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- 924 -
Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
PANHANDLE COLLECTIONS v. SINGH
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 924
Panhandle Collections, Inc., a Nebraska
corporation, appellee, v. Kuldip
Singh, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed September 29, 2020. No. A-19-933.
1. Courts: Appeal and Error. The district court and higher appellate
courts generally review appeals from the county court for error appear-
ing on the record.
2. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
appearing on the record, the inquiry is whether the decision conforms
to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary,
capricious, nor unreasonable.
3. ____: ____. In instances when an appellate court is required to review
cases for error appearing on the record, questions of law are nonetheless
reviewed de novo on the record.
4. Jurisdiction: Parties: Waiver. The absence of an indispensable party to
a controversy deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction to deter-
mine the controversy and cannot be waived.
5. Parties. The language of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-323 (Reissue 2016)
tracks the traditional distinction between the necessary and indispen
sable parties.
6. Parties: Words and Phrases. Necessary parties are parties who have an
interest in the controversy, and should ordinarily be joined unless their
interests are separable so that the court can, without injustice, proceed in
their absence.
7. ____: ____. Indispensable parties are parties whose interest is such that
a final decree cannot be entered without affecting them, or that termina-
tion of controversy in their absence would be inconsistent with equity.
8. Parties. The inclusion of a necessary party is within the trial court’s
discretion. However, there is no discretion as to the inclusion of an
indispensable party.
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
PANHANDLE COLLECTIONS v. SINGH
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 924
9. ____. The first clause of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-323 (Reissue 2016) makes
the inclusion of necessary parties discretionary when a controversy of
interest to them is severable from their rights.
10. ____. The second clause of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-323 (Reissue 2016)
mandates the district court to order indispensable parties be brought into
the controversy.
11. Parties: Words and Phrases. All persons interested in the contract or
property involved in an action are necessary parties, whereas all persons
whose interests therein may be affected by a decree in equity are indis-
pensable parties.
12. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. When a lower court lacks the power,
that is, the subject matter jurisdiction, to adjudicate the merits of a
claim, issue, or question, an appellate court also lacks the power to
determine the merits of the claim, issue, or question presented to the
lower court.
13. Parties: Equity: Appeal and Error. When it appears that all indispen
sable parties to a proper and complete determination of an equity cause
were not before the court, an appellate court will remand the cause for
the purpose of having such parties brought in.
Appeal from the District Court for Scotts Bluff County, Leo
P. Dobrovolny, Judge, on appeal thereto from the County
Court for Scotts Bluff County, Kris D. Mickey, Judge.
Judgment of District Court reversed, and cause remanded for
further proceedings.
John P. Weis and Kathryn J. Van Balen, of Wolfe, Snowden,
Hurd, Ahl, Sitzmann, Tannehill & Hahn, L.L.P., for appellant.
No appearance for appellee.
Pirtle, Bishop, and Welch, Judges.
Pirtle, Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Panhandle Collections, Inc. (Panhandle), sued Kuldip Singh
to collect a debt assigned by the City of Scottsbluff, Nebraska.
The county court found Singh was personally liable for unpaid
sewer fees assessed against property located on Highland
Road in Scottsbluff. Singh appealed, and the district court
affirmed the county court’s decision. Singh then appealed to
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
PANHANDLE COLLECTIONS v. SINGH
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 924
this court. We conclude the county court did not have jurisdic-
tion over this matter. As a result, we reverse the district court’s
order and remand the cause to the district court with directions
to reverse and vacate the order of the county court and remand
the matter to the county court for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
The City of Scottsbluff provided sewer services to a prop-
erty located on Highland Road. The “Service Start Up” request
for the property was introduced at trial as an exhibit and pur-
ports to bear the signature of Singh as the “Authorized Person”
requesting the service. Singh testified he did not sign the serv
ice request application card, and he introduced his driver’s
license as evidence of his signature. The signature on the serv
ice request card and the signature on the driver’s license do
not appear to be similar. Nevertheless, the county court found
Singh requested service at the property address. The property
is owned by Cheema Investments, LLC (Cheema). Singh is a
principal in Cheema. Also introduced at trial as an exhibit was
Scottsbluff Mun. Code § 18-4-16 (1990), which states in part:
“All charges for sanitary sewer service under this Article shall
be a lien upon the property served, and may be collected either
from the owner or the person, firm, or corporation requesting
the service.” (Emphasis supplied.) The county court also orally
referred to a second municipal ordinance, “[§] 18-3-9,” but it
was not offered or received into evidence and is not part of the
record before us.
In an effort to collect the fees due, the City of Scotttsbluff
assigned its interest in the debt to Panhandle. After Singh
refused to pay the debt, Panhandle sued Singh.
The complaint was filed October 11, 2018, and alleged that
Singh owed the sewer fees. Singh answered the complaint on
November 5, denying responsibility for the fees because the
property was owned by Cheema. Singh denied owning any real
estate in his name and denied ever personally requesting any
city services at the property address. Singh filed his answer
without benefit of counsel.
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
PANHANDLE COLLECTIONS v. SINGH
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 924
On March 7, 2019, Panhandle filed an amended complaint,
alleging Cheema is the legal owner of the property. The
substantive allegations in the amended complaint were again
directed only toward Singh individually. Panhandle made no
effort to serve Cheema, and the county court did not order
service to be made. Instead, the county court set a trial date of
March 15, a week later. Singh did not file a motion for continu-
ance, nor did he make any effort to file a cross-claim against
Cheema prior to trial.
