IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
SKYE MINERAL INVESTORS, LLC and )
CLARITY COPPER, LLC, directly and )
derivatively on behalf of SKYE MINERAL )
PARTNERS, LLC, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 2018-0059-JRS
)
DXS CAPITAL (U.S.) LIMITED, PACNET )
CAPITAL (U.S.) LIMITED, MARSHALL )
COOPER, SANJIV NORONHA, WATERLOO )
STREET LIMITED, LIPPO CHINA )
RESOURCES LTD., MICHAEL RIADY, )
STEPHEN RIADY, )
)
Defendants, )
)
SKYE MINERAL PARTNERS, LLC, )
)
Nominal Defendant. )
DXS CAPITAL (U.S.) LIMITED, PACNET )
CAPITAL (U.S.) LIMITED, and WATERLOO )
STREET LIMITED, directly and derivatively on )
behalf of SKYE MINERAL PARTNERS, LLC, )
)
Counterclaim Plaintiffs, )
)
v. )
)
SKYE MINERAL INVESTORS, LLC and )
CLARITY COOPER, LLC, )
)
Counterclaim Defendants, )
)
SKYE MINERAL PARTNERS, LLC, )
)
Nominal Defendant. )
DXS CAPITAL (U.S.) LIMITED, PACNET )
CAPITAL (U.S.) LIMITED, and WATERLOO )
STREET LIMITED, directly and derivatively on )
behalf of SKYE MINERAL PARTNERS, LLC, )
)
Third-Party Plaintiffs, )
)
v. )
)
DAVID J. RICHARDS and CLINTON W. )
WALKER, )
)
Third-Party Defendants, )
)
SKYE MINERAL PARTNERS, LLC, )
)
Nominal Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: April 13, 2021
Date Decided: July 15, 2021
Rudolf Koch, Esquire, Kevin M. Gallagher, Esquire and Daniel Kaprow, Esquire of
Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware and Jason Cyrulnik,
Esquire, Edward Normand, Esquire and Paul Fattaruso, Esquire of Cyrulnik
Fattaruso LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for Plaintiffs, Counterclaim-
Defendants and Third-Party Defendants.
Thomas W. Briggs, Jr., Esquire and Miranda N. Gilbert, Esquire of Morris, Nichols,
Arsht & Tunnell LLP, Wilmington, Delaware and Pedro A. Jimenez, Esquire,
Kevin C. Logue, Esquire, Kevin P. Broughel, Esquire, Nicholas Bassett, Esquire,
Katherine K. Solomon, Esquire, Katherine Rookard, Esquire of Paul Hastings LLP,
New York, New York, Attorneys for Counterclaim-Plaintiffs and Third-Party
Plaintiffs.
SLIGHTS, Vice Chancellor
Defendants, Sanjiv Noronha and Dr. Stephen Riady, have moved to dismiss
the Second Amended Verified Complaint (the “Complaint”) filed by Plaintiffs,
Skye Mineral Investors, LLC (“SMI”) and Clarity Copper, LLC (“CC” and,
together, “Plaintiffs”), on the ground that service of process has not been properly
effected under Delaware’s long-arm statute, 10 Del. C. § 3104 (“Section 3104”).
For reasons explained below, I disagree and, therefore, deny the motion to dismiss.
I. BACKGROUND
In resolving the motion under Chancery Rules 12(b)(1), (4) & (5), I may “look
to matters outside the complaint to determine whether [the court] has jurisdiction.” 1
In this case, the facts relating to service are largely undisputed. 2
A. Parties
Skye Mineral Partners (“SMP”) is a Delaware limited liability company. 3
Virtually all of SMP’s assets consist of its ownership interest in CS Mining, LLC
1
61A Am. Jur.2d Pleading, § 463 (July 2021 Update).
2
The facts surrounding the underlying dispute are recounted fully in Skye Mineral
Investors, LLC v. DXS Capital (U.S.) Ltd., 2020 WL 881544 (Del. Ch. Feb. 24, 2020).
3
D.I. 52 (Second Am. Verified Compl.) (“Compl.”) Ex. 1, Recital D.
