*16 Decision will be entered for petitioner.
P claimed relief from joint liability under sec. 6013(e),
I.R.C., which was repealed and replaced by sec. 6015, I.R.C.
Intervenor (I) is P's former spouse, who intervened pursuant to
sec. 6015(e)(4), I.R.C., in opposition to P's claim for relief.
See King v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 118">115 T.C. 118 (2000). P and I filed a
joint income tax return for 1993, on which they claimed a loss
from a cattle-raising activity conducted by I. The loss was
disallowed by R on the ground that the activity was not engaged
in for profit under sec. 183(a), I.R.C.
1. HELD: P meets all the requirements for relief under sec.
6015(c), I.R.C., unless R demonstrates that P had actual
knowledge of the item giving rise to the deficiency at the time
she signed the return. See sec. 6015(c)(3)(C), I.R.C. When the
item giving rise to the deficiency is a disallowed deduction,
such knowledge must include knowledge of the factual
*17 circumstances giving rise to the disallowance of the deduction.
In this case, the fact giving rise to the disallowance was I's
lack of a profit objective. R did not establish that, at the
time P signed the return, P had actual knowledge that I, her
spouse, did not have a primary purpose or objective of making a
profit under sec. 183(a), I.R.C., with respect to the activity
that generated the disallowed loss. Accordingly, P is entitled
to relief from joint liability.
2. HELD, FURTHER, since the activity in question was
attributable solely to I, and there were no other adjustments in
the notice of deficiency, the relief to P extends to the full
amount of the deficiency.
*199 OPINION
RUWE, JUDGE: This case was assigned to Special Trial Judge D. Irvin Couvillion pursuant to section 7443A(b)(3) 1 and Rules 180, 181, and 182. The Court agrees with and adopts the opinion of the Special Trial Judge, which is set forth below.
*18 OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE
COUVILLION, SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE: Respondent determined a deficiency of $ 7,781 in petitioner's Federal income tax for 1993.
The sole issue for decision is whether petitioner is entitled to relief from joint liability under section 6015. The underlying deficiency determined by respondent in the notice of deficiency is not at issue. Curtis T. Freeman (intervenor) is the former spouse of petitioner and filed an intervention in this proceeding pursuant to section 6015(e)(4) objecting to the granting of relief to petitioner under section 6015. See Interim Rule 325; King v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 118">115 T.C. 118 (2000).
At the time the petition was filed, and at the time the notice of intervention was filed, the legal residence of petitioner and intervenor was Hartsville, South Carolina.
Petitioner and intervenor were married during 1982. During 1981, intervenor had purchased approximately 100 acres of land at Hartsville, South Carolina, and had begun a cattle-raising *200 activity that continued for several years, including the 1993 tax year at issue. This activity commenced with one or two cows, then grew to a herd of 25-30 cows with intermittent sales*19 and purchases of cows and calves along the way. It was by no means a profitable activity, although intervenor had the expectation that, over time, the activity would become profitable. Intervenor allowed some of his neighbors to pasture their livestock on the property, and the neighbors, in turn, assisted to some degree in caring for intervenor's livestock when intervenor was frequently away from home in connection with his sole income activity, a used car business. Petitioner frequently visited the farm, with the children, and assisted minimally in its operation. However, petitioner maintained or kept records of sales, purchases, and expenses. She did not maintain a formal set of books but made sure that all records were kept together and submitted to their tax return preparer each year for inclusion on the joint Federal income tax returns she and intervenor filed. Petitioner knew that the cattle-raising activity was not profitable, but she had expectations that, at some point, the activity would become profitable. Petitioner and intervenor separated in May 1993, and, thereafter, petitioner no longer maintained records of the cattle-raising activity as she had done in the past; however, *20 she knew that intervenor continued with the activity. The record does not show in what year petitioner and intervenor commenced reporting the income and expenses from the cattle-raising activity on their Federal income tax returns, although the testimony at trial indicates that the activity was reported on their joint income tax returns for the years 1989 and thereafter. For the year 1993, petitioner and intervenor reported gross income of $ 802, expenses of $ 28,199, and a net loss of $ 27,397 from the cattle- raising activity on Schedule C of their return, Profit or Loss From Business.
