NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 21a0280n.06
No. 20-5949
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Jun 08, 2021
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
)
COURT FOR THE WESTERN
DEANGELO VANHOOK, )
DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
BEFORE: SUTTON, Chief Judge; DAUGHTREY and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges
GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.
Defendant DeAngelo Vanhook appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress
evidence. The critical question in this appeal is whether a police officer exceeded the scope of a
protective sweep when he inspected the space under a couch in a room that adjoined the place of
defendant’s arrest. Because there were articulable facts—and reasonable inferences from those
facts—that justified a reasonably prudent officer’s belief that the couch could have been
concealing a person, the inspection under the couch did not exceed the bounds of the protective
sweep. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of defendant’s suppression motion.
On February 6, 2019, members of the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office Fugitive
Apprehension Team were looking for Vanhook because they suspected he had committed a
possible homicide. {R. 32, PageID 63–64.} The detectives had received information that
No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
(1) Vanhook might have been at his grandparents’ house and (2) that Vanhook was with the other
homicide suspect. {R. 32, Page ID 64–65.}
A group of detectives, including Detective Joshua Fox, went to defendant’s grandparents’
house. {R. 32, PageID 68.} The homeowner gave consent for the officers to enter the premises
and search for both homicide suspects. {R. 35, PageID 195.} After the officers entered the living
room, defendant exited an adjoining bedroom. {R. 35, PageID 195.} They arrested Vanhook and
Detective Fox “stepped into the bedroom to make sure it was clear and there was nobody else in
there[;] [he was] looking for the other person that [they had] received information [about] that
might be with [Vanhook].” {R. 32, PageID 72.}
While Detective Fox was scanning the unlit room with his flashlight, he noticed a jar that
contained marijuana and money. {R. 35, PageID 196.} The detective then “kneeled down to look
underneath the couch, because [he had] had people hide in couches, underneath couches, [and]
behind couches.” {R. 32, PageID 72.} In fact, he noted, “In my past experience, we’ve had people
where they’ve gutted couches and they will lay inside that couch and their body will actually touch
the floor.” {R. 32, PageID 93.} As he was looking under the couch, Detective Fox saw an AR-
15 style rifle. {R. 35, PageID 196.} The detective did not need to move anything to see the rifle.
{R. 35, PageID 196.} The officers did not seize the drugs or the gun at that time; instead, they
secured the room and applied for a search warrant. {R. 35, PageID 196.} Detective Samuel
Crews—who was also at the scene—prepared an affidavit to support the application for a search
warrant. {R. 35, PageID 196.} The following is the affidavit in its entirety:
On January 25, 2019, SCSO Deputies located a decomposed male in the wood line
near the intersection of McWhirter and Creekstone. The remains were identified
by the West TN Forensics Center as Dontello Kelly who had been reported missing
since on or about November 6, 2018. The last known individual to have contact
with Donatello Kelly is Deangelo Vanhook . . . who has outstanding warrant for
Disorderly Conduct and Criminal Trespass. SCSO Deputies with the Fugitive
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No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
Apprehension Team located Vanhook at 3447 Scenic Highway shortly after 06:40
hours on February 6, 2019. John L Hood, the homeowner at 3447 Scenic Hwy is
the grandfather of Deangelo Vanhook. As SCSO Fugitive knocked and were
invited into the residence, a glass jar of narcotics and an AR style rifle was observed
in plain view, which is consistent with evidence from the death scene. It is this
Detective’s belief that evidence from this Homicide is concealed within and upon
the premises of 3447 Scenic Hwy, including the vehicles and outbuildings on site.
{R. 35, PageID 196.} Later that same day, a judicial commissioner authorized a search warrant
for “[n]arcotics, firearms, ammunition, portable communications devices, spent shell casings,
spent projectiles, proceeds from the sale of narcotics, and DNA evidence.” {R. 35, PageID 196.}
A federal grand jury indicted Vanhook for various drug and gun crimes. {R. 2, PageID 4–
6.} He moved to suppress—among other things—“any and all physical evidence whether tangible
or intangible”; “any and all observations of law enforcement officers”; and “other tangible or
intangible evidence obtained during or as a direct or indirect result from the search of the
residence” where the officers arrested him. {R. 22, PageID 35.} The government opposed the
motion. {R. 24.} The district court held a suppression hearing and received evidence—including
witness testimony—concerning the search. {R. 32.} At the end of the hearing, the district court
took the matter under advisement and permitted the parties to file supplemental briefs on whether
it was lawful for the officers to look under the couch with flashlights before they obtained a search
warrant. {R. 32, PageID 173–74, R. 35, PageID 194.} In his supplemental brief, Vanhook
argued—among other things—that Detective Fox’s inspection under the couch exceeded the scope
of the protective sweep because a person could not have fit in that space. {R. 33, PageID 184
(“Det. Fox’s search underneath the couch with his flashlight, a space not big enough to allow an
individual, child or adult, to hide and launch an immediate attack, in order to view the rifle
amounted to a warrantless search and was impermissible.”).} The government, in its supplemental
brief, disagreed; it contended that—based on Detective Fox’s suppression hearing testimony—the
couch could have concealed a person. {R. 34, PageID 191 (“Det. Fox testified that he looked
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No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
under the couch because, in his experience with the Fugitive Apprehension Team, he knows that
people have hollowed out their couches and hidden inside of them.”).} The district court found
Detective Fox’s testimony credible and denied the suppression motion. {R. 35, PageID 200–02.}
Vanhook timely appealed. {R. 62.}
Defendant challenges the district court’s resolution of a motion to suppress evidence;
therefore, “we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law
de novo.” United States v. Archibald, 589 F.3d 289, 294 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). “A
factual finding is clearly erroneous when, although there may be evidence to support it, the
reviewing court, utilizing the entire evidence, is left with the definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been committed.” United States v. Collazo, 818 F.3d 247, 253 (6th Cir. 2016) (citation
omitted). Because the district court denied the suppression motion, “we must view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the government.” United States v. Smith, 549 F.3d 355, 359 (6th
Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).
