Jocelyn Lee Geouge v. Jason Barry Traylor, Dustin Griffith and Tiffany Vadella-Griffith

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Chafin, Russell and AtLee
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
PUBLISHED

JOCELYN LEE GEOUGE

v. Record No. 0559-17-2

JASON BARRY TRAYLOR, DUSTIN GRIFFITH
AND TIFFANY VADELLA-GRIFFITH
OPINION BY
JOCELYN LEE GEOUGE JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
DECEMBER 27, 2017
v. Record No. 0737-17-2

JASON BARRY TRAYLOR, DUSTIN GRIFFITH
AND TIFFANY VADELLA-GRIFFITH

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF POWHATAN COUNTY
Paul W. Cella, Judge

Anne L. Roddy (FloranceGordonBrown, on brief), for appellant.

Colleen M. Quinn (Kati K. Dean; Rick Friedman; M. Brooke Teefey,
Guardian ad litem for the minor child; Locke & Quinn, PLC;
Friedman Law Firm, P.C., on brief), for appellees.

In this consolidated appeal, Jocelyn Lee Geouge, biological mother of L.T., challenges two

orders of the Powhatan County Circuit Court relating to the placement of L.T. by the child’s

biological father, Jason Traylor, with Dustin and Tiffany Griffith (“appellees”)1 for their adoption of

L.T. Geouge contends the first order erred in ruling, among other things, that the Indian Child

Welfare Act (“ICWA” or “the Act”) did not apply to the proceedings, that Geouge withheld her

consent to the placement and adoption of L.T. contrary to the child’s best interests, and that legal

1
The biological father, Traylor, also is an “appellee” in this case; however, for purposes
of this opinion, we limit the use of the term “appellees” to refer only to the adoptive parents
unless context dictates otherwise.
and physical custody of L.T. would be granted to appellees. Geouge further appeals the subsequent

final order of adoption granting appellees’ petition for adoption of L.T. For the reasons that follow,

we affirm.

BACKGROUND

Because the circuit court heard evidence ore tenus, its factual findings are “entitled to the

same weight accorded a jury verdict[] and . . . will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly

wrong or without evidence to support” them. Bristol Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Welch, 64 Va. App.

34, 44, 764 S.E.2d 284, 289 (2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover,

we review the facts in the light most favorable to appellees, granting them all reasonable

inferences that can be drawn from the evidence, because they were the prevailing parties below.

See Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 328, 387 S.E.2d 794, 795 (1990). Thus, we must disregard

any evidence that conflicts with appellees’ evidence. See Garst v. Obenchain, 196 Va. 664, 668, 85

S.E.2d 207, 210 (1955).

So viewed, the evidence establishes that Geouge is the biological mother of L.T., the child

who is the subject of this appeal, and four older children, three of whom she shares with Traylor.

Geouge was convicted of prescription fraud in late 2013, resulting in a three-year suspended

sentence. In March 2014, Geouge again was convicted of prescription fraud. Geouge was

sentenced to five years incarceration in the Department of Corrections, with all five years suspended

for ten years, conditioned on good behavior. Geouge subsequently was convicted of breaking and

entering, several counts of larceny, and illegal possession of drugs, and in February 2015, was

sentenced to a total of ten years and sixty months, but the sentencing court suspended all but one

year and three months and granted credit for time served. On February 18, 2015, the corrections

medical unit informed Geouge was pregnant.

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 After her release, in June 2015, Geouge was convicted of obtaining drugs using a false name

and identify theft to defraud. The court imposed a prison sentence, but suspended all but six months

of that sentence.

Based on these convictions, in June 2015, Geouge was found to be in violation of the terms

of her suspended sentences. The sentencing court imposed portions of the suspended sentences

associated with her prior convictions, but resuspended all but six months of the sentences. In light

of her high-risk pregnancy, Geouge was placed on house arrest in July 2015, but she failed a drug

screen in September and was reincarcerated, with a release date set for late January 2017.

On October 17, 2015, while serving her sentence, Geouge gave birth to L.T. Although the

Fluvanna Department of Social Services (“DSS” or “the Department”) had tried to work with

Geouge to find an appropriate placement prior to L.T.’s birth, when L.T. was discharged from the

hospital on October 20, 2015, she had no placement. As a result, L.T. was temporarily entrusted to

the Department, who then placed her in a foster home. On October 23, 2015, Traylor informed the

Department that he was willing to take the child and raise her with her brothers; he relayed plans

that he had made, including his purchases of infant supplies. Because Traylor lived in Powhatan

County, the case was transferred to its DSS. Powhatan DSS performed a background check, and,

on October 28, 2015, L.T. was released to Traylor. The same day, Traylor unilaterally transferred

physical custody of L.T. to appellees.

On October 29, 2015, Powhatan DSS conducted a family partnership meeting to assist the

family in identifying needs and services. Traylor was present, and Geouge participated via

telephone. Geouge’s aunt and grandmother and social workers from Powhatan and Fluvanna DSS

and the Department of Corrections also participated. Geouge’s addiction to pain medications was

discussed. Despite appellees already having physical custody of L.T., Traylor represented that the

prior night with L.T. had gone well and noted the availability of his family support system going

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forward. An action plan was adopted by which L.T. was to remain with Traylor, who was to remain

in contact with Geouge, and visitation with Geouge was to be considered once L.T. had been issued

a social security number.

On November 2, 2015, Powhatan DSS performed a follow-up visit at Traylor’s home to

ascertain what services, if any, he might need. L.T. was not at the home; Traylor indicated that she

was temporarily at a friend’s house to allow him to sort out issues with the other children before she

returned to the home. Traylor declined any services.

Later in November 2015, Traylor, joined by appellees, filed in the Powhatan County

Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (“JDR court”) a “Petition to Accept Consent for

Adoption and Transfer Custody” whereby he requested the court to accept his consent for adoption,

“accept the consent of [birth mother] or otherwise address her parental rights[,] and transfer custody

of [L.T.] to the [adoptive parents, appellees,] to be responsible for the care of the child until such

time as . . . the Final Order of Adoption is entered.”

On December 4, 2015, Geouge, pro se, filed a petition in the JDR court requesting that

custody of L.T. be transferred to Geouge’s mother or cousin. She further petitioned the court for

visitation with her child. On the petitions, Geouge noted L.T.’s race as “Caucasian/Native

American.” L.T.’s maternal grandmother also filed a petition for visitation. Because Geouge was

incarcerated, a guardian ad litem was appointed to represent her.2 A separate guardian was

appointed to represent L.T.’s interests.

On January 27, 2016, the JDR court heard Geouge’s petition for legal custody and visitation

of L.T. Geouge sought weekly visitation to occur at the prison. By order dated March 9, 2016, the

JDR court denied the petition. This order was not appealed.

2
After Geouge was released from prison, the guardian ad litem ceased being her
guardian, but continued to represent her as her counsel.
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 On March 18, 2016, appellees filed in the JDR court a petition for custody and visitation of

L.T. On May 16, 2016, Geouge filed a motion to dismiss appellees’ petition for custody, asserting

that appellees lacked standing and already had custody.

The JDR court conducted a hearing on June 1, 2016, and entered its order on July 6, 2016.