Petitioner and intervenor were divorced in May 1995. On December 23, 1996, respondent issued separate notices of deficiency to petitioner and intervenor for the year 1993 and determined in each notice a tax deficiency of $ 7,781. In these notices of deficiency, respondent disallowed the $ 27,397 cattle activity loss claimed on Schedule C of the 1993 joint Federal income tax return. The basis for the disallowance was that the cattle activity was not an activity engaged in for *201 profit under section 183. Respondent made no adjustments to the income or expense amounts reported and claimed in connection*21 with the activity. The only other adjustments in the notices of deficiency flowed from the disallowed cattle activity loss.
Petitioner filed a timely petition with this Court. Intervenor did not petition this Court. Respondent, in due course, assessed the deficiency against intervenor, but no portion of that assessment has been paid, nor has intervenor challenged the assessment in any other court.
In this case, petitioner does not challenge the disallowed Schedule C cattle-raising activity loss. Her sole contention is that she is entitled to relief from joint liability under section 6013(e). After the case was tried and taken under advisement, section 6013(e) was repealed and was replaced with section 6015, which retroactively applies to this case. Moreover, the intervention emanates from section 6015(e)(4). 2 The case was again calendared for trial and heard pursuant to the provisions of section 6015. Intervenor participated in the trial and objected to petitioner's being relieved of liability under section 6015. In a supplemental trial memorandum, respondent asserted that petitioner was not entitled to relief under section 6015(b) or (c). 3
*22 In Cheshire v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 183">115 T.C. 183, 189 (2000), the Court succinctly set forth the legislative history of section 6015 as follows:
For many taxpayers, relief under section 6013(e) was
difficult to obtain. In order to make innocent spouse relief
more accessible, Congress repealed section 6013(e) and enacted a
new innocent spouse provision (section 6015) in 1998 as part of
the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of
1998 (RRA 1998), Pub. L. 105-206, sec. 3201(a), 112 Stat. 734.
See H. Conf. Rept. 105-599, at 249 (1998). The newly enacted
statute provided three avenues of relief from joint and several
liability: (1) Section 6015(b)(1) (which is similar to former
section 6013(e)) allows a spouse to escape completely joint and
several liability; (2) section 6015(b)(2) and (c) allow a spouse
to elect limited liability through relief from a portion of the
understatement or deficiency; and (3) section 6015(f) confers
upon the Secretary discretion to grant equitable relief in
situations where relief is unavailable under section*23 6015(b) or
(c). Section 6015 generally applies to *202 any liability for tax
arising after July 22, 1998, and any liability for tax arising
on or before July 22, 1998, that remains unpaid as of such date.
See H. Conf. Rept. 105-599, supra at 251.
We consider the merits of this case under section 6015(c), which, in pertinent part, provides:
SEC. 6015(c). Procedures To Limit Liability for Taxpayers
No Longer Married or Taxpayers Legally Separated or Not Living
Together. --
(1) In general. -- Except as provided in this
subsection, if an individual who has made a joint return
for any taxable year elects the application of this
subsection, the individual's liability for any deficiency
which is assessed with respect to the return shall not
exceed the portion of such deficiency properly allocable to
the individual under subsection (d).
(2) Burden of proof. -- Except as provided in
subparagraph (A)(ii) or (C) of paragraph (3), each
individual who elects*24 the application of this subsection
shall have the burden of proof with respect to establishing
the portion of any deficiency allocable to such individual.
(3) Election. --
* * * * * * *
(C) Election not valid with respect to certain
deficiencies. -- If the Secretary demonstrates that an
individual making an election under this subsection
had actual knowledge, at the time such individual
signed the return, of any item giving rise to a
deficiency (or portion thereof) which is not allocable
to such individual under subsection (d), such election
shall not apply to such deficiency (or portion). * * *
In Martin v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2000-346">T.C. Memo 2000-346, the Court stated:
section 6015(c) relieves certain joint-filing taxpayers by
making them liable only for those items of which they had actual
knowledge, rather than being liable for all items reportable*25 on
the joint return. In effect, this approach is intended, to the
extent permitted, to treat certain spouses as though they had
filed a separate return. This is a departure from predecessor
section 6013(e) and companion section 6015(b) where the intended
goal was to permit relief only if the relief-seeking spouse did
not know or had no reason to know of an item.
