Filed 7/1/21 P. v. Trombini CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E073991
v. (Super.Ct.No. INF1600301)
EMANUELE TROMBINI, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Timothy J. Hollenhorst,
Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Joshua L. Siegel, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
1
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Allison V.
Acosta, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
INTRODUCTION
While driving from a speed of 107, and coasting to 89 miles per hour, defendant
Emanuele Trombini rear-ended a vehicle that had just entered the roadway from a
driveway, killing the driver of that vehicle and injuring the passengers of both cars. He
was charged with murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)) based on his past history of speed-
related violations and ingestion of three times the therapeutic dosage of Xanax and use of
marijuana throughout the day, and two counts of felony driving under the influence of
drugs and causing bodily injury with enhancement allegations of causing great bodily
injury. (Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (e).) Following jury trials,1 defendant was convicted
on all counts, and he was sentenced to an aggregate term of six years, with a consecutive
indeterminate term of 15 years to life. He appeals.
On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred by (1) excluding defense
evidence that the decedent’s driving violated the Vehicle Code, (2) refusing to instruct
the jury on the Vehicle Code sections violated by the decedent, (3) failing to instruct the
jury on vehicular manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder, (4) refusing to
instruct on vehicular manslaughter as a lesser related offense of murder, (5) the
1 The first trial, resulting in the convictions for driving under the influence of
drugs, ended in a mistrial as to the murder count. Following retrial on that count,
defendant was convicted of murder.
2
cumulative effect of these errors, and (6) separate convictions for driving under the
influence are unlawful. We modify and affirm.
BACKGROUND
On February 24, 2016, defendant headed out on State Route 111 with his
girlfriend, Samantha Varner, after smoking several bowls of marijuana during the day
and consuming three times the therapeutic dose of Xanax, for which he did not have a
prescription. As he entered Cathedral City, his speed reached up to 107 miles per hour as
he argued with his girlfriend over a lighter that was not where he thought it should be.
While driving, he changed lanes without signaling on several occasions, nearly
sideswiping two other vehicles traveling in the same direction. He also hit the center
median more than once. At traffic signals, he had to stop abruptly to avoid rear-ending
the car in front of him, and he did not promptly respond when the light changed.
In Cathedral City, while defendant was speeding down the highway, which
became East Palm Canyon, Caryn Clemente and her son were pulling out of the Del Taco
parking lot in a Toyota Camry. Peter, the passenger and son of Caryn Clemente, looked
to the left as his mother looked both ways. The Camry entered the number two lane first,
at 3.7 miles per hour, and accelerated as she changed to the number one lane. Moments
later, the Camry was struck from behind by the defendant’s BMW, scattering debris over
a wide field.
Information downloaded from the two vehicles indicated that at the time of the
accident, the Toyota was traveling at 6.2 miles per hour. At the point where the Toyota
3
entered the roadway, defendant was approximately 667 feet away. From this distance, a
driver would feel safe entering the roadway.
Five seconds before impact, defendant was driving at 107 miles per hour, 745.4
feet from the point of impact. Because of a dip in the road, defendant’s headlights might
not have been visible until after it crested the rise in the road. The dip in the road also
would have prevented the defendant from seeing the Camry. At a point 4.5 seconds prior
to impact, when the Camry began to enter the roadway, the BMW was 667 feet away.
At the actual time of impact, defendant’s vehicle was traveling at a speed of
approximately 90 miles per hour in a 40 mph zone.2 If defendant had been driving the
speed limit, the BMW would have still been 451 feet away from the victim’s Camry
when it entered the number one lane of the roadway.
Two drivers were nearly sideswiped by the defendant’s BMW as it sped down
Highway 111 as it entered Cathedral City, driving erratically. One of the drivers, James
B., who had nearly been sideswiped by defendant just seconds before the collision, was
in the process of calling 9-1-1 when he saw the smoke from the collision ahead of him.