The JDR court denied Geouge’s motion to dismiss, found that the ICWA and the Servicemembers

Civil Relief Act did not apply,3 and accepted Traylor’s consent. The JDR court further found that

Geouge was objecting to the adoption contrary to L.T.’s best interests and waived the requirement

that she consent. The court awarded custody of the child to appellees, “pursuant to their [p]etitions

filed under Virginia Code [§] 63.2-1230, et seq.”

On July 13, 2016, Geouge appealed the JDR court’s ruling to the circuit court for a trial de

novo. Trial was set for December 15, 2016, but by motion filed September 27, 2016, Geouge

sought to continue the matter until after her release from prison in January, “so that she may fully

participate in her opposition to the petition.” Appellees objected to a continuance, and a hearing on

the motion was held on November 8, 2016. Geouge enumerated several ways in which her life

circumstances would be changed upon her release from incarceration, including procurement of a

driver’s license, securing of housing, access to assets, and greater ability to find employment. In

denying the motion, the court noted from the bench that Geouge “can present evidence of what her

plan is when she gets out, and I can hear that and make a decision based on that. . . . I don’t think

this case can be dragged on indefinitely to see how [Geouge] does.” By order dated the same day,

the circuit court denied Geouge’s motion to continue. On December 6, 2016, Geouge filed another

motion to continue based on appellees’ alleged failure to comply with discovery rules; the motion

was withdrawn upon the parties reaching an agreement on the discovery issues.

3
It does not appear that the parties raised either the ICWA or the Servicemembers Civil
Release Act in the JDR court; rather, the findings of inapplicability appear to be part of the JDR
court’s standard order.
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 On December 12, 2016, Geouge filed a motion to stay the proceedings, claiming that

Geouge’s father was of Native American descent. She asserted that a stay was needed “to ensure

compliance with the [Indian Child Welfare Act], if it applies” to allow for “sufficient time for

appropriate Notice to the Tribes, as well as sufficient time for mother to investigate her ancestry to

determine [her] status.” Appellees opposed the stay.

The matter proceeded to trial in the circuit court on December 15, 2016. At the outset of

trial, Geouge raised the issue of the potential application of ICWA, asserting that Geouge’s father

was “known by the family to be of Cherokee descent,” but making no representation that either he

or Geouge were members of a federally recognized Cherokee tribe. Dorothy Wilkins, who had

shared a home with Geouge’s father when they were growing up, later testified that the family

believed that he was of Native American descent. Geouge’s aunt, her father’s sister, also testified

that she understood from her parents that they were of Cherokee descent. Without objection,

appellees provided the court with a copy of the Federal Register listing the three federally

recognized Cherokee tribes and information regarding the requirements for membership in those

tribes. The child’s guardian ad litem concurred with Geouge’s request for a continuance/stay, citing

the potential for an overturning of the adoption in the future should a tribe determine the child is a

member.

In denying the stay, the circuit court determined that under ICWA, “the child must be a

member of a federally recognized tribe, or the child must be eligible for membership and be the

child of a member.” The court then found that Geouge had “conceded that those requirements have

not been met, because there’s not proof that the child is a member or that the mother is a member.”

The court noted that “[i]t’s just some vague assertion that there might be some Indian ancestry” and

stated that “the burden of proof is on [Geouge] to show that ICWA does apply.”

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 After denying the stay, the court proceeded to address whether Geouge was withholding her

consent to the adoption contrary to the best interests of L.T. The parties presented evidence over

two days.

Appellee Mrs. Griffith testified that she became aware of L.T. through her pastor. She noted

that L.T. was eleven days old when she and her husband assumed custody of her, but that Traylor

did not formally consent to the adoption until seven to ten days later. She denied making any

payments to Traylor. She stated Geouge first attempted to call appellees in December 2015, but

they were out of town. Geouge next reached out in January 2016, and again in April 2016, having

about a twenty-minute phone conversation each time. Mrs. Griffith also testified regarding written

correspondence, including her sending Geouge photographs of L.T. in March 2016. More pictures

and an update were sent in November just after L.T.’s first birthday. With respect to bringing L.T.

to the correctional facility to visit Geouge, Mrs. Griffith asserted her belief that the JDR court order

denying Geouge’s visitation petition prohibited such visitation.

Mrs. Griffith testified about taking L.T. to regular doctors’ appointments and commented

that the child is “a very happy and healthy baby.” She further described their usual activities,

including playing cook, reading, taking walks, and occasional play dates. She also commented on

the efforts she had made to allow interaction with Geouge’s mother and to foster a continuing

relationship between L.T., Traylor, and L.T.’s brothers. Citing consideration of the best interests of

L.T., she neither agreed to nor ruled out potential interaction between L.T. and Geouge in the future.

Traylor testified that he began his relationship with Geouge in 2006 and had custody of

three sons that he shares with Geouge. He stated that he initially had planned on parenting L.T., but

realized he would not be capable when also raising the other children. He noted behavioral issues

with them, especially the eldest who had been admitted to a psychiatric facility.

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 Traylor lived with Geouge until she was incarcerated. He testified to observing fentanyl

patches, empty pill capsules, and liquor at the residence. He commented on the condition of

Geouge’s mother’s house when they resided there, noting that it had rotted wood, missing bricks,

and mold. He acknowledged that he could not say whether there had been improvements made

after he moved out.

Traylor described incidents of rage by Geouge, in which she yelled, swore, spat, and threw

things, even when children were present. He stated that she once hit him in the back of his head

with a skateboard and that “she did come after me with a knife on a few occasions.” Traylor also

asserted that Geouge inappropriately consumed cough syrup and had pawned some of the children’s

toys.

Jeremiah Geouge, Geouge’s ex-husband, also testified. They married in 1998 and separated

five to six years later. They divorced in 2014 while Geouge was incarcerated. Together they had a

son, born March 27, 2001, who is autistic. Geouge had custody of the son until July 2014 when

custody was transferred to the ex-husband. Geouge was awarded visitation. According to the

ex-husband, Geouge attempted to maintain regular communication with their son. The ex-husband

testified that, minus some violent episodes, he thought Geouge was a good parent.

Appellees called several witnesses to testify to their observations of Geouge’s drug use and

parenting. Katie Bredemeier, a friend through Geouge’s ex-husband, testified to Geouge’s attempt

to use her name to procure oxycodone and Geouge’s unlawful acquisition of her daughter’s drugs.

Bredemeier testified that prior to her drug problem, which began in 2013-14, Geouge took good

care of her sons. Bredemeier said she had been approached about taking care of L.T., but was only

interested if it would lead to full adoption.

Lori Guthrie, who had known Geouge for sixteen years, acknowledged that she had given

Geouge prescription drugs in the past. She relayed an incident regarding a neighbor whose

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daughter’s medications went missing after Geouge had used the bathroom. Guthrie had been asked

to take L.T., but could not due to her own family issues.

Traylor’s mother, Teresa Traylor, recounted calling the police when Geouge used her name

to get prescription drugs from a dentist. She stated that Geouge started as a good mother, but then

“things started happening.” As the paternal grandmother, she assumed a lot of financial

responsibility regarding the three boys. She commented that Geouge was “not a good parent for

these children.”

Geouge called numerous witnesses to opine on her positive qualities as a parent. The

witnesses included relatives and others in the community. They testified regarding their

impressions of her relationships with her other children, her attempts at reforming her troublesome

behaviors, and their abilities to serve as a support system for Geouge and her children upon her

release from prison.