A.
The Fourth Amendment guarantees that “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated,” and it requires that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by
Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things
to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. As a consequence, “a warrantless search is per se
unreasonable subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.”
United States v. Trice, 966 F.3d 506, 512 (6th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). Here, the Government
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No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
asserts one of those exceptions: the warrantless-protective-sweep exception. {Plaintiff-Appellee
Br. at 14–19.}
There are two types of protective sweeps. “The first type allows officers to ‘look in closets
and other spaces immediately adjoining the place of arrest from which an attack could be
immediately launched.’” Archibald, 589 F.3d at 295 (quoting Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325,
334 (1990)). This “first type of sweep requires no probable cause or reasonable suspicion.” Id.
“The second type of sweep goes ‘beyond’ immediately adjoining areas but is confined to”
“‘protective sweep[s] [that are] aimed at protecting the arresting officers[.]’” Id. (third alteration
in original) (citation omitted). It requires “articulable facts which, taken together with the rational
inferences from those facts, would warrant a reasonably prudent officer in believing that the area
to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Id. (citation
omitted). This second kind of sweep, however, is “not a full search of the premises,” instead it
“extend[s] only to a cursory inspection of those spaces where a person may be found” and must
last “no longer than is necessary to dispel the reasonable suspicion of danger and in any event no
longer than it takes to complete the arrest and depart the premises.” Id. (citation omitted).
B.
Defendant does not contest that the bedroom itself was within the permissible range of the
protective sweep. {Cf. Defendant-Appellant Br. at 17 (“While [Detective] Fox may have had
reason to believe that another person was present in the residence beyond those gathered in the
living room, no facts specific to this case support a finding that he could reasonably believe that
that person was under the couch in Mr. Vanhook’s bedroom, particularly where that couch was
only two inches off the ground and its cushions were intact and undisturbed.” (emphasis added)).}
He was arrested in the living room, and the bedroom was a “space[] immediately adjoining the
place of arrest from which an attack could [have] be[en] immediately launched.” Id. at 295
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No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
(citation omitted). Instead, he contends that Detective Fox exceeded the sweep’s scope when—
while inside the bedroom—he looked under the couch. {Defendant-Appellant Br. at 17.}
Assuming—without deciding—that the more demanding protective-sweep standard applies
because the space underneath, within, or behind the couch was not a space that immediately
adjoined the place of arrest, the critical question is whether there were “articulable facts which,
taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, would [have] warrant[ed] a reasonably
prudent officer in believing that the area to be swept,” i.e., the space under the couch, could have
revealed or “harbor[ed] an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Id. (citation
omitted). The answer to that question is yes.
Our sister circuits have recognized that couches can—in various ways—conceal a person.1
Moreover, in United States v. Bass, we “f[ound] no error in the district court’s conclusion” that an
officer was within the bounds of a protective sweep when he lifted a box spring to check whether
someone was hiding under it. 315 F.3d 561, 564 (6th Cir. 2002). And in United States v. Lanier,
we agreed with the district court’s “find[ing] that the police did not exceed the parameters of a
protective sweep when they looked under the bed for a fugitive and found . . . ammunition.”
285 F. App’x 239, 242 (6th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).
1
See, e.g., United States v. Waters, 883 F.3d 1022, 1027 (8th Cir. 2018) (“We further find
no error in the district court’s ruling that the couch could have harbored a dangerous individual.”);
United States v. Paopao, 469 F.3d 760, 767 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Th[e] wall would have obstructed
the officer’s ability to see behind the sofa. As a result, it was reasonable for [the officer] to suspect
that someone still could be hiding behind the sofa, even after the officers had completed their
preliminary sweep of the other parts of the apartment.”); United States v. Munoz, 150 F.3d 401,
412 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Pushing the sofa in the living room away from the wall fell within the scope
of this investigation, given that suspects were known to have secreted themselves behind, inside
and under sofas.”); United States v. Tucker, 166 F.3d 1223, 1223 (10th Cir. 1999) (table decision)
(“We cannot say that the district court was clearly erroneous in determining that the couch could
have hidden a potential threat.”).