After reporting the collision, he stopped at the scene, saw that defendant was alert, and
then checked the occupants of the Camry.
2 The data was obtained using Crash Data Retrieval (CDR), the primary means of
retrieving data from the Airbag Control Module (ACM), which records deployment and
non-deployment events, and collision events. The ACM monitors systems and measures
acceleration. The defendant’s accident reconstructionist estimated defendant’s speed at
point of impact to have been approximately 82 miles per hour, because he disagreed with
the data retrieved from the BMW, even though that data was consistent with speed
reflected on the speedometer of the BMW.
4
Brian B., another driver who was traveling along Highway 111 as it enters
Cathedral City on the way to Palm Springs, also had a close encounter with defendant’s
BMW. Brian was a traveling X-ray technician on his way home from work. As the
highway turned into East Palm Canyon Drive, he was stopped at a traffic signal when he
saw the BMW behind him, as it slammed on its brakes after nearly striking Brian from
behind.
At the next traffic signal, as Brian was telling his wife on the phone about the
BMW’s erratic driving, defendant lurched into the intersection and nearly struck the
center divider, swerved back into the lane, and then “gunned it.” Brian hung up the call
with his wife and was ready to call 9-1-1 when he saw a cloud of smoke and realized
there had been a collision. He, too, stopped at the scene and, along with the proprietor of
the smoke shop located next door to the Del Taco, who had witnessed the collision from
the parking lot in front of the shop, extricated Peter Clemente from the vehicle and
escorted him to the curb.
As Peter was being led away from the vehicle, Brian leaned into the Camry to
check on Caryn Clemente, who had a slight pulse at first. However, by the time they
tried to remove Caryn from the vehicle, she had already expired.
By this time, police and paramedics were arriving at the scene and Sergeant
Chapman attended to Caryn. Because the driver door would not open, the officer had to
climb in through the passenger door to extricate her, but she was not breathing. He
turned off the ignition as a safety measure due to the presence of fuel under the vehicle,
5
and cut her seatbelt. He and another person gently pulled her out through the passenger
side, and carried her to the center median. By this time, paramedics had arrived, at which
time Caryn was pronounced dead at the collision scene.
Caryn’s death was attributed to blunt impact injuries due to the traffic collision.
There was hemorrhaging in both the scalp area and the area overlying the brain itself.
Her brain was partially torn from the brain stem and the ligaments and membranes of the
first cervical vertebrae were loose and bloody. Peter suffered a serious head injury with
epidural hematoma requiring a craniotomy. Samantha Varner, defendant’s then girlfriend
and passenger in the BMW was also injured in the collision, suffering fractures to her
collar bone and a ribs, in addition to an abrasion from the seatbelt. Two years after the
collision, her full strength still had not returned and she suffered from anxiety.
Defendant, who suffered a facial injury, was found to have marijuana and Xanax
in his blood.3 The amount of Delta-9 THC (the active ingredient in marijuana) was
consistent with recent use. The amount of Xanax, a benzodiazepine, detected in
defendant’s blood was more than three times the therapeutic dosage. The toxicologist,
testifying as an expert, expressed the opinion that the combined effect of marijuana and
Xanax can cause driving impairment. Defendant’s driving pattern in the moments
leading up to the collision, and the results of the toxicology testing, led the toxicologist to
the opinion that defendant’s driving was impaired.
3 Morphine was also detected in his blood, but this was probably administered in
the hospital.
6
At the hospital, defendant was interviewed and initially told the officers that had
not smoked marijuana that day or taken any drugs, and that he was traveling at the speed
limit when the Toyota came out from nowhere. After being informed that Samantha had
told the officers they had smoked pot and that he was going faster than the speed limit,
defendant admitted to having smoked marijuana, but denied that it affected him because
he used it daily. He denied going 80 miles per hour as Samantha had estimated, saying
he usually cruised at 60 miles per hour on that road. However, he eventually admitted he
had smoked weed and ingested Xanax, which he obtained from a friend, that day.