Geouge also called multiple officials from the prison to testify. They testified that Geouge

was behaving appropriately in prison, seemed eager to correct her past mistakes, expressed her

desire to reunite with L.T., was working towards sobriety, and recognized that her actions had led to

her current family situation. They testified that Geouge sought out classes, including a parenting

class, designed to ease her transition after her release from prison.

Geouge testified regarding her drug addiction. She said she became addicted to pain

medication after a series of back surgeries beginning in 2011. She denied using any substances

while pregnant with any of her children and contested the allegations made during Traylor’s

testimony regarding same. She described the programs she was participating in and detailed what

actions she would take upon release, including checking in with her probation officer, continued

substance abuse treatment programs, and further payment of her fines and costs. She explained

what repairs had been and would be made to the house in which she and the children would live.

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She articulated how she anticipated the transition for L.T. would proceed, allowing the child to

remain with appellees with gradually more time with Geouge, possibly over the course of a year.

Geouge acknowledged she had not seen her child since three days after she had been born. On

cross-examination, she was questioned regarding outstanding medical bills, of which she had no

knowledge, and her potential future employment for which she had not yet applied.

Dr. William F. Whelan, a clinical psychologist, testified as an expert in attachment issues.

He described his methodology and explained the importance to a child of strong, healthy parental

attachment. He observed L.T. with appellees in April and in October of 2016. He testified that

L.T.’s attachment with appellees was secure and healthy and that there were no high risk or odd

behaviors or developmental problems. He specifically opined that

[L.T.’s] interactions in October when we saw them are secure with
each [foster] parent, meaning that she does organize herself around
them, she automatically makes good use of their help both for
exploration and for soothing her distress and her emotions. She
automatically gravitates toward them, seeks proximity, maintains
contact with them during times of stress. And these are all things
that are hallmarks of security in the first year of life.

With respect to appellees, he commented,

Their caregiving patterns . . . were sensitive to her emotional and
behavioral needs, and secure. They were able to scaffold her
behavior and exploration in the play room, and during times of
distress they did a very nice job in approaching and soothing her, and
she responded well to that. So there was a large degree of automatic,
moment-to-moment synchronicity in their behaviors and also
reciprocity, and those things are also hallmarks of security.

Dr. Whelan also testified to the potential effects of a change in custody. He stated:

If [L.T.] were to lose her current foster parents, that would almost
certainly be a huge loss to her and a huge injury, emotional injury.
One of the reasons being is that the relationship is a very physical
thing . . . her body, her neurology is used to having them around,
knows how to interact with them, and she’s organized herself around
those people. So if she loses them she’s going to sustain a very
significant emotional loss and injury.

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He noted that, as a result of such a separation, a child may suffer physical symptoms as well,

including vomiting or sleep loss, and, if under protracted distress, loss of concentration and

behavioral issues.

Although he testified that it was his opinion that L.T. was fully attached to appellees,

Dr. Whelan conceded that it is possible for a child, after suffering a traumatic loss of attachment, to

develop healthy, secure attachments with other caregivers. The new caregiver, however, would

need to be a person who

is emotionally healthy and has good abilities in self-reflection, able to
think about what’s going on inside [L.T.], able to think about what
she needs, able to think about her own emotional states and be able
to regulate herself well. [The new caregiver would need to be a]
person who has a history of success in close emotional relationships,
somebody that knows how to repair ups and downs . . . .

Dr. Whelan had not met with Geouge or assessed her caregiving abilities, but opined that a history

of addiction or inability to regulate internal behaviors would raise concerns.

Rev. Walter Lewis, the priest at the church where appellees have been parishioners for over

five years, and Mary Harrison, a fellow parishioner, reported the positive interactions between L.T.

and appellees that they had observed.

After the close of all the evidence, the parties made extensive closing arguments relating to

their views as to the best interests of L.T. Once argument was concluded, the court commented that

“this is a difficult case in several respects,” “somebody is going to be hurt bad no matter what I do,”

and “this child is going to have a hard time because of the history no matter what.” The court

continued, “the question is under Code § 63.2-1205 whether the valid consent of the mother is being

withheld contrary to the best interest of the child in light of the factors outlined in that Code

section.” The court then addressed the statutory factors.

With respect to the first factor, Geouge’s efforts to obtain or maintain legal and physical

custody, the court stated, “[Geouge] kind of sabotaged her own efforts by getting herself back into
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prison when she was on house arrest. . . . That was her fault.” The court noted that “she has made

some efforts to maintain custody since she got back into prison, understanding the difficulties

inherent in that, but she put herself in [that] position.”

Regarding the second factor, the parent’s willingness and ability to assume full custody, the

court acknowledged Geouge’s clear willingness, but questioned not only her ability while

incarcerated, but also after release. The court stated, “we’re left to conjecture as to what might

happen in the future . . . [w]e’ve got a history of incarceration and drug addiction and criminal

activity which I have to weigh and the future is an unknown.”

As to the third factor, the court commented: “The thwarting by [father] troubles me a great

deal and I think that is a factor in the mother’s favor. I think the fact that he just gave the child away

and essentially thought that he could do whatever he wanted to when she was in jail bothers me.”

The court made no comments regarding any thwarting on the part of appellees.

The court continued:

The next factor is the birth parents’ ability to care for the
child, and I think that is an[] unknown at this point, and I don’t think
it’s been proved she has the ability at the moment. The age of the
child is 14 months as has been pointed out.

The next factor is the quality of any previous relationship
between the mother and the child and between the mother and any
other children. She has essentially zero relationship with this child.
And . . . the relationship with the other children is unsatisfactory at
the moment . . . .

The court then considered the duration and suitability of L.T.’s present custodial environment,

noting that everyone seemed to agree that it was “excellent.”

Finally, the court addressed the effect of a change in physical custody. In considering this

factor, the court gave significant weight to the testimony of Dr. Whelan. The court summarized the

evidence as follows:

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 He testified that there is a wound or an injury that is created. In my
notes he said a, quote, “huge loss” closed quote, and, quote,
“emotional injury,” closed quote, and that they could heal depending
on the qualities of the new caretaker, and unfortunately the mother
fits the qualities he outlined as being unsatisfactory to be a caretaker.

After reviewing all of the factors in light of the evidence presented, the court stated its ruling

from the bench on December 16, 2016. The court determined that Geouge was withholding her

consent contrary to the best interests of the child and that the adoption should go forward. No order

memorializing the ruling was entered for several months.

On March 9, 2017, Geouge filed a motion asking the circuit court to reconsider its

December 16, 2016 ruling. In support of her motion, she asserted, among other things, that she was

no longer incarcerated, had paid all outstanding court fines and costs, had inherited substantial

sums, and had use of a car. Geouge also contended that the circuit court had not correctly applied

the ICWA.

On March 10, 2017, the court issued a letter opinion detailing its reasons for denying the

motion to reconsider and entered its final order memorializing its rulings. The order expressly

denied Geouge’s motion to stay, holding that the ICWA did not apply; denied the motion to

continue; accepted Traylor’s consent pursuant to Code § 63.2-1233; waived Geouge’s consent,

finding that she withheld it contrary to L.T.’s best interests; and granted appellees legal and physical

custody of the child. Geouge filed her notice of appeal of this order with the circuit court on April

7, 2017.

