RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4552-19
A-4553-19
NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
M.M.W. and A.S.,
Defendants-Appellants.
_________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE
GUARDIANSHIP OF B.M.S.,
a minor.
_________________________
Submitted June 7, 2021 – Decided July 14, 2021
Before Judges Currier, Gooden Brown and DeAlmeida.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Cape May County,
Docket No. FG-05-0017-19.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant M.M.W. (Phuong Dao, Designated Counsel,
on the briefs).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant A.S. (Mark E. Kleiman, Designated Counsel,
on the briefs).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
respondent (Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney
General, of counsel; Meaghan Goulding, Deputy
Attorney General, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
attorney for minor (Meredith Alexis Pollock, Deputy
Public Defender, of counsel; Todd Wilson, Designated
Counsel, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In these consolidated appeals, defendants M.M.W. 1 and A.S. appeal from
the May 20, 2020 judgment of guardianship 2 terminating their parental rights to
their daughter, B.M.S. (B.S.), born June 2015.3 M.M.W. contends plaintiff, New
Jersey Division of Child Protection and Permanency (Division), failed to prove
1
Pursuant to Rule 1:38-3(d)(12), we use initials to protect the confidentiality
of the participants in these proceedings.
2
The judgment was amended on June 3, 2020.
3
Each defendant has another child from a different relationship. M.M.W. has
an adult daughter who was raised by a maternal aunt from the age of seven. A.S.
has a child born April 2011, who is in the physical custody of the child's mother.
A-4552-19
2
all four prongs of the best interests standard embodied in N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)
by clear and convincing evidence, and the trial court's findings to the contrary
are not supported by the record. A.S. contends the Division failed to prove
prongs one, two, and four. The Law Guardian supported termination during the
guardianship trial and, on appeal, joins the Division in urging us to affirm.
Having considered the arguments in light of the voluminous record and
applicable legal standards, we conclude defendants' arguments are uniformly
without merit and affirm substantially for the reasons stated in Judge M. Susan
Sheppard's written opinion, which was read into the record on May 20, 2020.
See R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(A).
I.
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) requires the Division to petition for termination of
parental rights on the grounds of the "best interests of the child" if the following
standards are met:
(1) The child's safety, health, or development has been
or will continue to be endangered by the parental
relationship;
(2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the
harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to
provide a safe and stable home for the child and the
delay of permanent placement will add to the harm.
Such harm may include evidence that separating the
child from his resource family parents would cause
A-4552-19
3
serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm
to the child;
(3) The [D]ivision has made reasonable efforts to
provide services to help the parent correct the
circumstances which led to the child's placement
outside the home and the court has considered
alternatives to termination of parental rights; and
(4) Termination of parental rights will not do more
harm than good.
The four criteria "are not discrete and separate," but rather "relate to and overlap
with one another to provide a comprehensive standard that identifies a child's
best interests." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. I.S., 202 N.J. 145, 167
(2010) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L., 191 N.J. 596, 606-
07 (2007)).
On or about March 11, 2019, the Division filed a verified complaint to
terminate defendants' parental rights and award the Division guardianship of
B.S. We will not recite in detail the circumstances that led to the filing of the
guardianship complaint, which began with the emergency removal of B.S. on
February 10, 2018, after M.M.W. was transported to the hospital with an
unexplained head injury that police suspected was the result of domestic abuse.
Although M.M.W. denied domestic violence, both she and A.S. were heavily
intoxicated, admitted to smoking marijuana earlier in the evening, and were
A-4552-19
4
involved in a violent altercation at their house 4 while B.S. was in the home in
their care. B.S. was placed with a maternal aunt and her husband who have
cared for her since her removal and are committed to adoption. The Division
was later granted custody of B.S. pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 and N.J.S.A.
30:4C-12. During the ensuing litigation spanning over two years, defendants
were plagued with substance abuse issues, primarily alcohol related, unstable
housing, and erratic employment. Importantly, both defendants failed to
maintain sobriety for an extended period despite the Division's efforts.