1
(“CSM”).4 At all relevant times, SMP owned more than 99% of CSM and was its
managing member.5
SMP’s Board of Managers (the “Board”) comprised three members, each
appointed by SMP’s members. 6 Plaintiffs, SMI and CC, appointed two Board
members while Defendants, DXS Capital (U.S.) Limited (“DXS”) and PacNet
Capital (U.S.) Limited (“PacNet”), appointed the third member, Defendant, Marshall
Cooper. 7
Defendant, Sanjiv Noronha, is an individual residing in Singapore. 8 Plaintiffs
allege Noronha is “affiliated” with Defendant, Lippo China Resources Ltd. (“LCR”),
and that he “represented” Defendant, Waterloo Street Limited (“Waterloo”),
in various matters relating to Plaintiffs’ claims.9
4
Compl. ¶ 33.
5
Compl. ¶ 34.
6
Compl. ¶ 23.
7
Compl. ¶¶ 23, 27, 37.
8
Compl. ¶ 28.
9
Compl. ¶¶ 28, 123.
2
Defendant, Stephen Riady, is an individual residing in Singapore. 10 He is the
Executive Chairman of LCR. 11
B. Procedural History
On January 24, 2018, Plaintiffs filed their original complaint alleging that
SMP’s minority members orchestrated a scheme wrongfully to divest SMP of its
lone asset, CSM. 12 After the case was removed from, and then remanded back to,
this Court, Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on January 14, 2019.13 Plaintiffs
filed the now operative Complaint on April 22, 2019.14
On May 22, 2019, Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint on several
grounds including, as against Noronha and Riady, that the Complaint had not been
properly served because (i) Delaware law requires service of process in Singapore
to be effected in accordance with Singaporean law and (ii) Plaintiffs have failed to
serve Noronha and Riady at all, much less in compliance with Singapore law.15
In support of their motion, Defendants submitted an affidavit of a Singaporean
10
Compl. ¶ 30.
11
Id.
12
D.I. 1.
13
D.I. 18.
14
D.I. 52.
15
D.I. 60 (Defs.’ Opening Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss the Verified Second Am.
Compl.) at 10–13.
3
advocate and solicitor, Blossom Hing, who opined that, “unless otherwise agreed
between the relevant parties or ordered by [a Singapore court], service of originating
process on an individual under Singapore law must be by personal service.”16
After attempting unsuccessfully to serve their Complaint upon both Riady and
Noronha several times in Singapore via a solicitor or solicitor’s clerk consistent with
Singapore law, and before answering Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs filed
motions with this Court seeking approval of an alternative form of service on
Noronha and Riady, namely by (i) email and (ii) posting on the front doors of their
residences (together, the “Substituted Means”). 17 In support of their motion,
Plaintiffs invoked Delaware’s long-arm statute, Section 3104, which permits
service: (i) “[i]n the manner provided or prescribed by the law of the place in which
the service is made for service in that place in an action in any of its courts of general
jurisdiction,” or (ii) “as directed by the court.” 18 In response to the motion for
16
D.I. 22 (Hing Aff., Feb. 4, 2019) (“Opening Hing Aff.”) ¶ 7.
17
D.I. 55 ¶¶ 3–8 (Pls.’ Mot. for Alternative Mode of Service on Riady) (describing several
unsuccessful attempts to serve Riady at two separate addresses over the course of nearly
one month, consistent with Singaporean law); D.I. 65 ¶¶ 3, 7 (Pls.’ Mot. for Alternative
Mode of Service on Noronha) (describing several unsuccessful attempts to serve Noronha
at his residence, consistent with Singaporean law). I note there is no dispute that Singapore
is not a signatory to the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and
Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (the “Hague Convention”).
D.I. 55 ¶ 4; D.I. 65 ¶ 4.
18
See D.I. 55 ¶ 3 (quoting 10 Del. C. §§ 3104(d)(2) & (d)(4)); D.I. 65 ¶ 3.
4
alternative service, Defendants submitted a letter “reserv[ing] all rights and defenses
as to the adequacy of [the Substituted Means] of service and all other defenses,
including lack of personal jurisdiction.” 19
On May 23, 2019 and July 2, 2019, this Court issued orders granting the
motions for alternative service on Riady and Noronha, respectively.20 Plaintiffs then
attempted to effect service on Noronha and Riady in Singapore via the Substituted
Means. In doing so, Plaintiffs did not involve, much less seek approval from, the
Singaporean courts.