Appellees filed a petition for adoption of L.T. on March 20, 2017. Attached to the petition

were Traylor’s attested consent to adoption, home study reports, and the March 10, 2017 circuit

court order waiving the requirement of Geouge’s consent. The same day, based on the petition, the

court entered an interlocutory order, by which the birth parents’ parental rights were terminated.

The order noted that father had consented to the adoption, that Geouge’s consent had been withheld

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contrary to the best interests of the child, and that the best interests of the child would be promoted

by her adoption. Upon receipt and review of a post-placement home visit report, the circuit court

granted appellees’ petition, finding that “all requirements of the applicable statutes have been

complied with[.]” By order dated April 14, 2017, L.T. was decreed to be the child of appellees, her

name was changed, and Traylor was awarded visitation.

On May 10, 2017, twenty-five days after entry of the adoption order, Geouge filed her

objections to the order with the court. In addition to reiterating her objections to the March 10, 2017

order, Geouge asserted the court erred in awarding the adoption without her being served with or

receiving notice of the petition and in entering the order while the consent issue addressed in the

March 10, 2017 order was on appeal to this Court. Geouge noted her appeal of the April 14, 2017

order to this Court the same day.

With respect to the December 16, 2016 order specifically, Geouge presents the following

assignments of error:

1. The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to establish jurisdiction, and in
failing to determine that [a]ppellees had complied with the Indian
Child Welfare Act, when there was reason to believe that the minor
child was an Indian Child.

2. The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in determining that [Geouge] was
withholding consent to the adoption of her daughter L.T. contrary to
the best interests of her child. The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to
consider the evidence pursuant to Virginia Code Section 63.2-1205.

3. The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to consider the actions of the
[a]ppellees in withholding L.T. and thwarting a relationship with
[Geouge], pursuant to Virginia Code Section 63.2-1205, and abused
its discretion in failing to give such evidence sufficient weight in
consideration of factor three of Virginia Code Section 63.2-1205.

4. The [t]rial [c]ourt erred in determining that a visitation order
between [Geouge and father] was a binding order prohibiting actions
of the prospective Appellees.

5. The [t]rial [c]ourt erred by failing to grant [Geouge’s] Motion to
Continue the Trial of December 2016 out to a time certain after
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 Geouge’s release from prison, January 2017, and compounded such
abuse of discretion by failing to grant Geouge’s Motion to
Reconsider in March of 2017.

Geouge raises the following as an additional assignment of error regarding the April 14,

2017 order of adoption:

The Trial Court erred in granting the Adoption Petition without
consideration of the factors in Virginia Code Section 63.2-1205, and in
failing to provide Notice of Petition for Adoption to [Geouge], or inquire as
to counsel representation prior to ruling on the Adoption Petition, as required
in Virginia Code Section 63.2-1203.

ANALYSIS

I. Applicability of the Indian Child Welfare Act

In 1978, Congress enacted the Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq., to

address what it determined was a crisis in which “an alarmingly high percentage of Indian

families are broken up by the removal, often unwarranted, of their children from them by

nontribal public and private agencies and that an alarmingly high percentage of such children are

placed in non-Indian foster and adoptive homes and institutions.” 25 U.S.C. § 1901(4). Pursuant

to the Act, it is the policy of the United States

to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the
stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the
establishment of minimum Federal standards for the removal of
Indian children from their families and the placement of such
children in foster or adoptive homes which will reflect the unique
values of Indian culture, and by providing for assistance to Indian
tribes in the operation of child and family service programs.

25 U.S.C. § 1902.

To further this policy, the Act “establishes a number of procedural protections for cases

involving Indian children.” Thompson v. Fairfax Cty. Dep’t of Family Servs., 62 Va. App. 350,

363, 747 S.E.2d 838, 845 (2013). Among these protections, the Act provides that “the parent or

custodian of the Indian child, as well as the tribe, are entitled to notice by registered mail with

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return receipt requested of ‘any involuntary proceeding in a State court, where the court knows

or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved.’” Id. (quoting 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a)).

Failure of a state court to ensure that the Act’s protections are implemented subjects any action

taken by the state court, including an order of adoption, to potential invalidation in a subsequent

proceeding. 25 U.S.C. § 1914.

Having Native American ancestry alone, however, does not make one an “Indian child”

for purposes of the Act. Rather, the Act specifically defines an “Indian child” as “any unmarried

person who is under age eighteen and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible

for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe.”

25 U.S.C. § 1903(4). Moreover, the Act is limited to those Indian tribes that are federally

recognized. 25 U.S.C. § 1903(3) & (8); see also In re C.H., 79 P.3d 822, 826 (Mont. 2003). The

ultimate determination of whether a child is a member of a recognized tribe or is eligible for

membership in a recognized tribe is “solely within the jurisdiction and authority of the Tribe,

except as otherwise provided by Federal or Tribal law . . . [and a] State court may not substitute

its own determination regarding” these membership questions. 25 C.F.R. § 23.108(b).4

4
For the majority of the Act’s existence, there have been no federal regulations regarding
how it should be implemented. Instead, “[t]he Bureau of Indian Affairs . . . published guidelines
for interpreting and applying [the Act], with accompanying commentary, in the Federal Register.
Guidelines for State Courts; Indian Child Custody Proceedings, 44 Fed. Reg. 67,584-95 (Nov.
26, 1979).” Thompson, 62 Va. App. at 365, 747 S.E.2d at 846. “The guidelines [were] ‘not
published as regulations because they [were] not intended to have binding legislative effect.’”
Id. (quoting 44 Fed. Reg. 67,584).
During the pendency of the proceedings below, a final legislative rule that had been
subject to notice and comment became effective. See 25 C.F.R. Part 23. Coincidentally, the
final rule became effective on December 12, 2016, the same day that Geouge filed her motion to
stay proceedings because the Act might apply in the circuit court. Unlike the previously utilized
guidelines, the new rule and the regulations it contains are entitled to the force of law. Perez v.
Mortg. Bankers Ass’n, 135 S. Ct. 1199, 1203 (2015) (“Rules issued through the
notice-and-comment process are often referred to as ‘legislative rules’ because they have the
‘force and effect of law.’” (citation omitted)).
- 16 -
 Although there is no dispute that the termination of parental rights and subsequent

adoption ultimately at issue in this case is the type of involuntary proceeding addressed by the

Act, see 25 U.S.C. § 1903(1), there is a dispute as to whether the Act applies to this case.

Specifically, Geouge argues that the assertion in her motion to stay proceedings that the Act

“might apply” was sufficient to invoke the protections of the Act’s notice provisions and

required appellees to provide the relevant notices pursuant to 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a).5 Appellees

counter that Geouge, as the party invoking the Act, had the burden to demonstrate the Act’s

applicability, and thus, was required to prove that L.T. was an “Indian child” as defined in the

Act before any portion of the Act would become operative.

As courts around the country have found, whether the Act applies to a given case presents

a question of law. See, e.g., State v. Reich-Crabtree (In re M.H.C.), 381 P.3d 710, 712 (Okla.