The county court found Singh owed the sewer fees and
entered judgment in favor of Panhandle in the amount of
$408.40. On March 22, 2019, Singh filed a motion for new
trial, which was denied. An appeal to the district court was per-
fected on May 7. The district court affirmed the county court’s
judgment on August 28, citing the municipal code and stating
that there was “ample evidence . . . for the County Court to
find that . . . Singh requested [the] services.” This appeal fol-
lowed, and Singh is now represented by counsel. Panhandle
has not submitted a brief in response to Singh’s appeal.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Singh assigns numerous errors relating to the evidence
adduced at trial, but the errors assigned related to “irregulari-
ties in the trial court proceedings” are dispositive. Singh spe-
cifically assigns as error the court’s failure to add Cheema as
an indispensable party, that Cheema was not served with proc
ess, and that Cheema was not made a party to the suit.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1-3] The district court and higher appellate courts generally
review appeals from the county court for error appearing on
the record. Griffith v. Drew’s LLC, 290 Neb. 508, 860 N.W.2d
749 (2015). When reviewing a judgment for errors appearing
on the record, the inquiry is whether the decision conforms
to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is nei-
ther arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable. Id. In instances
when an appellate court is required to review cases for error
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
PANHANDLE COLLECTIONS v. SINGH
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 924
appearing on the record, questions of law are nonetheless
reviewed de novo on the record. Id.
[4] The absence of an indispensable party to a controversy
deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction to determine
the controversy and cannot be waived. In re Trust Created by
Augustin, 27 Neb. App. 593, 935 N.W.2d 493 (2019).
ANALYSIS
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-323 (Reissue 2016) is entitled “Necessary
parties; brought into suit; procedure.” Section 25-323 provides
in part:
The court may determine any controversy between
parties before it when it can be done without prejudice
to the rights of others or by saving their rights; but when
a determination of the controversy cannot be had without
the presence of other parties, the court must order them to
be brought in.
[5-11] The language of § 25-323 tracks the traditional
distinction between the necessary and indispensable parties.
Midwest Renewable Energy v. American Engr. Testing, 296
Neb. 73, 894 N.W.2d 221 (2017). This court in In re Trust
Created by Augustin reviewed the distinction, explaining:
“‘“‘Necessary parties[]’ [are parties] who have an interest
in the controversy, and should ordinarily be joined unless
their interests are separable so that the court can, with-
out injustice, proceed in their absence[.] ‘Indispensable
parties[]’ [are parties] whose interest is such that a final
decree cannot be entered without affecting them, or that
termination of controversy in their absence would be
inconsistent with equity.”
“‘. . . The inclusion of a necessary party is within the
trial court’s discretion. . . . However, there is no dis-
cretion as to the inclusion of an indispensable party.’”
[Midwest Renewable Energy v. American Engr. Testing,
296 Neb.] at 90, 894 N.W.2d at 236. Therefore, the first
clause of § 25-323 makes the inclusion of necessary par-
ties discretionary when a controversy of interest to them
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
PANHANDLE COLLECTIONS v. SINGH
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 924
is severable from their rights. See Midwest Renewable
Energy v. American Engr. Testing, supra. “The second
clause, however, mandates the district court order indis-
pensable parties be brought into the controversy.” Id.
at 90, 894 N.W.2d at 236. All persons interested in the
contract or property involved in an action are necessary
parties, whereas all persons whose interests therein may
be affected by a decree in equity are indispensable par-
ties. See Midwest Renewable Energy v. American Engr.
Testing, supra.
27 Neb. App. at 620-21, 935 N.W.2d at 515.
[12,13] The absence of an indispensable party to a con-
troversy deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction to
determine the controversy and cannot be waived. In re Trust
Created by Augustin, supra. When a lower court lacks the
power, that is, the subject matter jurisdiction, to adjudicate the
merits of a claim, issue, or question, an appellate court also
lacks the power to determine the merits of the claim, issue, or
question presented to the lower court. Id. When it appears that
all indispensable parties to a proper and complete determina-
tion of an equity cause were not before the court, an appellate
court will remand the cause for the purpose of having such
parties brought in. Id. Necessary parties are parties who have
an interest in the controversy, and should ordinarily be joined
unless their interests are separable so that the court can, with-
out injustice, proceed in their absence. Id.
Singh argues that the failure to join Cheema as an indispen
sable party created a jurisdictional defect and that therefore, this
court is deprived of subject matter jurisdiction. Singh argues
Cheema is an indispensable party, since it owns the real estate
where sewer services were delivered and Panhandle acknowl-
edged Cheema’s interest by making allegations against it in
its amended complaint. We agree that Cheema was an indis-
pensable party, especially given that § 18-4-16 provides that
“charges for sanitary sewer service [are] a lien upon the prop-
erty.” In the present case, the record owner of the property
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
PANHANDLE COLLECTIONS v. SINGH
Cite as 28 Neb. App. 924
where services were delivered was not included in the suit and
did not have an opportunity to defend its interest in the prop-
erty. We remand the cause for the purpose of adding Cheema to
the suit as an indispensable party.
CONCLUSION
The county court lacked jurisdiction over this case upon its
failure to add an indispensable party. As a result, the district
court’s order is reversed and the cause is remanded to the dis-
trict court with directions to reverse and vacate the order of
the county court and remand the matter to the county court for
further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded for
further proceedings.