

some of the arguments raised by the parties on appeal.

{¶97} The proceeds from the sale of the Cornerstone Properties totaled

$6,720,784.74. Again, Parma Heights alleges it is owed $4,137,557.72, consisting of

$3,743,190.74 spent for improvements to the Cornerstone Properties and an additional

$394,366.48 in legal fees, engineering fees, other professional fees, and miscellaneous

expenses incurred in connection with the Cornerstone Properties.

{¶98} HSL claims that Parma Heights is not entitled to collect $394,366.48 in

legal fees, engineering fees, other professional fees, and miscellaneous expenses

because those fees were not included in Ordinance No. 2006-16 nor certified to the

county auditor for collection. We agree.

{¶99} R.C. 727.25 provides that after the actual cost of a public improvement has

been ascertained “the legislative authority of the municipal corporation shall by ordinance
assess * * * that portion of the total cost of the improvement to be paid for by special

assessments.” The statute further provides that “such assessments shall be payable as

provided in the resolution of necessity adopted under section 727.12 of the Revised Code,

and shall be final upon the adoption of the ordinance provided for in this section, unless

the ordinance and resolution are amended pursuant to section 727.251 of the Revised

Code.”

{¶100} R.C. 727.30 provides that the city shall certify the special assessment to the

county auditor, and the auditor places the special assessment on the tax list in the amount

certified, and then the county treasurer collects the certified special assessments in the

same manner and at the same time as other taxes are collected.

{¶101} In this case, Parma Heights included the $394,366.48 in expenses and fees

in its 2004 resolution, but omitted it from its 2006 ordinance and resolution. As

previously discussed, R.C. 727.40 provides that special assessments proceedings “shall be

liberally construed by the legislative authorities of municipal corporations and by the

courts * * * but the proceedings shall be strictly construed in favor of the owner of the

property assessed.”

{¶102} In accordance with the statutes cited above, we agree with HSL that the

city cannot recoup the monies it spent on legal fees, engineering fees, other professional

fees, and miscellaneous expenses for the simple fact that it did not include those fees in

Ordinance No. 2006-16 or certify them to the county auditor for collection. Although

those fees may have been part of the Project Development Agreement, they were not

included in the ordinance; therefore, the city’s only recourse is with the parties it
contracted with in the Project Development Agreement (the now insolvent Schneiders

and their business entities).

{¶103} Next, CCI argues that the city cannot recoup more than 33 1/3 percent of

the improved value of the property pursuant to R.C. 727.03. R.C. 727.03 provides that

no assessments shall be levied that would be in excess of 33 1/3 percent of the actual

improved value of the lot or parcel, but R.C. 727.06 prescribes a process by which either

60 percent or 75 percent of the subject property owners may petition to pay the total cost

of the improvement. The process set forth in R.C. 727.06 is what occurred in this case;

the Schneider Entities, which owned 100 percent of the Cornerstone Properties, petitioned

Parma Heights and agreed to have the total cost of the improvements assessed. See

Roebling v. Cincinnati, 102 Ohio St. 460, 462, 132 N.E. 60 (1921); Mock v. Boyle, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 20737, 1949 Ohio App. LEXIS 899 (Feb. 21, 1949); Lewellyn v. S.

Zanesville, 43 Ohio App. 385, 392, 183 N.E. 306 (5th Dist.1932). The Schneider

Entities, in effect, waived the statutory cap.

{¶104} In Roebling, the Ohio Supreme Court cautioned that a waiver depends on

the “construction of the subject-matter of the petition itself; and in determining this the

language used must be strictly construed against the municipality and in favor of the

petitioners.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. We find no error with the waiver in

this case. Thus, we find that the Schneider Entities waived the 33 1/3 percent cap on the

special assessments, and Parma Heights was thereby allowed to assess the entire cost of

its improvements to the Cornerstone Properties.

{¶105} The record shows the city spent, not including interest, $2,695,852.55 on
improvements to the Cornerstone Properties. Thus, the city can recoup the full amount

of the costs it expended, $2,695,852.55. As to what amount of interest, if any, the city is

owed, the trial court is in the best position to determine that. But we remind the parties

of what the city stated in its appellate brief and at oral argument — the city is not

looking for a “windfall.” At oral argument, the city told the court it would be satisfied

to recover the principal amount of $2,695,852.55 plus fees (those fees being the

$394,366.48 this court found the city is not entitled to). For the sake of all parties, we

hope a swift resolution will be reached, bringing an end to this litigation.