On July 8, 2019, Plaintiffs opposed Defendants’ motion to dismiss, arguing
with respect to service of process that the Substituted Means constituted sufficient
service under Section 3104.21 In support of that position, Plaintiffs submitted an
affidavit from an advocate and solicitor in Singapore, Ng Lip Chih, who opined that
the Substituted Means were effective under Singapore law. 22 On August 7, 2019,
Defendants filed a reply brief, attaching a further affidavit from Hing (i) reiterating
the proper means for serving process under Singapore law and (ii) explaining that,
19
D.I. 58 (T. Briggs Letter) at 1–2.
20
D.I. 61; D.I. 68.
21
D.I. 77 (Pl.’s Corrected Answering Br. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mots. to Dismiss) at 15–24.
22
D.I. 76 (Ng Aff., dated July 8, 2019) ¶ 6.
5
contrary to Ng’s assertions, one cannot serve foreign process in Singapore by
substituted means pursuant to an order of a foreign court.23
On February 24, 2020, the Court issued an order on the motion to dismiss,
granting it in part and denying it in part.24 On the issue of service of process and
related jurisdictional defenses, the Court held that the issue of inadequate service of
process had not been “properly joined for decision” and, therefore, “reserve[d]
judgment on Lippo’s Rule 12(b)(4) and (5) Motions until the record on foreign law
is further developed.”25
On May 19, 2020, the parties exchanged supplemental affidavits on Singapore
law. 26 Defendants submitted another affidavit from Ms. Hing, while Plaintiffs chose
a new witness, Shourav Lahiri. 27 The experts were deposed in October and
23
See generally D.I. 83 (Hing Aff., Aug. 7, 2019) (“Hing Reply Aff.”).
24
Skye Mineral, 2020 WL 881544, at *1–2, *36.
25
Id. at *8 (citing Germaninvestments AG v. Allomet Corp., 225 A.3d 316 (Del. 2020)
(reversing trial court for failing to develop an adequate record of foreign law before
applying that law to decide a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(3))).
26
D.I. 125–26.
27
See id.
6
November 2020. 28 The parties completed briefing on March 26, 2021; 29 the motion
was argued on April 13, 2021, and submitted for decision that day. 30
II. ANALYSIS
Under Chancery Rule 12(b)(5), a defendant may move for dismissal of a
complaint when the plaintiff has failed sufficiently to serve process.31 Rule 12(b)(5)
rests on the premise that “[p]ersonal jurisdiction must be effected through proper
service of process, and actual notice by a defendant [without service of process] does
not satisfy this constitutional requirement.” 32 Thus, “where a plaintiff has failed to
obtain personal jurisdiction over each of the defendants through proper service of
process, the case must be dismissed” under Chancery Rules 12(b)(2) & (5). 33 The
28
D.I. 170.
29
D.I. 174 (Supplemental Br. of Defs.’ Noronha and Riady in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss
Second Am. Compl. For Insufficient Service of Process and Lack of Personal Jurisdiction)
(“Defs.’ Supplemental Opening Br.”); D.I. 184 (Pls.’ Supplemental Br. in Opp’n to Mot.
of Defs.’ Noronha and Riady to Dismiss Second Am. Compl. for Insufficient Service of
Process and Lack of Personal Jurisdiction) (“Pls.’ Supplemental Answering Br.”); D.I. 192
(Reply Br. of Defs.’ Noronha and Riady in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss Second Am. Compl.
for Insufficient Service of Process and Lack of Personal Jurisdiction)
(“Defs.’ Supplemental Reply Br.”).
30
D.I. 195 (“Oral Arg. Tr.”).
31
Del. Ch. Ct. R. 12(b)(5).
32
Sharr v. Mun. City of Newark, Del., 2004 WL 332508, at *1 (D. Del. Jan. 28, 2004).
33
Id. at *2.
7
plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that service of process was properly
effected on each defendant. 34
As noted, Plaintiffs argue service of process upon Noronha and Riady was
effective under two separate provisions of Section 3104. First, Plaintiffs argue
service was effective under Section 3104(d)(4), which allows foreign service in any
manner “directed by a court,” as long as it is “reasonably calculated to give actual
notice” to the defendant so served.35 Plaintiffs argue separately that service was
valid under Section 3104(d)(2), which allows service “[i]n the manner provided or
prescribed by the law of the place in which the service is made,”36 because Singapore
law allows service in any court-authorized manner that provides actual notice.
Before addressing the merits of these positions, however, I address the parties’
competing arguments that the other has waived the right to prosecute or defend this
motion to dismiss.