The guardianship trial was conducted over five non-consecutive days,
beginning on October 16, 2019. At the trial, in addition to the admission of
numerous documentary exhibits, the Division presented four witnesses, all of
whom the judge found credible. Division caseworker Traci Wilson, the
custodian of the Division's records, testified about the Division's involvement
with defendants, detailing the services provided to reunify the family and help
defendants correct the circumstances that led to B.S.'s removal. According to
Wilson, in addition to providing visitation and other services, the Division
referred both defendants for psychological and substance abuse evaluations,
4
Although the altercation appeared to have involved other parties and prompted
a police response to the home, no criminal charges were filed due to lack of
cooperation and conflicting witness statements.
A-4552-19
5
substance abuse treatment, and random urine screens. M.M.W. was also referred
for a psychiatric evaluation.
Wilson described a pattern wherein defendants would have some success
in treatment but then struggle to maintain their progress as evidenced by missed
or positive random urine screens, failure to confirm consistent attendance at
Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, and repeated police interactions that included
reports that one or both defendants were intoxicated. Wilson also explained that
although defendants had positive visits with B.S. and maintained contact with
the Division, they were evicted from their rental home and resorted to transient
housing due to financial difficulties caused by A.S. losing his job and M.M.W.'s
unemployment. According to Wilson, defendants' inability to provide B.S. with
permanency going on two years prompted the Division to seek termination of
parental rights based on balancing B.S.'s need for permanency against
defendants' inability to fully complete substance abuse treatment and maintain
sobriety.
B.S.'s maternal aunt and resource parent, G.D.,5 testified that she and her
husband were committed to adopting B.S., who got along with her three other
daughters, one of whom was the same age as B.S. G.D. had a clear
5
G.D. was also B.S.'s godmother.
A-4552-19
6
understanding of the difference between adoption and Kinship Legal
Guardianship (KLG) and expressed her preference for the former because of the
toxic relationship that had developed between her and M.M.W. as well as B.S.'s
need for permanency and stability. Nonetheless, G.D. was not opposed to
fostering a relationship between B.S. and defendants in the future.
Division witness Dr. Alan J. Lee, Psy. D., was qualified without objection
as an expert in clinical and forensic psychology with a special focus in bonding
and parenting capacity evaluations. He testified about the psychological and
bonding evaluations he conducted, as a result of which he did not recommend
reunification with either defendant.
For the defense, M.M.W. testified on her own behalf, seeking
reunification and objecting to the termination of her parental rights. She
admitted to her struggles with substance abuse, her relapses, her bad life choices,
her unsteady employment history, and her unstable housing. However, she
claimed that the last time she had alcohol was April 14, 2019, and that she had
been clean ever since. Officer Michael Harkin from the Lower Township Police
Department testified as a rebuttal witness for the Division about responding to
M.M.W.'s home on June 24, 2019, two months after M.M.W. claimed she
achieved sobriety. According to Harkin, during the June 24 interaction, M.M.W.
A-4552-19
7
appeared inebriated and he detected the odor of alcohol on her. A.S. neither
testified nor presented any witnesses.
We incorporate by reference the detailed factual findings and legal
conclusions in Judge Sheppard's comprehensive opinion and recite only the
judge's key findings supporting her decision. After reviewing the circumstances
of the Division's initial involvement with defendants that led to the removal of
B.S. from the home, the judge recounted each defendant's pertinent background.
Regarding A.S., the judge stated he "has a significant history dealing with
substance abuse issues." Indeed, during B.S.'s removal, in addition to admitting
to being intoxicated and using marijuana earlier that evening, A.S. admitted to
the responding caseworker that he smoked marijuana twice daily while B.S. was
in his care.
Regarding M.M.W., the judge stated she also "has a longstanding, not
fully treated, history of substance abuse that spans over the course of two
decades." The judge noted that M.M.W. "has not been able to maintain sustained
sobriety for extended periods of time" despite attending "various Intensive
Outpatient Programs ('IOP') and residential programs." Additionally, the judge
stated that M.M.W. "was psychiatrically hospitalized on two separate occasions,
A-4552-19
8
in 2008 and 2010," and, in 2011, "went to Cape Counseling for mental health
intake but was subsequently discharged for failure to pursue treatment."
Further, according to the judge, M.M.W. "was briefly incarcerated in
2006-2007, for the unlawful use of a credit card" and "given parole," which "she
violated . . . due to her substance abuse issues, specifically involving the
continued use of marijuana, crack cocaine, and cocaine." The judge noted that
M.M.W. "began using cocaine and crack-cocaine at the age of twenty," 6 and "by
her own admission," continued using "for approximately twelve years." She
"began using marijuana" and "consuming alcohol when she was sixteen[-
]years[-]old" and "reported problematic usage" of alcohol "[f]or the past twenty-
five years."