C. CCI and HSL’s Appeal

{¶106} Having established the validity and priority of Parma Heights’s special

assessment, we now address the arguments posed by CCI and HSL in their appeals with

the understanding that our resolution of the city’s appeal significantly affects the trial

court’s distribution order.

{¶107} As mentioned, in 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104206, CCI raised five

assignments of error, challenging portions of the trial court’s Validity Opinion. In 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104232, HSL raised six assignments of error, challenging portions of

the trial court’s distribution order and the trial court’s denial of HSL’s motion for

summary judgment as to amounts owed. In addition, CCI and HSL each challenged the

validity of certain receivership orders relating to the Secured Creditor Allocation.14

14
CCI raises the following assignments of error for our review:

I. The trial court erred in failing to strike the affidavits of Stephen P. Campbell,
Matthew Fornshell, and Timothy Briggs.
II. The trial court erred in finding that the incomplete legal description attached to
Appellee’s mortgage provided constructive notice under Ohio law.

III. The trial court erred in finding that Appellant’s mechanic’s liens were not filed
within 75 days of Appellant’s last date of work.

IV. The trial court erred in finding Appellant’s judgment lien was invalid and not a
secured claim.

V. The trial court erred in ordering the receiver to distribute funds to the unsecured
creditors and allowing the receiver to take ten percent of the balance prior to
distribution.

HSL raises the following assignments of error for review:

I. The trial court erred in its December 31, 2015 Journal Entry by denying Home
Savings’ Motion for Leave to File Reply Brief to Receiver’s Brief in opposition to
Homes Savings’ supplemental motion for summary judgment, because it is
inappropriate for a receiver, a neutral officer appointed by a trial court, to take a
position on contested issues between parties asserting competing priority claims to the
same assets, and because the reply brief was necessary to address new arguments
raised by the receiver.

II. The trial court erred as a matter of law in its December 21, 2007 Findings and
Order of Distribution by requiring ten percent of the proceeds of the sale of collateral,
including the Cornerstone Properties, for secured claims to be deposited into a secured
creditor allocation account for payment of administrative expenses and claims.

III. The trial court erred as a matter of law in its February 11, 2016 journal entry and
order denying the Home Savings and Loans Company’s supplemental motion for
summary judgment as to the amounts owed to Home Savings and Loan by finding that
Home Savings’s secured claims attaches only to proceeds of the sale of Cornerstone
Properties maintained by the receiver in a cash collateral account, and does not attach
to any other assets in the Receivership estate, including the secured creditor allocation
account into which the receiver transferred part of the proceeds from the sale of the
Cornerstone Properties.

IV. The trial court erred as a matter of law in its February 11, 2016 journal entry
concerning the distribution of the remaining receivership assets by directing the
Receiver to disburse all remaining assets, including proceeds of the sale of the
 1. CCI’s Motions to Strike Witness Affidavits

{¶108} In its first assignment of error, CCI claims that the trial court erred when it

denied its motion to strike three witness affidavits that HSL attached to its motion for

summary judgment. We review a trial court’s decision to deny a motion to strike an

affidavit for an abuse of discretion. State ex rel. O’Brien v. Messina, l0th Dist. Franklin

No. 10AP-37, 2010-Ohio-4741, ¶ 21. To prove the existence of an abuse of discretion,

CCI bears the heavy burden to show that the trial court’s decision is unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450

N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

{¶109} Civ.R. 56(E) requires that affidavits submitted during summary judgment

proceedings be based on the affiant’s personal knowledge.

[W]here the nature of the facts contained in the affidavit, together with the
identity of the affiant, creates a reasonable inference that the affiant has the
knowledge of the facts therein, an affiant has to only state that the affiant
has personal knowledge of the matter to satisfy Civil Rule 56(E).

CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Stevens, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25644, 2011-Ohio-3944, ¶ 15.

Cornerstone Properties held in the secured creditor allocation account, to the
unsecured creditors when the secured creditor allocation account contained proceeds
of the sale of collateral subject to Home Savings’ first mortgage lien.

V. The trial court erred as a matter of law in its December 21,2007 Findings and
Order of Distribution in the manner by which the trial court defined “secured claim.”