A. No Waiver
Defendants assert Plaintiffs waived their argument under Section 3104(d)(4)
because they did not perfect that argument in their July 2019 brief in opposition to
34
Boulden v. Albiorix, Inc., 2013 WL 396254, at *9 (Del. Ch. Jan. 31, 2013), as revised
(Feb. 7, 2013).
35
10 Del. C. § 3104(d)(4).
36
Id. § 3104(d)(2).
8
Defendants’ motion to dismiss; Plaintiffs argue Defendants waived any argument as
to whether service was effective because Defendants did not oppose the initial
motion for alternative service. I disagree on both fronts.
“The standard for finding waiver in Delaware is quite exacting.” 37 “Waiver
is the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a known right. It implies
knowledge of all material facts and intent to waive. The facts relied upon for proof
must be unequivocal in character.” 38
Plaintiffs’ motion for alternative service sought an order from the Court
approving two traditionally accepted means of substituted service.
Section 3104(d)(4) empowers the court to authorize a means of service on motion or
otherwise; the statute does not require the plaintiff specifically to invoke
Section 3104(d)(4) as a predicate to the court directing service by a particular means
under that section.39 Because Plaintiffs properly sought alternative service by court
order, they cannot be said to have intentionally relinquished their right to effect
37
Am. Family Mortg. Corp. v. Acierno, 649 A.2d 655 (Del. 1994) (TABLE).
38
Realty Growth Invs. v. Council of Unit Owners, 453 A.2d 450, 456 (Del. 1982) (internal
citations omitted).
39
See 10 Del. C. § 3104(d).
9
service under Section 3104(d)(4) (which expressly contemplates service
“[a]s directed by a court”). 40
Nor did Noronha and Riady, under these circumstances, waive their right to
oppose Plaintiffs’ motion for alternative service by expressly reserving “all rights
and defenses as to the adequacy of [the requested Substituted Means of] service and
all other defenses, including lack of personal jurisdiction.” 41 When the motion for
alternative service was filed, the record on the state of Singaporean law as relates to
foreign service of process was inchoate. 42 Accordingly, the Court reserved
judgment on that question “until the record on foreign law is further developed.”43
The Court then instructed the parties to “confer and submit a scheduling order that
lays out a plan for further development of the record concerning Singapore law and
then for submission of the Motions for adjudication.”44 Because the means by which
service could properly be effected was unclear at the time of submission of the
motion for alternative service, Noronha and Riady did not know “all material facts”
40
See id. § 3104(d)(4).
41
D.I. 58 at 1–2.
42
See Skye Mineral, 2020 WL 881544, at *8 (citing Germaninvestments, 225 A.3d 316).
43
Id. at *8.
44
D.I. 101, at 2.
10
relating to the motion and so cannot be said to have waived their right to contest
service of process at that time. 45
B. Plaintiffs Effectively Served Process Under Section 3104(d)(4)
As noted, Plaintiffs claim to have properly effected service of process under
Sections 3104(d)(2) and 3104(d)(4) of Delaware’s long-arm statute. Because I find
service was properly effected under Section 3104(d)(4), I need not analyze whether
service was effective under Section 3104(d)(2).
To begin, Section 3104 provides in relevant part:
(d) When the law of this State authorizes service of process outside the
State, the service, when reasonably calculated to give actual notice, may
be made:
45
I acknowledge the manner in which the motions for alternative service and this motion
to dismiss were teed up for decision was not a model of efficiency. As noted, when
Plaintiffs filed their motions to approve an alternative means of service, Defendants elected
to reserve their rights rather than engage on the motions at that time. This delayed
engagement, in part, has prompted the competing claims of waiver. Even so, for reasons
stated, I have rejected both calls to decide the instant motion on grounds of waiver. Having
done so, in hopes of avoiding similar confusion in future cases, I offer my two cents on the
most efficient means by which to resolve the propriety of alternative means of service
under Section 3104(d)(4). The party seeking to serve by alternative means should make a
motion for court approval of alternative service under Chancery Rule 4(d)(7). The
defendants who oppose that relief should oppose the Rule 4(d)(7) motion on the merits.
And the court should then adjudicate whether the plaintiff has presented a “special case”
for alternative service by the means requested by the plaintiff on the Rule 4(d)(7) motion.