2016); In re Adoption of T.A.W., 383 P.3d 492, 497 (Wash. 2016); Cherino v. Cherino, 176 P.3d

1184, 1185 (N.M. Ct. App. 2008). Accordingly, we review de novo the circuit court’s decision

that the Act does not apply. See Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96,

5
25 U.S.C. § 1912(a) provides that, in an adoption proceeding subject to the Act,

the party seeking the [adoption of] an Indian child shall notify the
parent or Indian custodian and the Indian child’s tribe, by
registered mail with return receipt requested, of the pending
proceedings and of their right of intervention. If the identity or
location of the parent or Indian custodian and the tribe cannot be
determined, such notice shall be given to the Secretary in like
manner, who shall have fifteen days after receipt to provide the
requisite notice to the parent or Indian custodian and the tribe. No
foster care placement or termination of parental rights proceeding
shall be held until at least ten days after receipt of notice by the
parent or Indian custodian and the tribe or the Secretary: Provided,
That the parent or Indian custodian or the tribe shall, upon request,
be granted up to twenty additional days to prepare for such
proceeding.

- 17 -
104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007); Farrell v. Warren Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 59 Va. App. 375,

406, 719 S.E.2d 329, 344 (2012).

In general, a party invoking the protections of a statute bears the burden of demonstrating

that the statute is applicable. Multiple courts addressing the Act have concluded that the party

invoking it bears the burden to demonstrate that the case implicates the Act. See, e.g., In re

Trever I., 973 A.2d 752, 759 (Me. 2009); People v. Diane N. (in Re C.N.), 752 N.E.2d 1030,

1044 (Ill. 2001); In re A.S., 614 N.W.2d 383, 385-86 (S.D. 2000); In re Interest of J.L.M., 451

N.W.2d 377, 387 (Neb. 1990). We agree with appellees that, ultimately, the party invoking the

Act bears the burden of establishing that the Act applies.6

Despite this agreement, we disagree with their assertion that the invoking party must

“prove” that the child is an “Indian child” before any provisions of the Act are implicated. From

the Act’s express terms, it is clear that the Act’s notice provisions are implicated long before a

state court has determined conclusively that a child falls within the Act’s definition of an “Indian

child.”

6
We note that, pursuant to the recently adopted regulations, the Act imposes a duty on
state courts to inquire as to whether the Act applies. Specifically, 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a) requires
that a state court

ask each participant in a[] . . . child-custody proceeding whether
the participant knows or has reason to know that the child is an
Indian child. The inquiry is made at the commencement of the
proceeding and all responses should be on the record. State courts
must instruct the parties to inform the court if they subsequently
receive information that provides reason to know the child is an
Indian child.

As noted above, the regulation did not become effective until after the circuit court proceedings
already had commenced. Given that the issue first was raised by Geouge on the day the
regulations became effective and the circuit court’s consideration and ultimate disposition of the
issue, we conclude that the circuit court sufficiently satisfied any obligations it had under
25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a).
- 18 -
 The Act’s notice provisions are triggered when a state court “knows or has reason to

know that an Indian child is involved.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a). If, for the notice provisions to

become operative a party had to prove that a child was an “Indian child,” the statutory language

would provide only that notice is necessary when the state court “knows that an Indian child is

involved.” The inclusion of the less certain “reason to know” in addition to the more definitive

“knows” is a clear indication that Congress intended the notice provisions to be effective in

situations where there was still question as to whether the child is an Indian child.

This view finds additional support from 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a)’s provisions regarding

providing notice to the Secretary of the Interior. Among other instances, notice must be given to

the Secretary of the Interior when “the identity [of the] tribe cannot be determined.” Given that

the Act limits the definition of “Indian child” to those who are members of or eligible for

membership in federally recognized tribes, 25 U.S.C. § 1903(3), (4) & (8), it is impossible to

prove that a child meets the statutory definition of “Indian child” without knowing the identity of

the tribe. Accordingly, the notice provisions of the Act clearly are operative in situations where

the party invoking the Act has not yet proven that the child is an “Indian child.”

The recently adopted regulations implementing the Act also make clear that the “reason

to know” standard requires less than actual proof that the child meets the statutory definition of

“Indian child.” The regulations expressly recognize that state courts will be faced with situations

in which “there is reason to know the child is an Indian child, but the court does not have

sufficient evidence to determine that the child is or is not an ‘Indian child.’”

25 C.F.R. § 23.107(b). In such a situation, the state court must, among other things, “[t]reat the

child as an Indian child, unless and until it is determined on the record that the child does not

meet the definition of an ‘Indian child’ in this part.” 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(b)(2).

- 19 -
 Thus, Geouge was not required to prove that L.T. was an “Indian child” for the Act’s

notice provisions to become operative. As the Supreme Court of Michigan has observed, “the

‘reason to know’ standard for purposes of the notice requirement in 25 U.S.C. 1912(a) . . .

set[s] a rather low bar.” In re Morris, 815 N.W.2d 62, 73 (Mich. 2012).

Of course, our recognition that Geouge was faced with a low bar does not mean that she

cleared it. In the proceedings below, Geouge never alleged that L.T. is an “Indian child”; rather,

she only alleged that L.T. might be an Indian child. At oral argument in this Court, Geouge was

asked if, in the time since she first raised the Act in the circuit court, she had found anything to

support the position that L.T. was, in fact, an “Indian child.” With credible candor, Geouge

conceded that she remained unable to assert in good faith anything more than the Act “might

apply.”

Thus, we are faced with the question of whether that mere assertion, that the Act might

apply, coupled with the other facts in the record, was sufficient to give the circuit court “reason

to know” that L.T. is an “Indian child” subject to the Act’s protections. Based on the record and

the recently enacted regulations, we conclude that it is not.

Prior to the enactment of the regulations, courts were divided on what is required to

satisfy the “reason to know” standard. While some held that a bald assertion was sufficient,

others required something more. Compare In re Antoinette S., 129 Cal. Rptr. 2d 15, 20-21

(Cal. Ct. App. 2002); In re Dependency of T.L.G., 108 P.3d 156, 162 (Wash. Ct. App. 2005); In

re J.T., 693 A.2d 283, 288-89 (Vt. 1997), with Illinois v. Amos (In re T.A.), 883 N.E.2d 639, 647

(Ill. App. Ct. 2008); A.J. v. Utah (Utah ex rel. M.J.), 266 P.3d 850, 856-58 (Ut. Ct. App. 2011);

In re C.C., 932 N.E.2d 360, 363 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010).

The regulations were adopted, in part, to address such “disparate applications of [the Act]

based on where the Indian child resides” and to make certain that the “uniform minimum Federal

- 20 -
standards intended by Congress” were applied in state courts. 81 Fed. Reg. 38,778.

Accordingly, the regulations provide that

[a] court . . . has reason to know that a child . . . is an Indian child
if:

(1) Any participant in the proceeding, officer of the court involved
in the proceeding, Indian Tribe, Indian organization, or agency
informs the court that the child is an Indian child;

(2) Any participant in the proceeding, officer of the court involved
in the proceeding, Indian Tribe, Indian organization, or agency
informs the court that it has discovered information indicating that
the child is an Indian child;

(3) The child who is the subject of the proceeding gives the court
reason to know he or she is an Indian child;

(4) The court is informed that the domicile or residence of the
child, the child’s parent, or the child’s Indian custodian is on a
reservation or in an Alaska Native village;

(5) The court is informed that the child is or has been a ward of a
Tribal court; or

(6) The court is informed that either parent or the child possesses
an identification card indicating membership in an Indian Tribe.