Defendant was charged with one count of murder (count 1, Pen. Code, § 187,
subd. (a)), and two counts of driving under the influence of drugs causing bodily injury
(counts 2, 3, Veh. Code., former § 23153, subd. (e)4). At trial, Investigator Snider, the
prosecution’s accident reconstruction expert, offered an opinion as to the factors involved
in the collision based on information downloaded from the ACM, using CDR software.
He examined both vehicles, as well as the crime scene photographs and the crime scene
itself; he also watched surveillance video showing the collision from various aspects.
The ACM monitors a vehicle’s systems and measures acceleration, while also recording
nondeployment events, that is, shocks big enough to “wake up” the system, but not
enough to deploy the airbags.
4 Vehicle Code section 23153 was amended in 2016 and former subdivision (e) is
now subdivision (f), effective July 1, 2018. (Stats. 2016, ch. 765, § 2 (AB 2687),
effective January 1, 2017.)
7
The information from the BMW showed that five seconds before the collision, the
vehicle was traveling at a speed of 107 miles per hour, but that there was no acceleration
at that point. The speed decreased in the absence of acceleration and was measured by
the ACM at 0.5 second intervals. At 4.5 seconds prior to impact, the car had coasted to
106 miles per hour, and continued in this pattern, with no acceleration or braking applied,
until the point of impact, at which time the vehicle was traveling at 89 miles per hour.
The Toyota Camry was shown to be driving at a speed of 3.7 miles per hour as the
victim exited the parking lot and entered the roadway. From that point to the point of
impact, the victim’s speed increased to 6.2 miles per hour. When the Toyota Camry
entered the roadway, defendant’s BMW was 667 feet away. From this distance, a driver
entering traffic would feel safe. If defendant had been driving at the speed limit, he
would have still been 451 feet away from the Camry when the latter entered the number
one lane of the roadway.
Defendant presented his own accident reconstruction expert who disagreed with
the data downloaded from the ACM, although he agreed that 107 miles per hour was
within the range of possible speeds driven by defendant at the point five seconds before
the collision. Instead, his opinion was that defendant was actually driving only 100 miles
per hour at that point. Additionally, he disagreed that defendant’s speed at the time of
impact was 89 miles per hour, instead estimating it was only 82 miles per hour. He
agreed it was unsafe to drive more than two-and-a-half times the speed limit, and he
acknowledged that the speed limit recorded by the ACM reflects the speed shown on the
8
speedometer, but he did not consider the defendant’s impairment as a factor, it was his
opinion that the Toyota was the significant cause of the collision by violating the
defendant’s right of way.
The jury convicted defendant of counts 2 and 3 in the first trial, along with the
enhancements for causing great bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 12022.7, subd. (a)), but the
jury hung on the murder count, resulting in a mistrial as to that count.
Following retrial on count 1, defendant was convicted of murder. He was
sentenced to an aggregate determinate term of 6 years in prison for count 2 and 3 (upper
term of 3 years for count 2, plus 3 years for the great bodily injury enhancement, and
stayed terms for count 3 and its enhancement), with a consecutive term of 15 years to life
for the murder in count 1.
Defendant appealed.
DISCUSSION
1. The Trial Court Properly Excluded Evidence, Consisting of Legal
Conclusions, that the Decedent Committed Driving Infractions.
Throughout the trial, defendant made it clear he wanted the jury to consider
whether the fatal collision was caused by the victim’s own driving, arguing that she
entered the roadway from the Del Taco parking lot too slowly and she immediately
changed from the number two lane to the number one lane. The defense theory was that
her failure to yield when exiting the parking lot, driving too slowly, and making an
unsafe lane change caused the accident, rather than defendant’s speed of over 100 miles
9
per hour just a few seconds prior to impact. The court rejected defendant’s attempt to
introduce evidence that the victim’s driving violated certain Vehicle Code provisions,
although the court did permit the defendant to argue that his driving was not a substantial
factor in causing the collision.