VI. The trial court erred as a matter of law in its February 11, 2016 Journal Entry
and Order denying Home Savings and Loan Company’s supplemental motion for
summary judgment as to the amounts owed to Home Savings’ secured claim to the
amount owed on February 4, 2005 without interest after that date.
 {¶110} CCI challenges the affidavit of Stephen Campbell, who was the surveyor

for the Cornerstone project. CCI claimed that Campbell was an expert witness and HSL

failed to identify him as such in accordance with court orders and local rules; therefore,

the court should have struck his affidavit. HSL argued that Campbell was not an expert

witness, rather, he was a fact witness and the person who was most familiar with the

Cornerstone properties and the location of the improvements that were to be made.

{¶111} The trial court found that Campbell was not offering expert testimony in

his affidavit. We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in making that

finding. Campbell was verifying and incorporating documents that were attached to

HSL’s motion for summary judgment. As president of the survey company that worked

on the job, Campbell had personal knowledge of his own company’s business records.

{¶112} CCI also sought to strike the affidavit of Timothy Briggs, who worked for

Campbell, arguing that Briggs’s affidavit contained inappropriate expert testimony.

Like Campbell, Briggs testified as to his personal knowledge about the Cornerstone

properties and the survey that was done on the properties; we do not find that his affidavit

contained expert testimony.

{¶113} Finally, CCI sought to strike Matthew Fornshell’s affidavit, arguing that

the receiver was averring as a legal expert. But, as the trial court noted, Fornshell was

not making statements based on his legal expertise. His averments were based on his

familiarity with the Cornerstone Project, the documents he had reviewed in his position as

the court-appointed receiver, and his on-site visits.
 {¶114} In light of the above, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

CCI’s motions to strike. CCI’s first assignment of error is overruled.

2. HSL’s Mortgage Lien

{¶115} The trial court initially granted summary judgment to HSL on the priority

of its lien against the Pearl property, which this court affirmed, finding that where a

mortgagee substantially adheres to the provisions of R.C. 1311.14, its lien on the property

has “super priority” over that of any mechanic’s liens. Cleveland Constr., Inc. v.

Schneider, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 96911, 97352, 97361, 97513, 2012-Ohio-5707, at ¶

48. The trial court subsequently granted summary judgment in favor of HSL on the

validity of its lien. In the second assignment of error, CCI claims that the court erred in

this respect because the mortgage contained an incomplete legal description, thereby

creating an issue of fact whether CCI, as a subsequent lienholder, had constructive

knowledge of HSL’s previously recorded mortgage.

{¶116} As mentioned, in July 2003, PDC executed an open-end mortgage and

security agreement with HSL for $3,700,000. The mortgage was secured, in part, by the

Pearl property. Part of the documentation filed and recorded by HSL in support of its

mortgage and note was an attachment, denoted “Exhibit A,” which consisted of the legal

descriptions of each of the three parcels that made up the Pearl property. The legal

descriptions for Parcels No. 3 and 4 were identical to the language contained in the

recorded deeds. The legal description for Parcel No. 2, however, was incomplete,

containing approximately sixty percent of the legal description of the parcel. CCI argues

that the legal description was so defective that it did not provide constructive notice to
“innocent third party mechanic’s lien holders such as CCI.”

{¶117} In considering whether CCI had constructive notice of the mortgage,

“‘Ohio mortgage law does not set forth a precise legal description that must be included

on a mortgage.”’ Acacia on the Green Condominium Assn. v. Jefferson, 2016-Ohio-386,

47 N.E.3d 207, ¶ 17 (8th Dist.), quoting Fifth Third Mtge. Co. v. Brown,

2012-Ohio-2205, 970 N.E.2d 1183 (8th Dist.). R.C. 5302.12 requires a “[d]escription of

land or interest in land and encumbrances, reservations, and exceptions, if any.” Id. A

properly executed mortgage is valid when it follows the form set forth in R.C. 5302.12

“in substance.” R.C. 5302.12.

{¶118} In Brown, this court noted that the description of the property in a

mortgage does not require a formal “metes and bounds” description. Id. at ¶ 13. A

description of legal property “is sufficient if it is such as to indicate the land intended to

be conveyed, so as to enable a person to locate it.” Id., citing Roebuck v. Columbia Gas

Transm. Corp., 57 Ohio App.2d 217, 220, 386 N.E.2d 1363 (2d Dist.1977). In Acacia,

this court considered a mortgage that was completely lacking a property description and

acknowledged that there will be situations where the lack of a description of the land

prevents the subsequent lienholder from having notice of the mortgage. Id. at ¶ 31.