25 C.F.R. § 23.107(c) (emphasis added). Thus, all that is required for the Act’s notice provisions

to apply is for a party or counsel to assert in good faith a belief that the child “is an ‘Indian

child.’” 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(c)(1) & (2).

In this case, neither Geouge nor her counsel ever made such an assertion. Geouge’s

counsel candidly admitted during oral argument in this Court that, at the time she filed the

- 21 -
motion to stay proceedings, she could not assert in good faith that L.T. is an Indian child.7 She

also confirmed that, after the motion to stay proceedings was denied in the circuit court, no steps

were taken by Geouge to develop any information that would allow her to allege that L.T. is an

Indian child. Given that the proceedings in the circuit court continued for months after the

motion to stay proceedings was denied, the inability or unwillingness of Geouge to develop such

a good faith belief is significant.

Moreover, it stands in stark contrast with the actions taken by the appellees. Faced with

Geouge’s bald assertion that the Act “might apply” because of the possibility that L.T. has

Cherokee ancestry, appellees took it upon themselves to investigate the claim. Appellees

identified for the circuit court the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes and the factors that

each of the tribes considers in determining membership and eligibility for membership.8 During

the proceedings below, appellees contacted the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes,

provided information regarding L.T., Geouge, and Geouge’s father (the alleged link to Native

American ancestry), and inquired if L.T. were eligible for membership in the tribes. Each tribe

responded in the negative, indicating that L.T. was not eligible for membership in the respective

7
Legally, there is a world of difference in asserting that something “is” the case and that
something is merely possible. Geouge acknowledged the difference during oral argument in this
Court, noting that the motion below sought additional time to investigate whether the Act might
apply and that she was not in a position to assert that the Act did apply. We conclude that the
language in 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(c) recognizes this distinction and requires that a party at least be
willing to assert that the child is an “Indian child.” Requiring a party to make such an allegation
does not require proof that the allegation is true; virtually every unsuccessful suit will be
premised upon allegations that a party asserted in good faith as true that a court ultimately finds
to be false. It simply requires that, at a minimum, a party have a good faith belief that a child is
an “Indian child” before the Act’s notice requirements are triggered.
8
The three federally recognized Cherokee tribes are the Cherokee Nation, the Eastern
Band of Cherokee Indians, and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma.
See Indian Entities Recognized & Eligible to Receive Services, 82 Fed. Reg. 4915, 4916, &
4919.
- 22 -
tribes, and thus, was not an “Indian child” for the purposes of the Act as it relates to the three

federally recognized Cherokee tribes.9

Given Geouge’s inability to allege that L.T. is an Indian child and the information

provided by the federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the circuit court did not have “reason to

know that an Indian child is involved” in the proceedings as contemplated by

25 U.S.C. § 1912(a). Accordingly, the circuit court did not err in concluding that the Act,

including its notice provisions, did “not apply to this case.”

II. Circuit Court’s Analysis of and Conclusion Regarding the Factors Enumerated in
Code § 63.2-1205

“[T]he interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children . . . is perhaps

the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by” the United States Supreme Court.

Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000) (plurality opinion). Accordingly, although courts

focus on the welfare of the child in adoption proceedings, Malpass v. Morgan, 213 Va. 393, 399,

192 S.E.2d 794, 799 (1972), Virginia courts long have recognized that constitutional concerns

require that, for a court “to grant a petition for adoption over a birth parent’s objection, there

must be more than a mere finding that the adoption would promote the child’s best interests.”

Copeland v. Todd, 282 Va. 183, 197, 715 S.E.2d 11, 19 (2011) (citing Malpass, 213 Va. at

398-99, 192 S.E.2d at 798-99).

Generally, consent of the birth parents is necessary for an adoption in Virginia.

Code § 63.2-1202. Virginia’s statutory scheme, however, allows for adoptions without the

consent of a parent in certain, specifically delineated circumstances. See, e.g.,

Code § 63.2-1202(E), (F), (G), & (H).

9
During oral argument in this Court, Geouge’s counsel conceded that the evidence
established that L.T. was not a member or eligible for membership in any of the three federally
recognized Cherokee tribes, but argued that this fact did not eliminate the possibility that Geouge
or L.T. were members or eligible for membership in some other federally recognized tribe.
- 23 -
 Code § 63.2-1203(A) sets forth one such circumstance, providing that “[i]f, after

consideration of the evidence, the circuit court finds that the valid consent of any person . . .

whose consent is required is withheld contrary to the best interests of the child as set forth in

§ 63.2-1205 . . . , the circuit court may grant the petition without such consent.” In turn,

Code § 63.2-1205 provides that

[i]n determining whether the valid consent of any person whose
consent is required is withheld contrary to the best interests of the
child . . . , the circuit court or juvenile and domestic relations
district court, as the case may be, shall consider whether granting
the petition pending before it would be in the best interest of the
child. The circuit court or juvenile and domestic relations district
court, as the case may be, shall consider all relevant factors,
including the birth parent(s)’ efforts to obtain or maintain legal and
physical custody of the child; whether the birth parent(s) are
currently willing and able to assume full custody of the child;
whether the birth parent(s)’ efforts to assert parental rights were
thwarted by other people; the birth parent(s)’ ability to care for the
child; the age of the child; the quality of any previous relationship
between the birth parent(s) and the child and between the birth
parent(s) and any other minor children; the duration and suitability
of the child’s present custodial environment; and the effect of a
change of physical custody on the child.

Regarding the factors delineated in Code § 63.2-1205, the Supreme Court has held that

“[t]he eight factors in Code § 63.2-1205 . . . focus on both the parent and child and therefore

compel a court to consider whether a parent’s unfitness would be harmful to the child’s welfare.”

Copeland, 282 Va. at 199, 715 S.E.2d at 20. Accordingly, the Supreme Court concluded that an

adoption that occurs over a parent’s objection pursuant to Code §§ 63.2-1203 and 63.2-1205

survives “constitutional due process scrutiny because [the statutory requirements] encompass far

more than mere consideration of the child’s best interests as defined in cases involving a contest

between natural parents.” Id. at 200, 715 S.E.2d at 20.

Recognizing the Supreme Court’s decision in Copeland, Geouge does not challenge the

constitutionality of the statutory scheme, but rather, challenges the conclusions drawn by the

- 24 -
circuit court regarding the factors delineated in Code § 63.2-1205. Specifically, in her second

assignment of error, she contends that the circuit court erred in determining that she had withheld

consent contrary to the best interests of L.T. In her third assignment of error, she contends that

the circuit court abused its discretion in the manner in which it weighed certain evidence in

reaching its conclusions. In both of these assignments of error, Geouge recognizes that she must

establish that the circuit court abused its discretion in makings its findings, determining the

weight to apply to each factor, and in reaching its conclusions.

The abuse of discretion standard does not permit this Court to substitute its judgment for

that of a circuit court. As we have noted previously

[a]n abuse of discretion occurs only when “reasonable jurists”
could not disagree as to the proper decision. This principle
necessarily implies that, for some decisions, conscientious jurists
could reach different conclusions based on exactly the same facts
— yet still remain entirely reasonable. This bell-shaped curve of
reasonability governing our appellate review rests on the venerable
belief that the judge closest to the contest is the judge best able to
discern where the equities lie.