On appeal, defendant re-asserts the position that the court improperly excluded
evidence that the victim’s driving violated the Vehicle Code. We disagree. The fact that
the victim’s actions might have also violated provisions of the Vehicle Code was
irrelevant because contributory negligence is not a defense to murder and defendant was
fully able to present his theory that her driving was a substantial factor in causing the
accident without evidence of legal conclusions that her driving violated provisions of the
Vehicle Code.
We review a trial court’s ruling on the relevance, admission, or exclusion of
evidence under the abuse of discretion standard. (People v. Harrison (2005) 35 Cal.4th
208, 230.) We reverse only if the trial court’s ruling is in an “‘“arbitrary, capricious, or
patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.” [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (People v. Foster (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1301, 1328-1329.)
Defendant argues the evidence that the victim’s driving violations were relevant to
the issue of causation of the collision. However, evidence that the victim may have been
in violation of Vehicle Code infractions does not logically tend to prove that the person
committing them (if they were committed) was the cause of the collision. At best, it
might show contributory negligence, to the extent that violation of a duty imposed by the
10
Vehicle Code may have contributed to the collision, but a crime victim’s contributory
negligence is not a defense to a crime. (People v. Marlin (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 559,
569, citing People v. Harris (1975) 52 Cal.App.3d 419, 426–427; People v. Rodgers
(1949) 94 Cal.App.2d 166, 167; People v. Marconi (1931) 118 Cal.App. 683, 687–688.)
It was therefore proper for the trial court to exclude such evidence. Even if it
could be considered error, defendant was able to and did present evidence in the form of
an accident reconstruction expert’s opinion that the victim’s driving was the proximate
cause of the collision, so the proper exclusion of the evidence of assumed violations of
the Vehicle Code did not cause prejudice.
Defendant also argues that the exclusion of the evidence violated his federal
constitutional rights to due process and to present a defense. However, “‘contributory
negligence is not available as a defense or excuse for crime.’” (People v. Schmies (1996)
44 Cal.App.4th 38, 46, citing People v. Rodgers, supra, 94 Cal.App.2d at p. 167.) “The
conduct of the victim or other third persons, whether negligent or even criminally
proscribed, is not, in itself, a defense to crime.” (Schmies, supra, citing People v. McGee
(1947) 31 Cal.2d 229, 240, among other authorities.)
Because the conduct of the victim is not a defense to the defendant’s criminal act,
he had no due process right to present the evidence as a defense. There was no error.
2. The Trial Court Properly Refused to Instruct the Jury on Vehicle Code
violations the Decedent May have Committed.
11
During in limine proceedings, the court ruled that it would not permit defendant to
introduce evidence regarding the Vehicle Code sections that the victim purportedly
violated. However, it did agree to instruct on CALCRIM Nos. 240 and 2100 regarding
causation and concurrent causation of injury or death. Later, during the conference on
jury instructions, defense counsel did not request any instructions regarding Vehicle Code
violations. On appeal, defendant argues he was entitled to have the jury instructed on the
elements of certain Vehicle Code provisions that the victim may have committed. We
disagree.
A trial court must instruct on the general principles of law governing the case, i.e.,
those principles relevant to the issues raised by the evidence but need not instruct on
specific points developed at trial. “‘“The most rational interpretation of the phrase
‘general principles of law governing the case’ would seem to be as those principles of
law commonly or closely and openly connected with the facts of the case before the
court.” [Citations.]’” (People v. Michaels (2002) 28 Cal.4th 486, 529-530, quoting
People v. Flannel (1979) 25 Cal.3d 668, 680-681.)