Accordingly, taxpayers who are either no longer married,
separated (for 12 months or more), or not living together * * *
may elect treatment as though they had separately filed. Section
6015(c)(3)(C), however, does not permit the election of separate
treatment for any item where "the Secretary demonstrates that an
individual * * * had actual knowledge, [of the item] at the time
such individual signed the return". * * *
In this case, the activity giving rise to the deficiency, i.e., the cattle-raising activity, was attributable solely to intervenor. As noted above, relief under section 6015(c)(3)(C) is not *203 available to petitioner if respondent demonstrates that petitioner had ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE of the item giving*26 rise to the deficiency.
In Cheshire v. Commissioner, supra, this Court held that, where the spouse claiming relief under section 6015(b) or (c) had actual knowledge of items of omitted income but did not have knowledge "whether the entry on the return is or is not correct", relief was not available. Id. at 195. In furtherance of the point, the Court stated:
In our opinion, the knowledge requirement of section
6015(c)(3)(C) does not require the electing spouse to possess
knowledge of the tax consequences arising from the item giving
rise to the deficiency or that the item reported on the return
is incorrect. Rather, the statute mandates only a showing that
the electing spouse actually knew of the item on the return that
gave rise to the deficiency (or portion thereof). * * * [Id. at
194.]
See also Martin v. Commissioner, supra, where this Court stated: "Thus, in Cheshire v. Commissioner, supra, we concluded that ignorance of the applicable tax law is no excuse and that respondent had met his burden of proving knowledge of the omitted income." 4
*27 The Cheshire case involved taxable retirement income distributions received by the taxpayer's spouse that were not reported on the taxpayers' joint income tax return. The Court held that the "knowledge standard" for purposes of section 6015(c)(3)(C) "is an actual and clear awareness (as opposed to reason to know) of the existence of an item which gives rise to the deficiency (or portion thereof)." Cheshire v. Commissioner, supra at 195. The Court further stated: "In the case of omitted income (such as the situation involved herein), the electing spouse must have an actual and clear awareness of the omitted income." Id. The Court appended to that statement a footnote stating: "We leave to another day the manner in which the actual knowledge standard will be applied in erroneous deduction cases." Id. n.6. Since the taxpayer's claim for relief in Cheshire was based solely on lack of knowledge of the tax consequences of the unreported income, relief was denied under section 6015(c). This case involves an erroneous deduction.
*204 Respondent disallowed the deduction involved in this case because petitioner's former spouse lacked the necessary profit objective. Even under prior*28 section 6013(e), where the spouse claiming relief was required to prove lack of knowledge of the item, we said that "the taxpayer claiming innocent spouse * * * [relief] must establish that he or she is unaware of the CIRCUMSTANCES THAT GIVE RISE TO ERROR ON THE TAX RETURN, and not merely be unaware of the tax consequences." Bokum v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 126">94 T.C. 126, 145-146 (1990) (emphasis added), affd. 992 F.2d 1132">992 F.2d 1132 (11th Cir. 1993). As previously indicated, Congress was attempting to expand relief from joint liability when it enacted section 6015. When a spouse elects relief under section 6015(c), the burden of proving the spouse's actual knowledge of the item in order to deny relief is on the Commissioner. 5 We therefore hold that the proper application of the actual knowledge standard in section 6015(c)(3)(C), in the context of a disallowed deduction, requires respondent to prove that petitioner had actual knowledge of the factual circumstances which made the item unallowable as a deduction. Consistent with Cheshire, such actual knowledge does not include knowledge of the tax laws or knowledge of the legal consequences of the operative facts. 6
*29 The factual basis for respondent's determination in this case was the lack of required profit objective on the part of petitioner's former spouse. Section 183(a) disallows any deductions attributable to activities not engaged in for profit except as provided under section 183(b). Section 183(c) defines an activity not engaged in for profit as "any activity other than one with respect to which deductions are allowable for the taxable year under section 162 or under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 212." This case is appealable to the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. The standard for determining whether expenses of an activity are deductible under either section 162 or section 212(1) or (2) in the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is whether the taxpayer engaged in the activity primarily for the purpose of making *205 a profit. See Hendricks v. Commissioner, 32 F.3d 94">32 F.3d 94, 97 n.6 (4th Cir. 1994), affg. T.C. Memo 1993-396">T.C. Memo 1993-396. While a reasonable expectation of profit is not required, a taxpayer's profit objective must be bona fide. See Hulter v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 371">91 T.C. 371 (1988). Whether a taxpayer is primarily engaged in the activity for profit*30 is a question of fact to be resolved from all relevant facts and circumstances. See id. at 393; Golanty v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 411">72 T.C. 411, 426 (1979), affd. without published opinion 647 F.2d 170">647 F.2d 170 (9th Cir. 1981). In resolving this factual question, greater weight is given to objective facts than to the taxpayer's after-the-fact statements of intent. See Siegel v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 659">78 T.C. 659, 699 (1982); sec. 1.183-2(a), Income Tax Regs.
Thus, several factors are taken into consideration in determining whether an activity is engaged in primarily for profit under section 183. Generally, these factors, set out in section 1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs., include: (1) The manner in which the activity is conducted, (2) the taxpayer's expertise, (3) the time and effort expended in the activity, (4) an expectation that the assets used in the activity may appreciate in value, (5) the success of the taxpayer in other similar or dissimilar activities, (6) the history of income or losses of the activity, (7) the taxpayer's financial status, and (8) elements indicating personal pleasure or recreation*31 associated with the activity. These factors are relevant in the context of this case to the extent they may indicate whether petitioner knew or believed that her former spouse was or was not engaged in the cattle-raising activity primarily for profit.
The question in this case, therefore, is not whether petitioner knew the tax consequences of a not-for-profit activity but whether she knew or believed that her former spouse was not engaged in the activity for the primary purpose of making a profit. Thus, in determining whether petitioner had actual knowledge of an improperly deducted item on the return, more is required than petitioner's knowledge that the deduction appears on the return or that her former spouse operated an activity at a loss. Whether petitioner had the requisite knowledge is an essential fact respondent was required to establish under section 6015(c)(3)(C). Respondent failed in this regard. The Court is satisfied that petitioner's knowledge of the activity in question was that it was an activity that she knew was not profitable but that she hoped *206 and expected would become profitable at some point. Respondent presented insufficient evidence to show that petitioner*32 knew that her former spouse did not have a primary objective of making a profit with his cattle-raising activity. Petitioner, therefore, is entitled to relief from the tax liability arising out of this activity under section 6015(c). Since the activity was an activity attributable solely to her former spouse, the relief to petitioner extends to the full amount of the deficiency.
Decision will be entered for petitioner.
Footnotes
1. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year at issue. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. See King v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 118">115 T.C. 118↩ (2000), for the procedural history of this case.
3. Pursuant to the Court's holding in King v. Commissioner, supra, the Court's order calendaring this case for further trial stated that the only issue to be considered by the Court would be petitioner's claim for relief under sec. 6015↩, and the Court would not consider any challenges to the underlying deficiency by either petitioner or intervenor.
4. The quoted statement relates to sec. 6015(c)(3)(C)↩, where the Commissioner has the burden of proof with respect to knowledge of the item giving rise to the deficiency.
5. See Culver v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 189">116 T.C. 189, 116 T.C. No. 15">116 T.C. No. 15 (2001) (the Commissioner's burden of proof under sec. 6015(c)(3)(C)↩ is met by a preponderance of the evidence).
6. We note that in Cheshire v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 183">115 T.C. 183↩ (2000), the spouse claiming relief was found to have actual knowledge of factual circumstances that caused the items of omitted income to be taxable and that her omission was based on her misunderstanding of the law.