Recounting defendants' efforts to address their substance abuse issues
following the removal of B.S., the judge related:
[M.M.W.] completed a substance abuse evaluation in
February 2018 and was recommended for IOP. She
tested positive for alcohol and marijuana that day. In
April 2018, Cape Counseling records indicate
[M.M.W.] continued testing positive for alcohol. She
was only truthful when confronted with positive
screens, failing to admit to relapses and usage . . . . She
started her IOP in March 2018, but it was extended
because of her continued use. In May 2018, she began
missing sessions and had positive screens. She was
6
M.M.W. was born in January 1979.
A-4552-19
9
recommended for inpatient treatment at that time, and
she did not attend. On May 17, 2018, [M.M.W.]
completed a psychological evaluation with Dr.
[Gregory] Gambone, who recommended psychiatric
treatment/medication monitoring, successful
completion of substance abuse treatment, successful
completion of a domestic violence education program,
individual psychotherapy, and co-parenting mediation.
According to the judge, M.M.W. continued "testing positive in the [F]all
of 2018 and there were reports of police involvement at her home." On May 20,
2019, M.M.W. "was successfully discharged from New Hope and started IOP at
Cape Counseling on May 22, 2019." However, the judge noted that she "missed
sessions on June 4, 10, 13, 17 and 25, 2019." In August 2019, M.M.W.
"completed another round of IOP" but "tested dilute on September 16, 2019,
which the service provider deemed a positive test." Additionally, "on November
18, 2019, [M.M.W.] failed to submit to the drug screen." Finally, "in December
2019, [M.M.W.] started relapse recovery but did not show up on December 4,
2019[,] as scheduled."7 The judge acknowledged M.M.W.'s trial testimony "that
she was currently sober," but pointed out that "[t]his assertion was rebutted by
Officer Harkins['s testimony,]" which the judge found credible.
7
At the time of trial, M.M.W. had re-engaged in the relapse prevention program.
A-4552-19
10
The judge also explained how M.M.W.'s alcohol use had adversely
impacted her visitation with B.S.:
During the summer months of 2018, the court
permitted extended visits that were to occur with both
parents. During this period, there were reports of
[M.M.W.] smelling of alcohol and of power struggles
with the resource parents over schooling, visitation
times and haircuts . . . . At this point, the court
expanded A.S.'s visits to unsupervised visitation.
However, [M.M.W.] still needed to be supervised due
to her failure to screen and maintain sobriety, and her
disruptive behavior with the resource parents by calling
them while she was drunk and threatening them.[8]
Regarding A.S.'s efforts to maintain sobriety, the judge recounted:
A.S. underwent substance abuse evaluations and was to
comply with all treatment recommendations, including
but not limited to, inpatient and/or outpatient substance
abuse treatment.[9] A.S. has attended counseling and
therapy, and other approved substance abuse treatment
support meetings. A.S. tested positive for alcohol in
October 2019. He then tested positive for unprescribed
suboxone in December 2019, and as a result, was
8
During the summer of 2018, the relationship between the parties deteriorated
to the point where G.D. "testified that she obtained a temporary restraining order
against [M.M.W.]"
9
In May 2018, A.S. also underwent a psychological evaluation with Dr.
Gambone who recommended substance abuse treatment, domestic violence
education, individual psychotherapy, and co-parenting mediation with M.M.W.
At the time, Gambone also opined that neither parent was capable of
independently caring for B.S. and that reunification should not be considered
until they participated in services and demonstrated sustained sobriety.
A-4552-19
11
unsuccessfully discharged from his last treatment
program and refused to complete additional services.
The judge also considered both defendants' compliance with the court
ordered requirement that they "call the Division daily by 10:00 a.m." and "speak
directly to a worker" to arrange for the submission of "random urine screens."
Based on the record, the judge concluded that from May to November 2019,
defendants failed to comply "for most of each month." The judge
acknowledged, however, that defendants "tested negative" "at each scheduled
court proceeding."