A defendant is entitled to a pinpoint instruction, upon request, only when
appropriate. (People v. Saille (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1103, 1119.) Evidence that has been
proffered in an attempt to raise a doubt on an element of a crime which the prosecution
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt may, but only upon request, justify the giving of a
pinpoint instruction that “does not involve a ‘general principle of law’ as that term is used
12
in the cases that have imposed a sua sponte duty of instruction on the trial court.” (Id. at
p. 1120; see also, People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 674-675.)
Pinpoint instructions relate particular facts to a legal issue in the case or
“‘pinpoint’ the crux of a defendant’s case, such as mistaken identification or alibi.”
(People v. Rincon-Pineda (1975) 14 Cal.3d 864, 885.) “They are required to be given
upon request when there is evidence supportive of the theory, but they are not required to
be given sua sponte.” (Saille, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 1119; People v. Rincon-Pineda,
supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 885.) A defendant bears the burden of requesting a pinpoint
instruction, and the failure to do so results in forfeiture. (People v. Gutierrez (2009) 45
Cal.4th 789, 824, citing People v. San Nicolas (2004) 34 Cal.4th 614, 669.)
Here, defendant forfeited this claim by failing to request pinpoint instructions.
(People v. Jennings, supra, 50 Cal.4th at pp. 671-672.) He had made requests to allow
testimony regarding Vehicle Code violations he believed were committed by the victim.
But he did not request the pinpoint instructions relating to the Vehicle Code violations
during the conferences on the topic with the court and counsel.
Nevertheless, lacking any supportive evidence in the record, and no viable theory
to compel admission of such evidence, there was no error. (People v. Gutierrez, supra,
45 Cal.4th at p. 824 [third party culpability instruction not required where no direct or
circumstantial evidence linked a third person to the crime].) There was no error.
3. Vehicular Manslaughter Is Not a Lesser Included Offense Within the Crime
of Murder, so there Was No Error In Refusing to so Instruct.
13
Defendant argues that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct on the elements
of vehicular manslaughter (Pen. Code, § 192, subd. (c)) as a lesser included offense. He
also claims the error violated his due process rights. We disagree.
At the outset, we acknowledge that a trial court must instruct on all lesser included
offenses supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Duff (2014) 58 Cal.4th 527, 561,
citing People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 154–155.) The duty arises where
there is evidence in the record from which a reasonable jury could conclude the defendant
is guilty of the lesser, but not the greater, offense. (People v. Verdugo (2010) 50 Cal.4th
263, 293; People v. Avila (2009) 46 Cal.4th 680, 705.)
To determine whether one crime is necessarily included in another, courts apply
either the accusatory pleading test or the statutory elements test. (People v. Shockley
(2013) 58 Cal.4th 400, 404.) Under the elements test, if the statutory elements of the
greater offense include all the statutory elements of the lesser offense, the lesser offense
is necessarily included in the greater offense. (Id., at p. 404.) Under the accusatory
pleading test, the court looks to the facts actually alleged in the accusatory pleading; if
the facts pled include all of the elements of the lesser offense, the latter is necessarily
included in the former. (Ibid.)
However, where “the accusatory pleading incorporates the statutory definition of
the charged offense without referring to the particular facts, a reviewing court must rely
on the statutory elements to determine if there is a lesser included offense.” (People v.
Robinson (2016) 63 Cal.4th 200, 207; People v. Fontenot (2019) 8 Cal.5th 57, 65.)
14
Under this test, we determine whether a given crime’s elements together constitute a
mere subset of another crime’ s elements. (Robinson, supra, at p. 207.) If so, the greater
offense cannot be committed without also necessarily committing the lesser offense.
(Ibid., quoting People v. Bailey (2012) 54 Cal.4th at p. 748; see also, People v. Fontenot,
supra, 8 Cal.5th at p. 65.)