If needed to decide that motion, the court may order further development of the evidentiary
record. Once the court determines that “an additional mode of service,” as contemplated
by Rule 4(d)(7), is appropriate, the only motion a defendant may make thereafter is a
motion under Rule 12(b)(5) challenging whether service, in fact, was effected in
accordance with the court’s Rule 4(d)(7) order. The fact that sequence did not play out
here (largely because the Court did not direct it) is unfortunate, but that is no basis for the
Court to decline to decide the matter on the merits.
11
(1) By personal delivery in the manner prescribed for service
within this State.
(2) In the manner provided or prescribed by the law of the place
in which the service is made for service in that place in an action
in any of its courts of general jurisdiction.
(3) By any form of mail addressed to the person to be served and
requiring a signed receipt.
(4) As directed by a court.46
“The current version of 10 Del. C. § 3104 was enacted by the General
Assembly effective October 7, 2008. The new statute revised Delaware’s prior long-
arm statute and was designed to place Delaware’s long-arm statute in accord with
the long-arm statutes adopted by other states.” 47 As explained in the statute’s
synopsis:
This Act simplifies the process to serve a nonresident for acts contained
in this Section and will bring current Delaware’s now cumbersome
method of exercising jurisdiction into conformity with current practice.
This will reduce the cost of service and improve judicial efficiency and
reduce the time necessary to make service upon nonresidents.
Delaware’s current technical statute causes various motions to be filed
in Court which have nothing to do with the underlying case, wasting
judicial resources and increasing litigation costs. This Act is patterned
after the Uniform Interstate and International Procedure Act, and has
been enacted in substantially the same form in several states, including
Pennsylvania, for over 25 years. 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 5322 & 5323.
Therefore, there is already a body of case law implementing the
proposed updating of the manner of service. 48
46
10 Del. C. § 3104(d) (formatting added).
47
Maldonado v. Matthews, 2010 WL 663723, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 23, 2010) (citing
synopsis of 10 Del. C. § 3104).
48
Id.
12
Thus, while “due process requires [a party] to provide ‘notice reasonably calculated,
under all circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action
and afford them an opportunity to present their objections,” 49 the legislature
intended Section 3104 “to create a less ‘cumbersome’ method to serve out-of-state
residents.”50
“Although the statute provides a framework that parties can use when
attempting service, it does not provide guidance for every possible situation, and the
General Assembly appropriately gave [our trial courts] discretion to determine
whether service was proper.” 51 Consistent with that intent:
The Delaware Supreme Court has made clear that trial courts must give
a broad reading to the terms of the long-arm statute, in order to
effectuate the statute’s intent to ensure that this state’s court may
exercise jurisdiction to the full limits permissible under the Due Process
Clause. In other words, the Supreme Court has instructed that trial
courts should permit service under § 3104 if the statutory language
plausibly permits service, and rely upon a Due Process analysis to
screen out uses of the statute that sweep too broadly.52
49
Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 221 (2006).
50
Maldonado, 2010 WL 663723, at *3.
51
Id. at *4.
52
Sample v. Morgan, 935 A.2d 1046, 1056 (Del. Ch. 2007) (citing Hercules Inc. v. Leu
Trust and Banking (Bahamas) Ltd., 611 A.2d 476, 480–81 (Del. 1992) (“[Section] 3104(c)
is to be broadly construed to confer jurisdiction to the maximum extent possible under the
Due Process Clause.” (internal citations omitted))); see also Chandler v. Ciccoricco,
2003 WL 21040185, at *10–11 (Del. Ch. May 5, 2003) (“Under [the Hercules] mandate,
my task should be to give the words of the statute a liberal construction and to conclude
that [a filing in Delaware] is a transaction of business if that can be reasonably done. Any
13
With that instruction in mind, I turn to analyze whether Plaintiffs effectively
served Noronha and Riady under Section 3104(d)(4). At the threshold, I must
determine whether Section 3104(d)(4) provides an independent means, separate
from the other provisions of Section 3104(d), to effectuate service of process.
I believe it does.
As noted, Section 3104(d)(4) allows foreign service in any manner “directed
by a court,” provided that it is “reasonably calculated to give actual notice” to the
defendant so served. 53 Under Chancery Rule 4(d)(7), the court is empowered with
“broad authority” and “broad discretion” to enter an “order directing another or an
additional mode of service of a summons in a special case.” 54 Though neither party
could identify Delaware authority addressing Section 3104(d)(4)’s status as a
standalone basis to effect process, courts nationwide have sanctioned service of
process under analogous procedural circumstances.