But under the facts of Acacia, where a title examiner for the mortgagee located the

property with ease and notified the mortgagee’s agent of the prior encumbrance, this court

found that the mortgagee had both constructive and actual notice of the mortgage in spite

of the fact the mortgage lacked a property description. Id.

{¶119} The Second District Court of Appeals has held that a mortgage providing a
correct parcel number and street address was a sufficient legal description of property

subject to a mortgage even if the legal description was deficient in other areas. ABN

AMRO Mtge. Group, Inc. v. Jackson, 159 Ohio App.3d 551, 558-559, 2005-Ohio-297,

824 N.E.2d 600 (2d Dist.); see also In re Bunn, 578 F.3d 487, 490 (6th Cir.2009)

(determining that under Ohio law, a recorded mortgage that only provided a street address

of residential property and not a legal description gave sufficient notice to third parties of

the existence of the mortgage). The Tenth District Court of Appeals held that when

examining a mortgage for sufficiency of legal description, the issue is framed from the

perspective of a subsequent purchaser or lien holder and whether the description in the

mortgage is sufficient to put a third party on notice of the encumbrance. Huntington

Natl. Bank v. Coffman, 2014-Ohio-3743, 18 N.E.3d 812, ¶ 16 (10th Dist.).

{¶120} In the instant case, title agent Robert Gutin averred that he reviewed and

examined the deeds to the parcels in question and the mortgage to the Pearl property.

He found that the legal descriptions to Parcels No. 3 and 4 were complete, but the legal

description for Parcel No. 2 was incomplete. Gutin noted that the legal description for

Parcel No. 2 ended abruptly at a semicolon. He also noted that the missing portions of

the legal description for Parcel No. 2 were along dedicated public roadways, the

boundaries of which could be determined by other instruments of record. Gutin then

referred back to the source deed for Parcel No. 2, which enabled him to identify the parcel

described in the mortgage as Parcel No. 2.

{¶121} CCI argues that there is no legal requirement for a mechanic’s lien

claimant to perform a title exam prior to filing a mechanic’s lien. But the law does not
distinguish between claimants when it comes to property encumbrances. Constructive

notice is knowledge of “circumstances which ought to have excited apprehension and

inquiry in the mind of a prudent and reasonable [person].” Wells Fargo Bank v.

Schwartz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96641, 2012-Ohio-917, ¶ 15, citing Varwig v. RR. Co.,

54 Ohio St. 455, 468, 44 N.E. 92 (1896).

{¶122} The purpose of the recording statutes is to protect third parties who might

acquire a legal interest in the mortgaged property. Bloom v. Noggle, 4 Ohio St. 45,

53-56 (1854). In addition, the recording statutes “put other lien holders on notice and *

* * prioritize the liens.” GMAC Mtge. Corp. v. McElroy, 5th Dist. Stark No.

2004-CA-00380, 2005-Ohio-2837, ¶ 16.

Proper due diligence in any transaction involving real estate necessarily
requires examination of the property record, at least insofar as the real
estate is being used as collateral for a debt and the creditor wishes to
establish the superiority of a lien against other existing or potential
lienholders.

Schwartz at ¶ 16. Thus, while CCI might not have had a “legal obligation” to do a title

search, we find no genuine issue of material fact that it had constructive notice that HSL’s

mortgage encumbered the Pearl property.

{¶123} Based on these facts, we find that CCI had constructive notice of the

mortgage against the property, and the trial court did not err in granting summary

judgment in favor of HSL on this basis. Accordingly, CCI’s second assignment of error

is overruled.

3. CCI’s Mechanic’s and Judgment Liens

{¶124} In its third and fourth assignments of error, CCI claims that the trial court
erred in denying its motion for summary judgment as to lien priority and validity.

{¶125} At this juncture, we highlight the following from the trial court’s June 15,

2015 Validity Opinion:

For facial validity CCI need only show that affidavits for its Mechanic’s

liens list all that is required under R.C. 1311.06(A). [CCI’s] mechanic’s

liens * * * have affidavits which on their face appear to contain all the

information required under R.C. 1311.06. For the sake of argument, it

may be said the CCI’s mechanic’s liens are valid on their face. However,

whether the information is accurate or whether CCI meets the other

statutory requirements are other issues requiring further examination.