Hamad v. Hamad, 61 Va. App. 593, 607, 739 S.E.2d 232, 239 (2013) (internal citations omitted).

Accordingly, so long as the circuit court properly considered the statutory factors, we can reverse

its conclusions only if they are beyond the pale of reasonableness.

Here, the circuit court heard the testimony of more than twenty witnesses over the course

of a two-day trial. In addition to the testimony, more than thirty exhibits, ranging from medical

records to home visit reports, were admitted and reviewed by the circuit court. Despite the

evidence, Geouge alleges that the court erred in its conclusions regarding her efforts to maintain

legal custody of L.T., her relationship with her other children, and whether her withholding of

consent was detrimental to L.T.’s best interests.

There was evidence in the record to support the circuit court’s factual findings and

ultimate conclusions in this case. Regarding Geouge’s efforts to maintain custody of L.T., the
- 25 -
circuit court acknowledged that Geouge had tried to do so, but found that she had “sabotaged her

own efforts by getting herself back into prison . . . and [t]hat was her fault.” Similarly, although

Geouge adduced evidence that she had been a stay-at-home mother for her other children and that,

at times, her relationships with the other children were good, there was also evidence that her

repeated violations of the law, substance abuse issues, occasionally violent behavior, and repeated

incarcerations had undermined those relationships. Because there was evidence to support the

circuit court’s finding that “the relationship with the other children is unsatisfactory,” we cannot say

that the circuit court erred in so finding.

On appeal, Geouge does not just challenge the factual findings that the circuit court made

regarding each of the statutory factors; she also challenges the circuit court’s ultimate conclusion

that she was withholding her consent to the adoption contrary to L.T.’s best interests. In doing so,

she argues that the circuit court failed to fully appreciate the progress and efforts she made to be a

better parent while incarcerated and what she characterizes as the appellees’ efforts to thwart her

relationship with L.T.10

This argument misunderstands our role on appeal. Although the circuit court could have

made different factual findings regarding the statutory factors or weighed the significance of the

factors differently, nothing in the statutory scheme required it to do so.

The weighing of the statutory factors is, by necessity, fact-specific and highly

discretionary. The discretion to make the relevant determinations is vested where the judicial

branch comes into the closest contact with the child, the biological parents, and the prospective

10
Although the circuit court found in Geouge’s favor on the factor related to the efforts
of others to thwart her relationship with L.T. based on Traylor’s actions, Geouge argues that the
circuit court should have given greater consideration to appellees’ actions. Specifically, she
argues that appellees thwarted her efforts by continuing with the adoption over her objection,
refusing to allow L.T. to visit her in prison, not informing Geouge’s other children that L.T. was
their sister, and in having L.T. baptized at their church.
- 26 -
adoptive parents–the circuit court. Even if we might have rendered different factual findings or

weighed the statutory factors differently, we will not second-guess the circuit court’s exercise of

judgment regarding the statutory factors. When, as here, the circuit court reviewed the statutory

factors, based its findings on evidence presented, and did not commit legal error, there is no basis

for this Court to reverse its decision.

III. Circuit Court’s Interpretation of Visitation Order

In her fourth assignment of error, Geouge asserts that the circuit court erred in

“concluding that [a] visitation order between [Geouge] and [Traylor] affected the actions of

[a]ppellees.” Specifically, Geouge alleges that the circuit court misinterpreted a JDR court order

regarding her petition for visitation with L.T. while Geouge was incarcerated.11 By refusing her

petition, the JDR court declined to order Traylor to take L.T. to the prison to visit Geouge.

Geouge contends that the circuit court read the order not as declining to order visitation, but

rather, as “prohibit[ng] contact between [Geouge] and L.T.”

Fatal to Geouge’s argument is that the circuit court did not interpret the JDR court order

in such a fashion. When Geouge raised this argument in the motion to reconsider in the circuit

court, the circuit court responded in its letter opinion that it had not interpreted the JDR court

order in this manner, noting that it “did not, in fact, find that a denial of visitation was equivalent

to a prohibition of physical contact.” (Internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Because Geouge has assigned error to a ruling that the circuit court did not make, the

circuit court could not and did not err in the manner alleged by Geouge in the assignment of

error. Thus, we cannot take cognizance of the claimed error. Culpeper Reg’l Hosp. v. Jones, 64

11
Testimony established that, at least at one point, appellees believed the order prevented
them from taking L.T. to visit Geouge while she was incarcerated. Because appellate review is
limited to the actions of the circuit court, appellees’ misunderstanding of the order ultimately is
immaterial unless that misunderstanding was adopted by the circuit court.
- 27 -
Va. App. 207, 212 n.2, 767 S.E.2d 236, 239 n.2 (2015) (rejecting an appellate argument because

the fact finder did not take the action that appellant alleged constituted error); cf. Rule

5A:12(c)(1)(ii).12

IV. Denial of Continuance Request

Geouge argues that the circuit court erred in denying her motion to continue the

December 2016 trial until shortly after her scheduled release from prison in January 2017.

Specifically, she argues that “[a] continuance out to a date certain [in] February [2017] would

have changed the color of the case” by allowing her to present herself as a ready parent whose

efforts at custody would not have been hampered by being incarcerated at the time a decision

was being made.

The decision of whether to grant a continuance is committed to the discretion of the

circuit court. Haugen v. Shenandoah Valley Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 274 Va. 27, 34, 645 S.E.2d

261, 265 (2007). We will reverse a circuit court’s “ruling on a motion for a continuance . . . only

upon a showing of abuse of discretion and resulting prejudice to the movant.” Id. Geouge

argues she was prejudiced by the ruling because, at the end of the litigation, “[s]he lost contact

with her only daughter.” This misunderstands the prejudice inquiry.

Although no one could dispute that Geouge ultimately suffered a significant loss, her

relationship with L.T., as a result of the litigation, that does not mean she was prejudiced by the

denial of her request for a continuance. To establish the necessary prejudice, Geouge must do

more than note she lost the case; she must establish that the decision to deny her a continuance

12
Although Rule 5A:12 applies in cases that come before us by way of the petition
process, appellants in appeals of right would be well-served by observing its requirements in
drafting assignments of error. Specifically, as it relates to this case, Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii)’s
admonition that “[a]n assignment of error which does not address the findings or rulings in the
trial court or other tribunal from which an appeal is taken . . . is not sufficient.”
- 28 -
prevented her from presenting her case or otherwise caused her to lose the case. This she cannot

do.

Geouge was able to participate in circuit court proceedings. Her interests were ably

represented by her current counsel. Geouge appeared, testified, had witnesses called on her

behalf, filed numerous motions, and made substantial arguments as to the proper resolution of

the case. The circuit court’s ultimate ruling against her was the result of its determination of the

facts of the case and not the result of the denial of her continuance request.

We acknowledge that Geouge’s history of criminal activity, substance abuse, and

subsequent incarcerations was part of the circuit court’s decision-making process. However,

those factors existed as a result of Geouge’s behavior and would have existed whether the trial

took place a month before her release from prison or in the days or months immediately after her

release. They were not caused or exacerbated by the circuit court’s denial of the requested

continuance.