For example, Federal Rule 4(f)(3) allows international service, if reasonably
calculated to reach the defendant, “by other means not prohibited by international
problems of overbreadth by such a liberal construction can be policed by application of the
minimum contacts analysis under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”).
53
10 Del. C. § 3104.
54
Tratado de Libre Commercio, LLC v. Splitcast Tech., LLC, 2019 WL 1057976, at *1 n.2,
*2 (Del. Ch. Mar. 6, 2019); In re Krafft-Murphy Co., Inc., 2011 WL 5420808, at *3
(Del. Ch. Nov. 9, 2011).
14
agreement, as the court orders.”55 Because the language of Section 3104(d)(4) tracks
closely with Federal Rule 4(f)(3), caselaw interpreting the federal rule “provides
persuasive guidance.” 56 In Rio Properties, Inc. v. Rio International Interlink, the
Ninth Circuit affirmed a trial court order directing email service under this provision,
holding that the rule “unshackles the federal courts from anachronistic methods of
service and permits them entry into the technological renaissance.” 57 In so holding,
the Ninth Circuit interpreted Federal Rule 4(f)(3) by its plain language to allow
service to be effected where (1) it was directed by a court and (2) it was
“not prohibited by international agreement.” 58 Because “[n]o other limitations are
55
Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3).
56
Crumplar v. Superior Court ex rel. New Castle Cty., 56 A.3d 1000, 1007 (Del. 2012);
see also Apartment Cmtys. Corp. v. Martinelli, 859 A.2d 67, 70–71 (Del. 2004)
(“[T]he construction of the Superior Court Civil Rules are greatly influenced by the federal
judiciary’s construction of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure . . . .”); 4B Charles Alan
Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1134 (4th ed.) (“Finally, Rule 4(f)(3)
provides that service in a foreign country can be made as directed by order of the federal
court. 35 This provision preserves the content of former Rule 4(i)(1)(E). This type of
residual catch-all provision is by no means unusual and appears in a number of federal
statutes. Service pursuant to court order rounds out the flexibility that former Rule 4(i)
was intended to provide and Rule 4(f) continues to provide. This aspect of both rules
permits service in a particular case to be tailored to the necessities of the situation when
none of the other methods of service expressly provided for in the rule is satisfactory or
likely to be successful.” (internal citations omitted)).
57
Rio Props., Inc. v. Rio Int’l Interlink, 284 F.3d 1007, 1017 (9th Cir. 2002). I note that
these goals mirror those stated in Section 3104’s statutory synopsis.
58
Id. at 1014.
15
evident from the text,” the Ninth Circuit held Federal Rule 4(f)(3) provided for an
independent means of service. 59
Like Federal Rule 4(f)(3), nothing in Section 3104(d)(4), or the corresponding
Chancery Rule 4(d)(7), suggests a court’s order, entered on a well-supported motion
by the plaintiff, cannot work as a standalone basis to prescribe a means for effective
service of process. Indeed, Defendants do not argue that each of Section 3104(d)’s
provisions must be read conjunctively, and there is no textual basis to suggest the
General Assembly intended them to be so read. Rather, consistent with the General
Assembly’s intent to “g[i]ve the Court discretion to determine whether service was
proper,” 60 Section 3104(d) enumerates several distinct methods by which service
can be properly effected, including “as directed by a court.”61
Under Section 3104(d)(2), a party may—without a court order—effect service
on another party in accordance with “the law of the place in which the service is
59
Id.
60
Maldonado, 2010 WL 663723, at *4; see also Yvonne A. Tamayo, Catch Me if You Can:
Serving United States Process on an Elusive Defendant Abroad, 17 HARV. J.L. & TECH.
211, 218 (2003) (“Rule 4(i)(1) [succeeded by Rule 4(f)] furnished five alternative methods
for serving process abroad. The fifth method, “as directed by order of the court,” was a
residual method adopted for the specific purpose of increasing flexibility to courts in
ordering service adaptive to the particular circumstances of each case.”).
61
10 Del. C. § 3104(d)(4).
16
made.”62 To evaluate whether that service of process was effective, the court applies
the law of the foreign jurisdiction as if it was sitting in that jurisdiction. 63
Alternatively, unlike Section 3104(d)(2), and similar to Federal Rule 4(f)(3),
Section 3104(d)(4) does not require the court to play the role of a foreign court in a
foreign jurisdiction when deciding whether service has been properly effected.