{¶126} The court found that CCI had not met its burden to demonstrate that it had

performed lienable work within 75 days of filing its mechanic’s liens as required by R.C.

1311.06(B)(3) and that issue remained in dispute. Thus, the trial court did not outright

find that CCI’s mechanic’s liens were invalid but still denied CCI’s motion for summary

judgment.

{¶127} During oral argument in this matter, counsel for CCI conceded that should

this court affirm the trial court’s finding that HSL’s mortgage liens were valid, then the

issue of whether CCI’s liens were valid is moot because HSL’s mortgage liens exceed the

amount the receiver has retained for secured creditors to recover from. We agree, but

note that the amount HSL will recover has yet to be determined because Parma Heights

now stands “first in line” based on our decision in this case.

{¶128} As we have determined that HSL’s mortgage liens were valid and the issue
of whether they take priority is settled, we need not consider whether the trial court erred

in denying CCI’s motion for summary judgment. In other words, because both Parma

Heights and HSL take priority over CCI and because the amount remaining in the

Secured Creditor Allocation account is far less than the amount owed to Parma Heights

and HSL, whether the trial court erred in denying CCI’s motion for summary judgment is

moot. There is simply no money left for CCI to recover.

{¶129} Accordingly, CCI’s third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.

4. Receivership Orders

{¶130} In its fifth assignment of error, CCI argues that the trial court erred in

ordering the receiver to distribute funds to the unsecured creditors and allowing the

receiver to take ten percent of the balance prior to distribution. HSL raised the same

arguments in its second, third, and fourth assignments of error. Accordingly, we address

these challenges to the trial court’s receivership orders together.

{¶131} As mentioned, the trial court issued an Order of Distribution decision in

December 2007. The decision provided for the creation of the Secured Creditor

Allocation Account, which was defined as “ten percent (10%) of each Secured Claim that

shall be set aside for payment of Allowed Administrative Claims.” The Order defined

“Administrative Claims” as:

any Claims arising after February 4, 2005 for the actual fees and expenses
necessary to preserve the value of the Receivership Assets, including but
not limited to (1) Receiver’s fees; (2) fees of professionals hired by the
Receiver to assist him in the performance of his duties; (3) the costs and
expenses necessary to preserve the value of the assets held in the
Receivership Estate; and (4) federal, state, and local taxes incurred by the
Receiver in this case.
 {¶132} Initially, CCI and HSL argue that the trial court erred as a matter of law in

its Order of Distribution decision by requiring ten percent of the proceeds of the sale of

collateral for secured claims to be deposited into the Secured Creditor Allocation Account

for payment of administrative expenses and claims. CCI and HSL contend that the

distribution order violates a long established principle that “a receiver acquires no greater

rights in the property put into his possession by the appointing power that the debtor had.”

For the foregoing reasons, we disagree.

{¶133} The primary purpose of a receiver is to carry out the orders of the court,

which has the power ‘“to exercise its sound discretion to limit or expand a receiver’s

powers as it deems appropriate.’” Natl. City Bank v. Semco, Inc., 183 Ohio App.3d 229,

2009-Ohio-3319, 916 N.E.2d 857, ¶ 8 (3d Dist.), quoting Gibbs, 60 Ohio St.3d at 74, 573

N.E.2d 62.

{¶134} R.C. 2735.04(B) sets forth the powers that a court may vest in a receiver:

(1) bring and defend actions in the receiver’s own name as receiver; (2) take and keep

possession of property; (3) collect rents and other obligations, and compromise demands;

(4) enter into contracts, including, but not limited to contracts of sale, lease, or, so long as

existing lien rights will not be impacted, contracts for construction and for the completion

of construction work; (5) sell and make transfers of real or personal property; (6) execute

deeds, leases, or other documents of conveyance of real or personal property; (7) open

and maintain deposit accounts in the receiver’s name; and (8) generally do any other acts

that the court authorizes.
 {¶135} The court’s action in bestowing any of these powers will be affirmed

absent an abuse of the trial court’s discretion. Semco at ¶ 11. As mentioned, an “abuse

of discretion” implies a trial court’s decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d at 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140.