Importantly, the judge recounted a November 2018 incident related to
defendants' continued alcohol use that led to their housing and employment
instabilities as follows:
[O]n November 3, 2018[,] A.S. and [M.M.W.] were
involved in a car accident, while driving in A.S.'s work
truck, and both sustained injuries. This occurred one
week after they failed to submit to screens and missed
four sessions and failed to attend an IOP session. It was
reported that [M.M.W.] was highly intoxicated at the
scene. A.S. was charged with [driving while under the
influence (DUI)] and subsequently placed on
probation.[10] As a result of the accident, A.S. was fired.
At that point, [M.M.W.] was also unemployed.
[Defendants] did not have a source of income, and
between the two, it was alleged that they had
10
A.S. was also charged with fourth-degree assault by auto, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-
1(c)(2).
A-4552-19
12
approximately $700 per month to provide for their
family and B.S. [M.M.W.] testified that after the DUI
accident they were unable to afford all legal bills, fines,
probation, and the child support obligations.
The judge stated that since the accident, "the couple has been moving from home
to home and job to job." "Sometime during November and December 2019,
[M.M.W.] and A.S. were evicted from their residence and began living in
hotels."11
Significantly, the judge considered Dr. Lee's "unrefuted and
uncontroverted expert testimony regarding the psychological well-being of
[defendants] and bonding evaluations between each resource parent and B.S.,
and each [defendant] and B.S." According to the judge:
The purpose of the four bonding evaluations was to
assess and evaluate the emotional and psychological
attachments that the child has with each of these
individuals, and for Dr. Lee to provide subsequent
recommendations based on the results of the bonding
evaluations . . . . Dr. Lee stated that he weighs all
relevant information when . . . making his
recommendations for permanency. Some of the factors
that Dr. Lee considers are the age, development, and
needs of the child as well as the psychological
assessments conducted on each parent. Further, he
considers self-reporting inventories, cognitive and
11
When M.M.W. testified on January 24, 2020, she reported that the couple had
moved a third time and was now living in a different motel.
A-4552-19
13
psychological tests, personality assessment, parenting
stress index and child abuse potential inventory.
Additionally, Dr. Lee uses performance-based
assessments of clinical and personality functioning,
including Rorschach and inkblot method. Dr. Lee
testified that he also conducts lengthy one-on-one
interviews with each parent. Based on these interviews,
he factors in his personal observations, the parents
declining services from the Division[], and what is
purported during the interviews.
The judge explained that Dr. Lee "found there was not a significant or
positive bond between [defendants] and [B.S.] and determined there was a low
risk that B.S. would suffer severe and enduring harm if those relationships
ended." Moreover, Dr. Lee opined that "B.S.'s need for permanency outweighed
her [need for] contact with [defendants]." To support his opinion, Dr. Lee
testified that while "B.S. enjoyed visiting with her parents, . . . she acted out
during the bonding evaluation with [M.M.W.] and . . . cried and wrapped her
arms around the resource mother during the evaluation with A.S." Further,
"when the resource mother left, B.S. cried for 'mommy,'" prompting A.S. to
"correct her" by telling her that the resource mother was her "aunt" and not her
"mommy." In rendering his opinion, Dr. Lee was cognizant of the fact that his
observations during the evaluations represented a relatively miniscule part of
the child's life, but his conclusions were also informed by the fact that B.S. had
A-4552-19
14
spent a substantial portion of her young life out of the direct care of defendants
and in the direct care of her resource parents.
The judge stated that, in contrast, Dr. Lee "reported that there was a strong
and positive psychological attachment between [B.S.] and each resource parent,
and that there would be a significant risk of B.S. suffering severe and enduring
harm if those relationships ended." Dr. Lee opined that "for young children of
[B.S.'s] age, it is important to have a secure attachment" and B.S.'s "bond with
the resource parents [was] the best insurance policy to deal with any disruptions
in her life." According to the judge, Dr. Lee specified that B.S. "would
potentially suffer" from behavioral and emotional problems as well as academic
impairments "if her relationship ended with her resource parents" and
defendants "would be unable to ameliorate . . . or mitigate the risks."
Conversely, the resource parents could mitigate any harm to B.S. caused by the
termination of defendants' parental rights.