Murder is defined under Penal Code section 187, subdivision (a), as the unlawful
killing of another with malice aforethought. Vehicular manslaughter under Penal Code
section 192, subdivision (c), can be committed by “driving a vehicle in the commission
of an unlawful act, not amounting to a felony, and with gross negligence; or driving a
vehicle in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death, in an unlawful
manner, and with gross negligence.” (Pen. Code, § 192, subd. (c)(1).) Alternatively, it
can be committed by “driving a vehicle in the commission of an unlawful act, not
amounting to a felony, but without gross negligence; or driving a vehicle in the
commission of a lawful act which might produce death, in an unlawful manner, but
without gross negligence.” (Pen. Code, § 192, subd. (c)(2).) Both types of vehicular
manslaughter share a common element: “driving a vehicle in the commission of an
unlawful act,” but differ on whether gross negligence is required. (See People v. Bettasso
(2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 1050 1058.)
But driving a vehicle in the commission of an unlawful act is not an element of
murder. (People v. Bettasso, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th at p. 1058.) For this reason, while
manslaughter has traditionally been held to be a lesser included offense of murder, this
15
tradition does not apply to types of manslaughter requiring proof of specific elements
unique to vehicular manslaughter. (People v. Sanchez (2001) 24 Cal.4th 983, 991.)
Unlike manslaughter generally, the crime of gross vehicular manslaughter while
intoxicated requires proof of additional elements, not necessary to a murder conviction:
(a) the use of a vehicle and (b) while intoxicated, are elements of proof under Penal Code
section 191.5. Similarly, the crime of gross vehicular manslaughter pursuant to Penal
Code section 192 includes the essential elements of driving a vehicle and committing an
unlawful act not amounting to a felony or by gross negligence. Thus, while the lesser
offense may be related to murder, they are not necessarily included in the greater offense
of murder. (People v. Wolfe (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 673, 685.)
The court properly refused to instruct on the elements of gross vehicular
manslaughter as a lesser included offense within the greater offense of murder.
4. Refusal to Instruct on Lesser Related Offenses Was Proper.
Aware that, under the weight of precedent, we would conclude that gross vehicular
manslaughter is not a necessarily included offense for which instructions to the jury are
required, defendant argues that the court should have instructed on that offense as a lesser
related crime. We disagree.
The trial court has a “‘duty to instruct the jury not only on the crime with which
the defendant is charged, but also on any lesser offense that is both included in the
offense charged and shown by the evidence to have been committed.’” (People v. Foster
(2010) 50 Cal.4th 1301, 1343, citing People v. Gutierrez (2009) 45 Cal.4th 789, 826.)
16
However, gross vehicular manslaughter, as we have pointed out ante, is not a lesser
included offense within the greater offense of murder.
“Under California law, a lesser offense is necessarily included in a greater offense
if either the statutory elements of the greater offense, or the facts actually alleged in the
accusatory pleading, include all the elements of the lesser offense, such that the greater
cannot be committed without also committing the lesser.” (People v. Birks (1998) 19
Cal.4th 108, 117.) “If a lesser offense shares some common elements with the greater
offense, or if it arises out of the same criminal course of conduct as the greater offense,
but it has one or more elements that are not elements of the greater offense as alleged,
then it is a lesser related offense, not a necessarily included offense.” (People v. Hicks
(2017) 4 Cal.5th 203, 208-209, citing Birks, supra, at pp. 119–120.)
Gross vehicular manslaughter is a lesser related offense within the greater offense
of murder because it arises out of the same course of conduct as the greater offense but
has one or more elements that are not elements of the greater offense. (People v.
Sanchez, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 992.) Unfortunately for defendant, the former policy of
requiring a court to instruct on lesser related offenses upon the request of a defendant
pursuant to People v. Geiger (1984) 35 Cal.3d 510 is no longer the law. (See Birks,
supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 136.)
“[A] defendant has no right to instructions on lesser related offenses even if he
requests the instruction and it would have been supported by substantial evidence.”