Rather, the court considers the context in which it is being asked to authorize
alternative means of service, including the laws of the implicated foreign
jurisdiction(s) and any past attempts to serve in accordance with recognized means,
and then issues an order directing a means of service that it determines is reasonably
calculated to provide actual notice that is both binding on the parties and, in the spirit
of comity, expected to be honored by the courts of the foreign jurisdiction(s).64
62
Id. § 3104(d)(2).
63
See id.; see also Fox v. Ginsburg, 785 A.2d 660, 662 (D.C. 2001) (interpreting a
statutory provision identical to Section 3104(d)(2) to require the court’s receipt of
“adequate proof that [plaintiff] obtained an order from a court in the [foreign
jurisdiction]—as required by the law of th[at] [foreign jurisdiction]—authorizing service
by publication.”). I note the parties dispute whether the inquiry mandated by
Section 3104(d)(2) is focused on how the foreign law would require service to be effected
in a case pending in that foreign jurisdiction, or how the foreign law would require service
to be effected in a case pending in another foreign jurisdiction. Compare Pls.’
Supplemental Answering Br. at 10 (arguing Section 3104(d)(2) requires the court to
analyze how Singapore law would direct that service be effected in a foreign court) with
Defs.’ Supplemental Reply Br. at 8 (arguing Section 3104(d)(2) requires the court to
analyze how Singapore law requires that service be effected in Singapore). Because I am
not deciding this motion on the basis of Section 3104(d)(2), I need not decide this issue.
64
See 10 Del. C. § 3104(d)(4); see also, e.g., Rio Props., 284 F.3d at 1014 (construing a
similarly worded statute to allow, by “its plain language,” court-directed service provided
17
The only potentially substantive textual difference between Federal
Rule 4(f)(3) and Section 3104(d)(4) is the former’s requirement that the means of
service designated by the trial court “not [be] prohibited by international
agreement.”65 Though the Ninth Circuit in Rio Properties interpreted this language
to allow for service of process “as long as court-directed and not prohibited by an
international agreement . . . [even if that service is] accomplished in contravention
of the laws of the foreign country,” 66 Defendants point out that courts do not
uniformly embrace that construction of Federal Rule 4(f)(3).67 And, they observe,
it is not prohibited by international agreement); Romeo v. Looks, 535 A.2d 1101 (Pa. Super.
1987) appeal denied, 542 A.2d 1370 (Pa. 1988) (finding court-ordered substituted service
valid under Pennsylvania’s identical statutory provision after a “good faith effort to locate
the defendant through more direct means” was first tried); C & F Sys., LLC v.
Limpimax, S.A., 2010 WL 65200, at *2 (W.D. Mich. Jan. 6, 2010) (“[E]ven if other
methods of obtaining service of process are technically allowed, principles of comity
encourage the court to insist, as a matter of discretion, that a plaintiff attempt to follow
foreign law in its efforts to secure service of process upon defendant.”); see also David P.
Stewart & Anna Conley, E-Mail Service on Foreign Defendants: Time for an International
Approach?, 38 GEO. J. INT’L L. 755, 767 (2007) (arguing that “concerns of international
comity and judicial interdependence suggest that foreign law considerations are a necessary
requirement of judges when authorizing e-mail service on defendants in foreign
jurisdictions [under Federal Rule 4(f)(3)].”). Contrary to Defendants’ contention, this
interpretation of Section 3104(d)(4) does not “negate[]” Section 3104(d)(2). Oral Arg.
Tr. 15:11–18. It simply recognizes that Section 3104(d)(4) provides for a means of service
in addition to the means codified in Section 3104(d)(2).
65
Compare Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3), with 10 Del. C. § 3104(d)(4).
66
Id. at 1014.