As to permanency, the judge expounded on Dr. Lee's opinion that while
"permanency would be unlikely to be achieved with [defendants]," it was
"readily available with the resource parents." The judge noted that Dr. Lee
stressed the importance of permanency, which he described as "stability,
consistency, [and] predictability" that afforded "[a]n opportunity to grow,
A-4552-19
15
progress, and develop[] in a safe and appropriate fashion rather than languish in
states of uncertainty which generates anxiety, angst, and other behavioral and
emotional problems."
The judge also considered the fact that Dr. Lee did not support either
defendant as an independent caretaker of B.S. at this time or in the foreseeable
future, did not recommend reunification with either defendant, and opined that
"both defendants have poor prognos[e]s." Specifically, according to Dr. Lee,
M.M.W.'s "maladaptive personality and character traits are [chronic] issues that
are fairly ingrained" along with her "deep-seeded substance abuse issues dating
back many years." Dr. Lee also noted "concerns" that M.M.W.'s "various bouts
with relapse" would "delay[] permanency for B.S." and "continu[e] to add harm
to B.S. because of the lack of stability." Additionally, Dr. Lee "reported several
ongoing concerns with A.S.'s entrenched and maladaptive personality and
character traits that adversely impact[ed] his overall functioning and
adjustment." According to Dr. Lee, A.S. also "remain[ed] a heighte[ned] risk
for criminal recidivism [12] and substance abuse."
12
During his evaluation, Dr. Lee considered A.S.'s self-reported history of
arrests for DUI and assault by auto as well as his occasional jail stints.
A-4552-19
16
In rendering his opinions, Dr. Lee considered reports that defendants had
completed some treatment, often tested negative for alcohol and drugs, and
regularly visited B.S. Nonetheless, the judge credited Dr. Lee's opinion "that a
minor child of B.S.'s age needs consistency . . . . for twelve months, but
[defendants] have not provided consistency, have not shown any stability in
employment or housing, and have not provided a safe environment for [B.S.]"
After reciting her factual findings, the judge applied the governing legal
principles and concluded that "the Division ha[d] met its burden of proof by
clear and convincing evidence" that "termination of [defendants'] parental
rights" was "warranted under the best interest[s] standard." The judge
determined that "[i]n sum, both [M.M.W.] and A.S. have significant history with
substance abuse," "have been unable to provide stable housing, employment and
maintain consistent sobriety . . . . despite each completing some treatment and
attending various programs," and "have not been able to maintain sobriety for
an extended period."
The judge explained:
The Division became involved with [defendants]
on February 10, 2018, and since then has attempted to
provide services to [them] to reunify them with B.S.
However, [defendants] are still not capable of being
independent caregivers for B.S., as opined by Dr. Lee,
the only expert. The court did not find [M.M.W.'s]
A-4552-19
17
testimony credible as to her sobriety. She was not
credible that she has been sober since April 2019, as
this claim was refuted by Officer Harkins. And,
although the court appreciates that [M.M.W.] loves her
daughter, the court truly does not believe that she can
maintain her sobriety and that she possesses the skill set
necessary to parent. Further, [A.S.] did not testify, but
based on the uncontradicted testimony of Dr. Lee, he is
not capable of independent parenting. He too has failed
to complete services or consistently call in for screens,
and has tested positive in the [F]all. In contrast, the
resource parents have been able to provide a stable,
healthy, and nurturing environment for [B.S.] since
February 10, 2018, when the child was placed. Lastly,
from the credible testimony of the resource mother and
worker, KLG does not appear to be a viable alternative
to termination of parental rights.
Specifically, regarding prong one, the judge found "by clear and
convincing evidence that B.S.'s safety, health[], and development have been and
will continue to be endangered by her parental relationship with [defendants]"
based on Wilson's and Dr. Lee's "credible testimony that A.S and [M.M.W.]
have neglected B.S.'s welfare and have been unable to provide a stable, safe, and
healthy environment for the minor child to develop and flourish." See In re
Guardianship of D.M.H., 161 N.J. 365, 379 (1999) ("A parent's withdrawal of
. . . solicitude, nurture, and care for an extended period of time is in itself a harm
that endangers the health and development of the child."). According to the
judge, defendants "have failed to consistently refrain from using substances,"
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18
"have not been fully treated and . . . have long-standing substance abuse issues
which have led to continued instability regarding housing, finances, and
employment over the course of this litigation."