{¶136} In P.M.D. Corp. v. Hyland-Helstrom Ents., Inc., 63 Ohio App.3d 681, 683,

579 N.E.2d 779 (10th Dist.1990), the court defined administrative costs of a receivership

as follows: “Administrative expenses of a receivership include the costs and expenses

necessary to preserve the value of the assets held in the receivership and taxes incurred

during the receivership.” See also Brown v. Winterbottom, 98 Ohio St. 127, 133, 120

N.E. 292 (1918) (The cost of the custody and preservation of the property in the hands

of the court is payable out of the corpus of the receivership estate.).

{¶137} Given the complexity and numerosity of the competing interests levied

against the receivership estate, we are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by ordering a portion of the secured claims be set aside for the payment of

allowed administrative fees. As stated in the trial court’s Order of Distribution, the

Secured Creditor Allocation was created in an effort to “preserve the value of the

Receivership Assets.” In our view, the trial court’s creation of the Secure Creditor

Allocation did not authorize the receiver to perform an act that exceeded the scope of

R.C. 2735.04 as a matter of law.

{¶138} Fornshell, as receiver, filed numerous applications requesting the trial court

to authorize the payment of administrative claims from the Secured Creditor Allocation or

the receiver’s operating account. We recognize the contention that Fornshell’s
applications for the payment of administrative claims throughout the litigation (1)

contained no supporting documentation, and (2) failed to explain how the administrative

expenses paid from the Secured Creditor Allocation preserved the value of the

receivership estate. That said, our review of the Fornshell’s various applications

involved the authorization of payment of receiver fees and itemized legal and professional

services provided to the receiver. Each application provided a summary of the expenses

incurred and stated that “the Receiver will submit detailed invoices for the professional

services provided to the Receiver, for the Court’s in camera inspection.” Under these

circumstances, we find the relevant expenses were “necessary to preserve the value of the

assets held in the receivership.”

{¶139} Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion

by approving the receiver’s payments of various administrative fees and costs from the

Secured Creditor Allocation.

{¶140} CCI and HSL next claim that the trial court erred in ordering the receiver

to distribute any remaining funds to the unsecured creditors.

{¶141} On February 11, 2016, the court instructed the receiver to distribute any

remaining assets in the receivership, including the remaining balance of the Secured

Creditor Allocation, to “unsecured creditors in a pro rata allocation” or “to a charity of the

Receiver’s choice” if the receiver is “unable to distribute assets to any unsecured

creditors.”

{¶142} As stated, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by requiring ten

percent of the proceeds of the sale of collateral for secured claims to be deposited into a
Secured Creditor Allocation for payment of administrative expenses and claims.

Moreover, there is nothing in this record to suggest the trial court arbitrarily approved the

receiver’s payments of various administrative fees and costs from the Secured Creditor

Allocation. That said, however, we find the trial court abused its discretion in ordering

the remaining balance of the account be distributed either to the remaining unsecured

creditors or to a charity of the receiver’s choice.

{¶143} Generally, “courts do not have the power in receiver proceedings to take

away lien rights in property which were vested by contract or by operation of law without

the consent of lien holders.” Dir. of Transp. v. Eastlake Land Dev. Co., 177 Ohio

App.3d 379, 2008-Ohio-3013, 894 N.E.2d 1255, ¶ 30 (8th Dist.), citing Au v. Au

Rustproofing Ctr., Inc., 5th Dist. Richland No. CA-2227, 1984 Ohio App. LEXIS 10561

(July 3, 1984). In this case, the funds placed in the Secured Creditor Allocation derived

directly from the assets of each secured claim. Thus, the secured creditors in this action

had vested rights in the balance of the Secured Creditor Allocation by operation of law

and the trial court erred by instructing the receiver to distribute those funds to unsecured

parties absent the secured creditors’ consent. While the parties acknowledged at oral

arguments that the remaining balance of the Secured Creditor Allocation account is

minimal as a result of the amount of litigation in this case, we find the secured parties are

entitled to recover the remaining balance of the Secured Creditor Allocation in the

amount proportionate to the percentage of their secured claims placed into the account.

{¶144} Based on the foregoing, CCI’s fifth assignment of error is overruled in

part and sustained in part. HSL’s second, third, and fourth assignments of error are
overruled in part and sustained in part.