(People v. Valentine (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1383, 1387, citing People v. Kraft (2000) 23
17
Cal.4th 978, 1064.) The rationale, as explained in Birks, supra, is that allowing the
defendant to insist upon consideration of uncharged and nonincluded offenses over the
prosecution’s objection cannot be reconciled with the separation of powers clause of the
California Constitution, because the prosecuting authorities, exercising executive
functions, ordinarily have the “sole discretion to determine whom to charge with public
offenses and what charges to bring.” (Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 134.)
Permitting a trial court to instruct on lesser related offenses over the objection of
the prosecutor would interfere with that “sole discretion.” (Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p.
134; People v. Valentine, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 1387.) To instruct the jury on
gross vehicular manslaughter in this case would have interfered with the prosecutor’s
discretion.
A defendant does not have a constitutional right to jury instructions on lesser
related offenses. (Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 112-113.) We are bound by this
precedent. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)
The trial court properly denied the defense request for an instruction on lesser
related offenses.
5. Absent Any Errors, There is no Cumulative Prejudice
Defendant argues that even if reversal is not compelled by virtue of any individual
error, the cumulative effect of the errors claimed to have been committed requires
reversal. We disagree.
18
A claim of cumulative error is a due process claim based on the cumulative impact
of multiple individual but harmless errors. (See, e.g., People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th
826, 889-890, 911.) “The ‘litmus test’ for cumulative error ‘is whether defendant
received due process and a fair trial.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Cuccia (2002) 97
Cal.App.4th 785, 795.)
Here, defendant received due process and we have found no errors. There is
therefore no cumulative error. “The zero effect of errors, even if multiplied, remains
zero.” (See People v. Loewen (1983) 35 Cal.3d 117, 129.)
6. One of convictions for violating Vehicle Code section 23153,
subdivision (e) must be stricken.
Defendant was convicted of two counts of violating Vehicle Code section 23153,
subdivision (e), in counts 2 and 3. At sentencing, the court stayed the term for count 3.5
On appeal, defendant argues that multiple convictions for driving under the influence of
drugs are prohibited. The People concede.
A defendant cannot be charged with multiple counts of violating Vehicle Code
section 23153 arising from a single act of driving, even if more than one person is
injured. (Wilkoff v. Superior Court (1985) 38 Cal.3d 345, 349, 353 [superseded by
statute on other grounds as stated in People v. Elder (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 123, 139 [217
5 The court incorrectly calculated the stayed term using one-third the middle term
for the substantive offense. While the count must be stricken, the proper sentence for a
stayed count is the full sentence.
19
Cal.Rptr.3d 493]]; see also People v. Walker (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1276; People
v. McFarland (1989) 47 Cal.3d 798, 802.)
A charge of multiple counts of violating a statute is appropriate only where the
actus reus prohibited by the statute -- the gravamen of the offense -- has been committed
more than once. (Wilkoff, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 349.) The act prohibited by Vehicle
Code section 23153 is the act of driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or
drugs. (Wilkoff, supra at p. 349.) Defendant committed only one act of driving, so
multiple convictions under Vehicle Code section 23153 are unlawful.
The sentence is modified to strike count 3 along with its attendant enhancement
for great bodily injury.6
DISPOSITION
The sentence is modified to strike the conviction and sentence on count 3. In all
other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ
P. J.
We concur:
6 Vehicle Code section 23558, which originally went into effect in 1999 (see Stats
1998 ch 118 § 84 (SB 1186), operative July 1, 1999), and has been in its current form
since 2008 (see Stats 2007 ch 747 § 34 (AB 678), effective January 1, 2008), provides
“[a] person who proximately causes bodily injury or death to more than one victim in any
one instance of driving in violation of Section 23153, or violation of Section 191.5 of, or
subdivision (a) of Section 192.5 of, the Penal Code, shall, upon a felony conviction, and
notwithstanding subdivision (g) of Section 1170.1 of the Penal Code, receive an
enhancement of one year in the state prison for each additional injured victim.”
20
McKINSTER
J.
RAPHAEL
J.
21