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No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
Here, Detective Fox testified that people can hide—and have hidden— under, inside of,
and behind couches. {R. 32, PageID 72 (“And then I got down on my knees to look under the
couch because we [have] found multiple people . . . in this profession hiding under couches, hiding
behind couches, and actually hiding in couches.”).} Additionally, the detective testified that the
officers had received information that defendant and the other homicide suspect might be together.
{R. 32, PageID 64 (“[W]e [had] received information that [defendant and the other homicide
suspect] might be running together”).} The district court found the detective’s testimony credible
and it determined that (1) the couch could have been concealing someone and (2) the other
homicide suspect might have been in the house. {R. 35, PageID 200 (“The [District] Court finds
Detective Fox’s testimony credible.”).} We see no error—let alone clear error—with the district
court’s factual conclusions. Additionally, those two articulable facts (and the rational inferences
that flow from them) would have adequately supported “a reasonably prudent officer in believing
that” sweeping the area under the couch could have revealed that the other homicide suspect was
(1) concealed by the couch and (2) “posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Archibald, 589
F.3d at 295 (citation omitted). Accordingly, looking under the couch did not exceed the scope of
the protective sweep.2
2
Defendant contends that the couch was so close to the ground that it could not have been
concealing anyone. {Defendant-Appellant Br. at 17.} That assertion amounts to a mere
disagreement with the district court’s factual finding on that point. It also fails to grapple with
Detective Fox’s testimony that someone could have hidden behind the couch or in a hollowed-out
couch. Moreover, he has not explained how or why the “entire evidence” in the case should
“le[ave] [us] with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Collazo,
818 F.3d at 253 (citation omitted). Additionally, in this suppression motion context, “we must
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” Smith, 549 F.3d at 359 (citation
omitted). Accordingly, defendant’s argument regarding the couch’s capacity to conceal a person
is unpersuasive.
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No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
Defendant also asserts that the gun was not in plain view. {See, e.g., Defendant-Appellant
Br. at 20 (“The AR-15 style rifle was not in plain view[.]” (emphasis omitted)).} We disagree.
An object is in plain view when “an officer saw [the object] from a lawful vantage point,
the ‘incriminating character’ of [the object] was ‘immediately apparent,’ and . . . the officer had ‘a
lawful right of access to the object itself.’” United States v. Clancy, 979 F.3d 1135, 1137 (6th Cir.
2020) (quoting Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 136–37 (1990)). Despite partially labeling a
subsection of his brief, “The AR-15 style rifle was not in plain view,” Vanhook does not explicitly
engage with the elements of the plain view doctrine. {Defendant-Appellant Br. at 20 (emphasis
omitted).} At best, because defendant contends that Detective Fox exceeded the scope of the
protective sweep when he looked under the couch, Vanhook’s argument appears to be that the
detective did not see the gun from a lawful vantage point. But, as we explained above, Detective
Fox was within the bounds of a protective sweep when he inspected the space under the couch.
The lawful access “requirement ‘guard[s] against warrantless entry onto premises,’ preventing
officers from trespassing on private property merely because they spot incriminating evidence
there.” Clancy, 979 F.3d at 1138–39 (citation omitted). Here, the officers had permission to search
the home, and once they arrested Vanhook, they had the authority to do a protective sweep of the
bedroom because it was a “space[] immediately adjoining the place of arrest from which an attack
could be immediately launched.’” Archibald, 589 F.3d at 295 (citation omitted). Finally, the
incriminating character of the gun was immediately apparent because Vanhook was a suspect for
a homicide that involved .223 caliber rounds, {R. 32, PageID 79.} and, as the district court
judicially noticed, “AR-15s are commonly chambered in .223 caliber.” {R. 35, PageID 200 n.5.}
Accordingly, the gun under the couch was in plain view.
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No. 20-5949, United States v. Vanhook
In defendant’s remaining arguments, he contends that the gun evidence should have been
suppressed because (1) the search warrant that was issued after the protective sweep was invalid
because it relied on information allegedly obtained outside the scope of the sweep; and (2) the
Leon good-faith exception did not cure the officer’s reliance on the allegedly invalid warrant.
{Defendant-Appellant Br. at 20–28.} See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984). Both
arguments assume that Detective Fox’s inspection of the space under the couch—during which he
saw the gun—exceeded the scope of the protective sweep and thus constituted an illegal search.
{Defendant-Appellant Br. at 22, 27.} But for the reasons we gave above, looking under the couch
was within the bounds of the protective sweep and the gun was in plain sight. Accordingly, these
last two arguments fail.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment.
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