D. HSL’s Remaining Assigned Errors

1. Denial of Motion for Leave

{¶145} In 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104232, HSL argues in its first assignment of

error, that the trial court erred in denying its motion for leave to file a reply brief in

response to the receiver’s opposition to HSL’s motion for summary judgment as to

amounts owed. HSL contends that it was inappropriate for the receiver to take a

position on contested issues of priority and that a reply brief was necessary to address

new arguments raised in the receiver’s opposition brief that “could not have been

anticipated.”

{¶146} A trial court has broad discretion in managing its docket, setting case

schedules, and scheduling orders. Sonis v. Rasner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101929,

2015-Ohio-3028, ¶ 40. In this case, the trial court issued a journal entry in November

2015, which set a briefing schedule with specific dates and parameters. With respect to

the arguments raised by HSL, the briefing schedule specifically stated that HSL’s

supplemental motion for summary judgment as to amounts owed would be resolved on

the basis of “the motion and responses alone.” All parties agreed to the briefing

schedule. Accordingly, we are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by enforcing its briefing schedule and denying HSL’s motion for leave to file a

reply brief.

{¶147} HSL’s first assignment of error is overruled.

2. Entitlement to Contractual Interest
 {¶148} In its fifth and sixth assignments of error, HSL argues the trial court erred

as a matter of law by limiting HSL’s secured claim to the amount owed as of February 4,

2005, without contractual interest. HSL claims that because the receiver reported that it

held a total of $7,037,195.1215 in the receivership as of March 31, 2016, it was deprived

of $17,195.12 in interest that accrued on its secured claim of $7,020,000.

{¶149} We find HSL’s argument concerning its entitlement to contractual interest

to be moot. In light of this court’s resolution of Parma Heights’ appeal, the value of

HSL’s secured claim has greatly diminished. As discussed, the city has a valid special

assessment lien and has priority over all other lienholders, including HSL. The city is

entitled to recoup, at minimum, the costs it expended on improvements to the Cornerstone

Properties in the amount of $2,695,852.55. Because HSL does not have a first priority

secured claim, the total balance held by the receiver, after payment to the city, will be

significantly less than the principal balance of HSL’s secured claim. Accordingly,

consideration of whether HSL is entitled to contractual interest would merely be

academic. See State v. Campbell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103982, 2016-Ohio-7613, ¶ 7

(“A case or issue is moot when it becomes ‘academic’; that is, the court can issue no

decision that will have any practical affect on the controversy.”), citing State ex rel.

Cincinnati Enquirer v. Hunter, 141 Ohio St.3d 419, 2014-Ohio-5457, 24 N.E.3d 1170, ¶

4.

{¶150} In light of the above, HSL’s fifth and sixth assignments of error are

The total amount included funds held in the Secured Creditor Allocation account.
15
overruled.

III. Conclusion

{¶151} Based on the foregoing, we find Parma Heights’ lien is valid and the city

has priority over all other lienholders. Thus, the city can recoup the full amount of the

costs it expended, and the trial court is instructed to determine on remand what amount of

interest, if any, the city is owed.

{¶152} With respect to CCI’s assigned errors, we find the trial court did not err by

denying CCI’s motion to strike three witness affidavits attached to HSL’s motion for

summary judgment. In addition, we find that CCI had constructive notice of the

mortgage against the property, and the trial court did not err in granting summary

judgment in favor of HSL on this basis. Because Parma Heights and HSL take priority

over CCI, we find CCI’s arguments concerning the validity of its liens to be moot.

{¶153} As argued by CCI and HSL, we reverse the trial court’s judgment

concerning its order that the remaining balance of the Secured Creditor Allocation

account be distributed among remaining unsecured creditors or to a charity of the

receiver’s choice instead of to the secured creditors.

{¶154} Regarding HSL’s remaining assigned errors, we find the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by enforcing its briefing schedule and denying HSL’s motion for

leave to file a reply brief. Further, issues concerning HSL’s entitlement to accrued

interest have been rendered moot by our resolution of Parma Heights’ appeal. We

recognize that our decision significantly impacts HSL’s secured interest.
 {¶155} On remand, the trial court is instructed to redistribute the balance of the

proceeds from the sale of the Cornerstone Properties and the Secured Creditor Allocation

account consistent with the mandates of this opinion.

{¶156} The consolidated cases are affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded

for proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

It is ordered that the parties bear their own costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, PRESIDING JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE