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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 20-10110
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D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-22974-FAM
DIANE FISHER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
PNC BANK, N.A.,
PNC INVESTMENTS, LLC,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(June 29, 2021)
Before MARTIN, GRANT, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
BRASHER, Circuit Judge:
The question in this appeal is whether the district court properly dismissed
Diane Fisher’s complaint under the probate exception to federal diversity
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jurisdiction and for lack of standing. Fisher sued PNC Bank, N.A. and PNC
Investments, LLC for mishandling an investment account that belonged to Fisher
and her deceased mother. The district court sua sponte ordered briefing on the
probate exception to federal diversity jurisdiction, concluded that Fisher was
“attempting to circumvent the normal probate process by bringing an individual
claim against PNC Bank,” and dismissed the case. For similar reasons, the district
court also held that Fisher had no standing to sue. After careful consideration and
with the benefit of oral argument, we disagree with the district court on both issues.
Because we conclude that neither the probate exception nor standing doctrine divests
the district court of jurisdiction over this lawsuit, we reverse and remand for further
proceedings.
I. BACKGROUND
Because this case has not advanced beyond the pleading stage, we accept the
factual allegations in Fisher’s complaint as true and construe them in the light most
favorable to her. See Worthy v. City of Phenix City, Ala., 930 F.3d 1206, 1214–15
(11th Cir. 2019) (citing La Grasta v. First Union Sec., Inc., 358 F.3d 840, 845 (11th
Cir. 2004)).
Fisher and her mother, Rose Charlap, co-owned an investment account with
the Royal Bank of Canada. Both women were account holders, and Fisher was the
designated emergency contact on the account. Charlap contacted PNC about
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securing a $100,000 loan to assist her son Alan. Alan had recently been convicted
of fraud and theft, and Charlap wanted to give him some help to keep him out of jail.
To arrange the $100,000 loan, Charlap transferred the RBC investment account to
PNC. At the time of the transfer, Charlap was in poor mental and physical health,
and she needed assistance managing the account.
Upon transferring her assets to PNC, Charlap notified the bank that the
investment account included over $150,000 belonging to Fisher that had been
entrusted to her. She instructed the bank that Fisher was to remain a co-owner and
emergency contact on the investment account, just as she had been on the RBC
account. Even though PNC representatives confirmed that Fisher would be on the
account, PNC actually removed Fisher from the account without informing her or
Charlap.
After transferring the RBC account to PNC, Charlap traveled to Florida to see
her son Alan. Not long after Charlap’s arrival, Alan put her in an assisted living
facility in Fort Lauderdale. He took her to a local PNC branch and withdrew
“thousands of dollars from her account,” and increased the size of the loan with PNC
from $100,000 to $125,000.
Around this time, PNC noticed some abnormal activity taking place on the
investment account. Someone—presumably Alan—had purchased eleven boats and
had requested new debit and credit cards. But PNC proceeded as if nothing was
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amiss, thereby enabling Alan to continue misusing the investment account. PNC
transferred the account from Charlap’s home in Pittsburgh to Fort Lauderdale and
sent Charlap’s checkbook and bank records to Alan’s home address. At one point, it
authorized the sale of $155,000 worth of securities held in the investment account to
pay off the $125,000 loan. Fisher later discovered during guardianship proceedings
that a PNC bank teller had assisted Alan in withdrawing money from the investment
account.
Alan continued to extract funds from the account until Charlap died. At that
point, Fisher had lost “all of her investments that were part of Ms. Charlap’s account
with PNC.” She had also incurred significant costs in an attempt to establish
guardianship over her mother and regain control of the account.
Fisher filed a five-count complaint against PNC in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Florida that alleged (1) civil theft, (2) aiding and
abetting civil theft, (3) negligence, (4) fraudulent concealment, and (5) aiding and
abetting fraud. Complete diversity existed between the parties—Fisher is a citizen
of New York and PNC is a citizen of Delaware. The district court sua sponte ordered
Fisher to show cause why the case should not be dismissed for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction under the probate exception to federal diversity jurisdiction. After both
parties responded, the district court dismissed the case. The district court concluded
that Fisher was “ultimately attempting to circumvent the normal probate process by
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bringing an individual claim against PNC Bank.” The district court also held that
Charlap’s sole ownership of the investment account at the time of her death meant
that Fisher lacked standing to bring claims relating to the account. Fisher filed a
motion for reconsideration that the district court denied. Fisher timely appealed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
de novo. Camarena v. Dir., Immigr. & Customs Enf’t, 988 F.3d 1268, 1271 (11th
Cir. 2021). When reviewing a dismissal order, “we must accept all facts in the
complaint as true and view those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”
Sun Life Assurance Co. of Can. v. Imperial Premium Fin., LLC, 904 F.3d 1197, 1207
(11th Cir. 2018).
III. DISCUSSION
A. The District Court Erred in Dismissing the Case under the Probate Exception
The federal courts “have a ‘virtually unflagging obligation . . . to exercise the
jurisdiction given them.’” Ambrosia Coal & Constr. Co. v. Pages Morales, 368 F.3d
1320, 1328 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v.
United States, 424 U.S. 800, 817 (1976)). But, as with any rule, there are some
exceptions. The relevant exception here is that a federal court may not exercise
diversity jurisdiction over state probate matters. See Mich. Tech Fund v. Century
Nat’l Bank of Broward, 680 F.2d 736, 739 (11th Cir. 1982). This “probate
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exception” serves an important purpose. If federal courts routinely ruled on probate
matters, then federal claimants could deprive competing state claimants of their
share of an estate by obtaining “a premature distribution or valuation of estate assets”
in federal court. Turton v. Turton, 644 F.2d 344, 347 (5th Cir. Unit A 1981). And
nobody wants a probate system based on a race to a federal courthouse.
But the probate exception does not justify dismissing any case that might
impact a decedent’s estate. Instead, because of our unflagging obligation to exercise
our jurisdiction, we must apply the probate exception narrowly. See Glickstein v.
Sun Bank/Miami, N.A., 922 F.2d 666, 672 (11th Cir. 1991), abrogated on other
grounds by Saxton v. ACF Indus., Inc., 254 F.3d 959 (11th Cir. 2001) (en banc); see
also Georges v. Glick, 856 F.2d 971, 973 (7th Cir. 1988) (“The [probate] exception
is created by the judiciary, not by Congress. Consequently, we must construe the
exception narrowly.”). Accordingly, the probate exception applies in only three
circumstances. It “reserves to state probate courts [1] the probate or annulment of a
will and [2] the administration of a decedent’s estate[.]” Marshall v. Marshall, 547
U.S. 293, 311 (2006). It also bars federal courts from [3] “dispos[ing] of property
that is in the custody of a state probate court.” Id. at 312. Other than that, federal
courts retain jurisdiction “to entertain suits ‘in favor of creditors, legatees and heirs’
and other claimants against a decedent’s estate.” Id. at 296 (quoting Markham v.
Allen, 326 U.S. 490, 494 (1946)). See also Mich. Tech Fund, 680 F.2d at 741
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(explaining that a main purpose of the probate exception is to preclude valuation of
estate assets or the actual transfer of property under probate).
Fisher argues that the district court erred in dismissing her lawsuit because it
can adjudicate her claims for damages against PNC without probating her mother’s
will, administering the estate, or disposing of the estate’s property. We agree. Even
if the district court were correct that Fisher filed this suit to “circumvent the normal
probate process,” a plaintiff’s intent does not control the probate exception to federal
jurisdiction. Instead, the question under this “most mysterious and esoteric branch[]
of the law of federal jurisdiction” is what a lawsuit would require a district court to
do. Dragan v. Miller, 679 F.2d 712, 713 (7th Cir. 1982). And Fisher’s complaint
does not require the district court to do any of the three things that the probate
exception prohibits.
The district court’s conclusion to the contrary was based on two main errors.
First, the district court found that Fisher “does not allege . . . that PNC Bank stole or
enabled the brother to steal all of the $150,000” that Fisher had in the investment
account. (Emphasis added). But Fisher alleges that very fact. Her complaint states
that she “has lost all of her investment that [was] part of Ms. Charlap’s account with
PNC” due to “PNC’s direct involvement in Alan’s scheme and refusal to take action
to prevent such harm[.]” (Emphasis added). Second, the district court did not apply
the Supreme Court’s most recent decision in Marshall. The district court took as its
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“lodestar” the Supreme Court’s decision in Markham v. Allen, which instructed
courts not to “interfere” with property in possession of a state probate court. 326
U.S. 490, 494 (1946). But in Marshall, the Supreme Court “acknowledged that th[is]
oft-quoted language” is “not a model of clarity.” Lefkowitz v. Bank of N.Y., 528 F.3d
102, 105–06 (2d Cir. 2007) (citing Marshall, 547 U.S. at 309–10). The Court
clarified that a claim does not fall within the probate exception merely because it
“raises questions which would ordinarily be decided by a probate court.” Marshall,
547 U.S. at 304 (cleaned up). See also Glickstein, 922 F.2d at 672–73. Instead, it
must fall into one of the three categories of the probate exception: probating a will,
administering an estate, or disposing of property in custody of a probate court.
For its part, PNC argues that the district court will need to account for Fisher’s
share of Charlap’s estate because, without such an accounting, it would be
impossible to know how much her brother’s actions harmed her. But this argument
misunderstands Fisher’s claims. Fisher alleges that she was harmed when PNC
removed her as a co-owner of the investment account. The core of Fisher’s case is
that PNC knew that Fisher had invested money in the account and still unilaterally
removed her from it. Because PNC’s removal effectively dispossessed Fisher of her
entire investment, no valuation of Charlap’s remaining estate is needed. No
allocation of estate assets is required because if Fisher were to prevail, damages
would be paid by PNC as the defendant, not by her mother’s estate. See Breaux v.
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Dilsaver, 254 F.3d 533, 536–37 (5th Cir. 2001) (determining that jurisdiction existed
where heirs sued certain estates’ administrator and sought damages against the
administrator personally for alleged fraud and breach of fiduciary duty which would
be paid from his own property).
Moreover, Fisher is not asking the district court to dispose of property that is
in the custody of a state probate court. Fisher wants damages from PNC directly for
harms it allegedly caused before her mother’s death. In fact, Fisher’s position is that
her lost funds were never properly subject to probate proceedings at all. According
to her, Fisher lost control of her money when PNC removed her as titleholder and
failed to prevent Alan from either siphoning those funds out of the account or using
them to pay down the loan. If Fisher is correct, because those events occurred before
Charlap’s death, the funds at issue never became a part of Charlap’s estate.
Finally, both the district court and PNC analogize this appeal to our
unpublished decision in Stuart v. Hatcher, 757 F. App’x 807 (11th Cir. 2018). There,
the plaintiff sued her brother in his capacity as the executor of their father’s estate,
alleging that his breach of duty reduced the value of both the estate and her interest.
See id. at 809. We affirmed dismissal under the probate exception, holding that the
lawsuit would require the district court to conduct a “premature valuation and
accounting of the Estate” and the plaintiff’s interest. Id. at 810. But we see very few
parallels between this case and that unpublished precedent. Here, Fisher is not suing
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an executor. She is suing PNC for its mismanagement of an investment account that
she alleges she co-owned. And unlike the defendant in Stuart, PNC’s alleged
conduct and the harm that it caused occurred before the decedent died.
Instead of Stuart, we think the most factually analogous case is Marshall
itself. There, as here, the plaintiff alleged that a third party had tortiously interfered
with money she expected to receive from a recently deceased family member by,
among other things, transferring the property against his wishes. See Marshall, 547
U.S. at 301. The Court reasoned that this kind of “widely recognized tort” claim
“seeks an in personam judgment against” a third party without probating a will or
disposing of probate property. Id. at 312. The Court recognized that “[t]rial courts,
both federal and state, often address conduct of th[is] kind” and held that the probate
exception did not apply. Id. So too here.
B. Fisher is the Real Party in Interest and Has Standing to Bring Her Claims
PNC argues that Fisher is not the real party in interest and lacks standing
because the estate now owns the account. We disagree. The real-party-in-interest
requirement and Article III standing are two “distinct issues” with separate
considerations. Cranpark, Inc. v. Rogers Grp., Inc., 821 F.3d 723, 732 (6th Cir.
2016); see also Martineau v. Wier, 934 F.3d 385, 391–93 (4th Cir. 2019).
Accordingly, even though the parties and the district court collapsed these issues,
we address them separately.
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First, Fisher is the real party in interest. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
17(a)(1), “an action must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest.”
Were Fisher suing on behalf of Charlap’s estate, she would be required to
demonstrate her capacity to represent the estate under state law. See Glickstein, 922
F.2d at 670 (holding that whether a plaintiff may sue on behalf of an estate “is not a
question of standing” but “whether [the plaintiff] has the capacity to bring [the]
action on behalf of the estate”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b)(3) (“Capacity to sue or be sued
is determined . . . by the law of the state where the court is located[.]”). But, accepting
the facts alleged in the complaint in the light most favorable to her, Worthy, 930 F.3d
at 1214–15, Fisher is suing on her own behalf, not on behalf of Charlap’s estate.
According to Fisher, the only reason the investment account was titled solely
in Charlap’s name at the time of her death is because PNC failed to retain Fisher as
a co-owner. She alleges that Charlap instructed PNC that Fisher was to remain a
named titleholder on the account after the account was transferred to PNC. Fisher
further alleges that PNC representatives confirmed “both orally and in writing on
numerous occasions” their understanding of those instructions. Fisher alleges that
PNC wrongly removed her from the investment account and that this removal
ultimately resulted in the loss of Fisher’s $150,000. Fisher repeats this allegation
under all five counts in the complaint, stating that PNC had “first-hand knowledge”
that her money was in the account before “unilaterally remov[ing] her” in order to
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facilitate the loan with Charlap. Thus, the action is being brought by the person
“entitled to enforce the right.” Payroll Mgmt., Inc. v. Lexington Ins. Co., 815 F.3d
1293, 1299 n.10 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting 6A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R.
Miller, Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1543 (3d ed. 1998)).
Second, Fisher has Article III standing. Fisher’s standing depends on whether
her allegations satisfy three elements: (1) injury in fact, (2) causation, and (3)
redressability. See Sierra v. City of Hallandale Beach, Fla., 996 F.3d 1110, 1112–
13 (11th Cir. 2021) (citing Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992)).
We think they do. Fisher repeatedly alleges that PNC injured her because its conduct
cost her the money in the account. As to causation: if PNC had retained Fisher as a
co-owner, Fisher would not have lost access to her money and, upon Charlap’s death,
the investment account would have passed to Fisher as a joint tenant with right of
survivorship. And the harms Fisher alleges are redressable in the form of an award
of damages against PNC. Accordingly, Fisher has standing.
IV. CONCLUSION
The dismissal of Fisher’s complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is
reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
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