Geouge responds by noting that, in issuing its ruling from the bench in December 2016,

the circuit court commented that whether Geouge would be able to overcome her issues with

criminality, substance abuse, and incarceration to be able to be a good parent to L.T. was a

matter of “conjecture.” According to Geouge, the circuit court’s recognition regarding the

uncertainty of Geouge’s future required either granting the continuance or her subsequently filed

motion to reconsider so that the circuit court could know how she was adapting to her

post-release circumstances.

Even if the circuit court had delayed the proceeding to February or March of 2017, its

ultimate decision regarding Geouge still would have been subject to some level of conjecture

because the future is uncertain. As we have noted, “[n]o one can divine with any assurance the

future course of human events. Nevertheless, past actions and relationships over a meaningful

- 29 -
period serve as good indicators of what the future may be expected to hold.” Frye v. Spotte, 4

Va. App. 530, 536, 359 S.E.2d 315, 319 (1987). Thus, although a proceeding in February or

March might have allowed Geouge to put on evidence that she had been able to avoid

reoffending for a week or a month, had obtained appropriate living quarters, etc., the circuit court

still would have been required to engage in conjecture about what the future held for Geouge

regarding her ability to stay out of prison and parent L.T. given her years-long history of criminal

and substance abuse issues. Thus, conjecture was necessitated by the circumstances and

Geouge’s past conduct and not because the circuit court denied the requested continuance.

Accordingly, given the failure of Geouge to demonstrate the necessary prejudice, we

cannot say the circuit court erred in denying the requested continuance.13

V. Lack of Notice Regarding Petition for Adoption

In her final assignment of error, Geouge challenges the final order of adoption on the

grounds that she was not served with the petition for adoption or given notice that the petition

had been filed until after the order granting the petition for adoption had been entered.

Specifically, she argues that, pursuant to Code § 63.2-1203(A)(1), the adoption could occur over

her objection only if it occurred at least “[f]ifteen days after personal service of notice of petition

on the party or parties whose consent is required by this section.” Appellees argue that the notice

13
Alternatively, Geouge has not established that the denial of the continuance constituted
an abuse of discretion. The litigation began with the petition filed in the JDR court in November
2015, and the parties had litigated fully in that forum the question of whether Geouge was
withholding her consent contrary to L.T.’s best interests. Thus, although Geouge was entitled to
a trial de novo in the circuit court, the litigation had been ongoing for over a year at the time of
the December 2016 trial in the circuit court. We long have recognized that delays in resolving
child welfare cases can be detrimental to the children involved. Cf. Kaywood v. Halifax Cty.
Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540, 394 S.E.2d 492, 495 (1990). Given the length of time
the case had been ongoing, it was not beyond the pale for the circuit court to believe that even a
short continuance had the potential to be harmful to the child while providing little in the way of
benefit to the parties or the court. Thus, although the circuit court certainly had the authority to
grant the requested continuance, we cannot say that, considering all of the facts and circumstances,
its refusal to do so was unreasonable.
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Geouge received regarding the proceedings in which the JDR court and the circuit court

determined that she was withholding her consent to the adoption contrary to L.T.’s best interests

sufficed and that additional notice was not required because, once the circuit court made its

findings regarding consent, the adoption was no longer proceeding under Code § 63.2-1203, but

rather, was proceeding under Code § 63.2-1233.14

“[A]s an appellate court, we seek the best and narrowest ground available for our

decision.” Harvey v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 280, 285 n.2, 777 S.E.2d 231, 234 n.2 (2015)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). It is often the case that the best and narrowest

ground for resolving a case involves not the merits of the underlying issue, but rather, whether

the alleged error had any effect on the outcome. See Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411,

419, 799 S.E.2d 494, 498 (2017) (“In this case, the best and narrowest ground is our conclusion

that the alleged trial court error, if error at all, was harmless as a matter of law.”). “Under the

doctrine of harmless error, we will affirm the circuit court’s judgment when we can conclude that

the error at issue could not have affected the court’s result.” Northam v. Va. State Bar, 285 Va.

429, 445, 737 S.E.2d 905, 913-14 (2013) (quoting Forbes v. Rapp, 269 Va. 374, 382, 611 S.E.2d

592, 597 (2005)). Accordingly, we must affirm the decision of the circuit court if we conclude

14
Appellees also argue that the notice argument is procedurally defaulted because
Geouge did not raise the objection in the circuit court within twenty-one days of the entry of the
order of adoption, and thus, the argument is barred by Rule 5A:18. At oral argument in this
Court, appellees acknowledged a logical flaw in the argument going so far as to characterize
their own argument as “circular.” Appellees recognize that Geouge raised her notice objection
as soon as she became aware of the proceeding for which they failed to provide her notice.
Given the circumstances and the possibility that a failure of notice might subject the order to
challenge, we conclude that the notice issue is properly before us.

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that any error in failing to provide additional notice would not have changed the circuit court’s

ultimate decision.15

Here, the circuit court conducted a two-day trial to determine whether Geouge was

withholding consent to the adoption contrary to L.T.’s best interests. The parties fully litigated

these issues and clearly understood that, if the circuit court granted the appellees’ petition

regarding consent, adoption was the next step. The March 10, 2017 order contains, as part of the

caption, the notation: “In Re: Adoption of L.S.T.”

Geouge participated in the trial, thoroughly defended her position throughout, and

expressly recognized in her motion seeking reconsideration of the circuit court’s ruling that the

proceeding dealt with her “right to raise her daughter.” Moreover, once Geouge became aware

of the order of adoption, she interposed objections. Other than the objection regarding notice,

her stated objections simply reiterated the arguments and objections she made during and

regarding the December 2016 trial.

Because she raised nothing new in her objections, we can say with certainty that the

failure to give additional notice in this case did not affect the outcome. Geouge conceded as

much at oral argument in this Court, characterizing the notice argument and any hearing that

additional notice might have occasioned as purely “pro forma” because it would have been

nothing but a rehash of the same arguments before “the same circuit court judge.” Thus, even

Geouge concedes that the outcome would not have changed if she had received additional notice.

15
“The harmless-error concept is no mere prudential, judge-made doctrine of appellate
review. Harmless error is a legislative mandate, which has been part of our statutory law since
the early 1900s, and limits the adjudicatory power of Virginia appellate courts.” White, 293 Va.
at 419, 799 S.E.2d at 494 (emphasis added); see also Code § 8.01-678.

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 Accordingly, it is clear that any failure to provide additional notice does not provide a

basis for reversing the decision of the circuit court.16

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the circuit court did not commit reversible

error as asserted by Geouge. Accordingly, the judgments of the circuit court are affirmed.

Affirmed.

16
As noted above, the termination of parental rights involves a liberty interest that is
protected by the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. See Wright v. Alexandria
Div. of Soc. Servs., 16 Va. App. 821, 829, 433 S.E.2d 500, 505 (1993). Generally, due process
requires that “a party ‘has reasonable notice and reasonable opportunity to be heard and to
present his claim or defense, due regard being had to the nature of the proceeding and the
character of the rights which may be affected by it.’” Eddine v. Eddine, 12 Va. App. 760, 763,
406 S.E.2d 914, 916 (1991) (quoting Dohany v. Rogers, 281 U.S. 362, 369 (1930)).
Nevertheless, because Geouge does not raise a constitutional challenge regarding the lack of
notice, but rather, only raises a question of whether she received the notice allegedly required by
statute, we do not address the constitutional issue here.
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