The judge continued:
[T]hese substance abuse issues have caused problems
with the overall stability for the minor child. From the
police involvement on the night of the removal to the
present, they have failed to change their behavior. In
2019 alone, [M.M.W.] voluntarily left employment at
an Italian restaurant, McDonald's, Burger King, Dollar
Tree, and a grocery store. A.S. had been in and out of
work since the DUI car accident with his employer's
truck, while [M.M.W.] was intoxicated in the passenger
seat. Since the start of the litigation, they have lost two
apartments for failure to pay rent and are moving every
few weeks to different hotels.
Further, the judge credited Dr. Lee's opinion "that neither parent should be
considered an independent caretaker for the child, noting that they are immature
and have limited parental insight, with a heightened risk for patterns of
substance abuse relapse, criminal recidivism and general instabilities."
Turning to prong two, the judge found that defendants "are not necessarily
unwilling to but have been unable to provide stability to eliminate the harm
facing B.S.," that "the resource parents [have] provide[d] a safe and stable home
for [B.S.], and that a delay of permanent placement will only add to [B.S.'s]
harm." The judge stressed "[i]t is not just a matter of [defendants] being
A-4552-19
19
unwilling to but being unable to refrain from substance abuse problems and
maintain sobriety." See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.W., 103 N.J.
591, 607 (1986) (explaining that under prong two, a court "should only
determine whether it is reasonably foreseeable that the parents can cease to
inflict harm upon the children entrusted to their care").
The judge elaborated:
[Defendants] had two years to complete services
provided by the Division. They have relapsed during
this two-year period and have failed to maintain
sobriety for a full calendar year. . . . [B.S.] has resided
in a stable environment with the resource parents and
resource family during these two years, which is over
half of the minor child's life. The prognosis of each
parent for significant and lasting change is poor
according to Dr. Lee.
Further, based on the evidence presented and
uncontroverted testimony of Dr. Lee, the resource
parents have strong and positive psychological
connections with B.S., as opposed to the connections
with [defendants].
In that regard, the judge credited Dr. Lee's uncontroverted opinion that
"there would be a significant risk of B.S. suffering severe and enduring harm if
th[e] relationships [with her resource parents] ended." See N.J. Div. of Youth
& Family Servs. v. B.G.S., 291 N.J. Super. 582, 592 (App. Div. 1996) ("[H]arms
attributable to a biological parent include the prolonged inattention to a child's
A-4552-19
20
needs, which encourages the development of a stronger, 'bonding relationship'
to foster parents, 'the severing of which would cause profound harm . . . .'"
(alteration in original) (quoting In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1, 18
(1992))).
The judge acknowledged defendants' "attempt[s] to take the necessary and
positive steps" but pointed out that defendants "incessantly fall into the same
constant struggles" and "have been unable to mitigate issues of instability." The
judge explained:
Due to the substance abuse issues being so
pervasive and of such a serious nature, and because of
the long-standing, long-ranging use, the parties are
unable to refrain from injuring the child. A child's need
for permanency and legal policy to provide it
expeditiously can only yield to a parent who is making
diligent efforts with the child and only needs a
reasonable amount of time to complete those
efforts. . . .
This court finds that the lack of completion of
services by A.S. and [M.M.W.] show an inability to
eliminate the perpetuating harm that B.S. has faced and
will continue to face if a further delay in permanency
continues. Neither parent has presented to the court
that they can provide B.S. with stability, and Dr. Lee
credibly testified that, in his expert opinion, neither
would be able to be an independent caretaker for the
minor child.
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21
See In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 348-49 (1999) ("[U]nder [prong
two], it may be shown that the parent is unable to provide a safe and stable home
for the child and that the delay in securing permanency continues or adds to the
child's harm.").
Turning to prong three, the judge found that "the Division ha[d]
unequivocally provided reasonable efforts to develop a plan to reunify [B.S.]
with [defendants]," and defendants "show[ed] a capacity and a willingness to
participate in [the] services" offered by the Division. Notwithstanding these
efforts, the judge determined that defendants "continuously failed to
successfully complete services or have only been able to partially complete the
recommended services" over the course of two years. Thus, the judge concluded
"[i]t was . . . [d]efendants['] lack of commitment that ultimately prevented
reunification with [B.S.]" rather than any deficiency in the Division's efforts.
See N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. N.C.M., 438 N.J. Super. 356, 368-
69 (App. Div. 2014) ("The reasonableness of the Division's efforts 'is not
measured by their success.'" (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v.
L.J.D., 428 N.J. Super. 451, 488 (App. Div. 2012))).13
13
"'Reasonable efforts' may include parental consultation, plans for
reunification, services essential to achieving reunification, notice to the family
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Further, the judge was satisfied that "there [was] no alternative to
[termination of parental rights (TPR)]." In that regard, the judge explained:
The court initially believed that perhaps KLG
was the preferred permanency plan in the best interest
of B.S. It is difficult for the court to contemplate
termination of parental rights if there is any hope that
the parents can work on curing their inadequacies while
still maintaining a familial relationship with the child.
In this case, initially [defendants] attempted to
complete the recommended services and visits. This
gave hope to the court. However, as the couple
continued to relapse combined with their housing and
job instability, this hope diminished. Then, once the
court listened to the credible testimony of the resource
mother, . . . the court has concluded that KLG is not a
feasible alternative to TPR.
In support, the judge pointed to the resource mother's adamant opposition
to KLG "based on her first[-]hand observations of what happened when she and
other family members raised [M.M.W.'s] adult daughter and the family discord
resulting therefrom" as well as the complete deterioration of the resource
mother's relationship with M.M.W. The judge also considered the resource
mother's compelling testimony about "B.S.'s ongoing difficulties in dealing with
the lack of permanency," which the resource mother aptly described as B.S.
of the child's progress, and visitation facilitation" as well as "day care, housing
assistance, referrals to drug treatment, medical or health care, parenting classes,
financial assistance, and the like." N.C.M., 438 N.J. Super. at 368 (quoting
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(c)).
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being "constantly . . . torn between two [separate] lives" and "conflict [ed] with
who she loves."
The judge determined that, "[a]t this point, it [was] not in the best interest
of B.S. to wait for permanency in the hopes [defendants] can maintain their
sobriety or that the sisters can mend their relationship." Instead, the judge
concluded there were no alternatives to TPR because B.S. was "extremely well
cared for in her . . . resource home" and "adoption [was] feasible and likely."
See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. R.G., 217 N.J. 527, 558-59 (2014)
("[W]hen the permanency provided by adoption is available, [KLG] cannot be
used as a defense to termination of parental rights." (alteration in original)
(quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. P.P., 180 N.J. 494, 513 (2004))).
Finally, as to prong four, the judge was satisfied that terminating
defendants' parental rights will not do more harm than good. The judge
determined there was a significant risk that B.S. would suffer serious
psychological or emotional harm by severing her strong bond with her resource
parents, that defendants caused the harm to B.S., that delaying permanency to
B.S. would cause further harm, and that B.S.'s interest would be best served by
completely terminating her relationship with defendants.
In making that determination, the judge
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weighed Dr. Lee's unrebutted expert opinion that
concluded that the prognosis for [defendants] ever
being able to parent B.S. was "poor," because they have
not proven they could be successful in their recovery
and remain clean for an extended period of time.
Further, in his credible testimony Dr. Lee opined that
the . . . resource parents could address any harm B.S.
would suffer from severing her bond with defendants.
See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 108 (2008)
(explaining that "[w]hen a parent has exposed a child to continuing harm through
abuse or neglect and has been unable to remediate the danger to the child," and
"the child has bonded with foster parents who have provided a nurturing and
safe home," in those circumstances, "termination of parental rights likely will
not do more harm than good"); N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M.,
189 N.J. 261, 281 (2007) ("A child's need for permanency is an important
consideration under the fourth prong."); N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v.
S.F., 392 N.J. Super. 201, 209-10 (App. Div. 2007) ("Children must not languish
indefinitely in foster care while a birth parent attempts to correct the conditions
that resulted in an out-of-home placement," and since "1997, '[t]he emphasis has
shifted from protracted efforts for reunification with a birth parent to an
expeditious, permanent placement to promote the child's well-being.'" (quoting
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N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs. v. C.S., 367 N.J. Super. 76, 111 (App. Div.
2004))).
II.
In this ensuing appeal, M.M.W argues the judge "was wrong in [her]
evaluation of the facts and in the legal conclusions [she] drew from the facts ."
She asserts the judge "failed to consider facts that [were] favorable" to her, such
as consistent negative urine screens for drugs or alcohol and positive visits with
B.S. She also contends the judge gave "too much weight to Dr. Lee's testimony,"
which she describes as "a net opinion," and erred in crediting his report which
she refers to as "flawed." On the other hand, A.S. argues there was "no evidence
. . . to conclusively establish" that his use of alcohol or other substances "ever
harmed [B.S.] or subjected her to a risk of such harm." According to A.S.,
instead, the evidence "show[ed] that [he was] willing and able to parent his
daughter and offer her a safe and stable home environment." Further, A.S.
asserts the judge ignored his "very close father/daughter relationship which
called into question the reliability of Dr. Lee's opinion."
"It is not our place to second-guess or substitute our judgment for that of
the family court, provided that the record contains substantial and credible
evidence to support the decision to terminate parental rights." N.J. Div. of
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Youth and Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 448-49 (2012). "We invest the
family court with broad discretion because of its specialized knowledge and
experience in matters involving parental relationships and the best interests of
children." Id. at 427. Although our scope of review is expanded when the focus
is on "'the trial judge's evaluation of the underlying facts and the implications to
be drawn therefrom,' . . . . even in those circumstances we will accord deference
unless the trial court's findings 'went so wide of the mark that a mistake must
have been made.'" M.M., 189 N.J. at 279 (first quoting In re Guardianship of
J.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 188-89 (App. Div. 1993); then quoting Snyder Realty,
Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 233 N.J. Super. 65, 69 (App. Div. 1989)).
Here, the judge reviewed the evidence presented at trial, made detailed
factual findings as to each prong of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a), and concluded that
the Division met, by clear and convincing evidence, all the legal requirements
for a judgment of guardianship. Contrary to defendants' assertions, the judge's
factual findings are amply supported by the record, and her legal determinations
are sound. In rendering her decision, the judge properly relied on the
uncontroverted expert opinion of Dr. Lee to conclude that termination of
parental rights would not do more harm than good given B.S.'s need for
permanency, the stronger bond between B.S. and her resource parents compared
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to the bond between B.S. and defendants, the severe and enduring harm to B.S.
if the bond with her resource parents was broken, defendants' inability to
mitigate that harm and to safely parent B.S., and defendants' poor prognoses for
change in the foreseeable future. See M.M., 189 N.J. at 281 (explaining the
Division's poof in termination proceedings should include the testimony of a
well-qualified expert "'who has had full opportunity to make a comprehensive,
objective, and informed evaluation' of the child's relationship with both the
natural parents and the foster parents" (quoting J.C., 129 N.J. at 19)).
Defendants challenge Dr. Lee's opinions as unreliable and unworthy of
consideration. However, Dr. Lee's opinions were based on his interviews,
psychological testing, bonding evaluations, and review of the record , and he
credibly explained the "facts" and "data" supporting his opinions as required
under N.J.R.E. 703. See Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp., 207 N.J.
344, 372 (2011) ("[A]n expert's bare opinion that has no support in factual
evidence or similar data is a mere net opinion which is not admissible and may
not be considered" under N.J.R.E. 703). Clearly, defendants disagree with Dr.
Lee's unfavorable opinions. However, defendants' disagreement with Dr. Lee's
conclusions does not render them inadmissible net opinions. See Townsend v.
Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 54 (2015) ("The expert's failure 'to give weight to a factor
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thought important by an adverse party does not reduce his testimony to an
inadmissible net opinion if he otherwise offers sufficient reasons which logically
support his opinion.'" (quoting Rosenberg v. Tavorath, 352 N.J. Super. 385, 402
(App. Div. 2002))).
Further, defendants' attempts to parse discrete parts of the record to
support their claims are unpersuasive. The judge's opinion tracks the statutory
requirements of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) and comports with applicable case law.
See, e.g., F.M., 211 N.J. at 447-54; E.P., 196 N.J. at 103-07; K.H.O., 161 N.J.
at 347-63; D.M.H., 161 N.J. at 375-93; A.W., 103 N.J. at 604-11. We thus
affirm substantially for the reasons Judge Sheppard expressed in her
comprehensive and well-reasoned decision. To the extent we have not explicitly
addressed any specific argument raised by defendants in this opinion, it is
because the argument lacks sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written
opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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