67
See In re The Richmond Gp., Inc., 2017 WL 4221099, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 21, 2017)
(“A court should take great care in deciding whether to exercise its discretion to permit
service under Rule 4(f)(3), to avoid violating the sovereignty of a foreign country.”);
C & F Sys., 2010 WL 65200, at *2 (“[E]ven if other methods of obtaining service of
18
several courts have recognized, at a minimum, that the plaintiff must first “show[]
the circumstances are such that the court’s intervention is necessary.”68
Even assuming (without deciding) Defendants’ more restrictive reading of
Section 3104(d)(4) is correct, Plaintiffs’ service in this case, as designated by court
order, would still be proper. For a court’s intervention to be “necessary,” a party
need not exhaust all possible methods of service; rather, the court may authorize an
alternative form of service where traditional means have failed or are practically
unavailable.69
process are technically allowed, principles of comity encourage the court to insist, as a
matter of discretion, that a plaintiff attempt to follow foreign law in its efforts to secure
service of process upon defendant.”).
68
Baliga on behalf of Link Motion Inc. v. Link Motion Inc., 385 Supp. 3d 212, 220
(S.D.N.Y. 2019).
69
See Zhou v. Deng, C.A. No. 2021-0026-JRS, at 9 (Del. Ch. April 14, 2021
(TRANSCRIPT) (granting a motion for alternative service in an expedited action where
service via traditional means proved impractical); In re Heckmann Corp. Sec. Litig.,
2011 WL 5855333 (D. Del. Nov. 22, 2011) (“[I]t is not necessary that a plaintiff first
attempt every permissible type of service prior to seeking relief from the court under
rule 4(f)(3).”); Rio Props., 284 F.3d at 1016 (“[Plaintiff] need not have attempted every
permissible means of service of process before petitioning the court for alternative relief.
Instead, RIO needed only to demonstrate that the facts and circumstances of the present
case necessitated the district court’s intervention.”); Oh v. Chan, 2008 WL 11338884, at *2
(C.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2008) (“In exercising its discretion, the district court may require a
showing by the plaintiff that reasonable efforts to serve the defendant have already been
made and that the court’s intervention will avoid further unduly burdensome or futile
attempts at service. Courts have certainly authorized alternative service when plaintiffs
have gone to great—and unsuccessful—lengths to effect service through traditional means
or where the defendant proved to be particularly evasive.” (internal quotations and citations
omitted)); CKR Law LLP v. Anderson Invs. Int’l, LLC, 2021 WL 935843 (S.D.N.Y.
Mar. 12, 2021) (“When courts have allowed for alternative service, they have done so when
plaintiffs have been unable, despite diligent efforts, to serve the defendant in the [foreign
19
Here, Plaintiffs attempted unsuccessfully to serve both Noronha and Riady
several times at their homes, consistent with Singapore law.70 After persisting for
some time, and without having any means of discerning Noronha or Riady’s current
location, or any indication when either would return to their residences, Plaintiffs
moved in this Court for alternative service. With these facts in mind, I am satisfied
the facts and circumstances of this case justify the Court’s intervention under
Section 3104(d)(4). I am also satisfied, for reasons explained below, that the means
of service designated by the Court is reasonable and fair.
As noted, one legitimate reason the court might be reticent to sanction the
means of service requested by a plaintiff under Section 3104(d)(4) is if the selected
means would be ineffective in the jurisdiction where the targets of such service
reside. 71 Here, however, Singapore law indisputably recognizes in cases where
personal service is “impracticable” that valid service of an action in a Singapore
country] according to the Hague [] Convention procedures. These requirements are
imposed in order to prevent parties from whimsically seeking an alternate means of
service.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)).
70
D.I. 55 ¶¶ 3, 5 (describing several unsuccessful attempts to serve Riady at two separate
addresses over the course of several weeks, consistent with Singaporean law);
D.I. 65 ¶¶ 3, 7 (describing several unsuccessful attempts to serve Noronha at his residence,
consistent with Singaporean law).
71
See C & F Sys., 2010 WL 65200, at *2 (“[E]ven if other methods of obtaining service of
process are technically allowed, principles of comity encourage the court to insist, as a
matter of discretion, that a plaintiff attempt to follow foreign law in its efforts to secure
service of process upon defendant.”).
20
court may be made, inter alia, “as the Court may direct to bring the document to the
notice of the person to be served,” 72 which may “include the use of such electronic
means (including electronic mail or Internet transmission) as the Court may
specify.”73 It is also uncontested that where, as here, “service of any process [is]
required in connection with civil proceedings pending before a court or other tribunal
of a foreign country,” service within Singapore may, under its law, “be effected by
a method of service authorized by these Rules for the service of analogous process
issued by the Court.” 74 In other words, Singapore allows foreign process to be
served within its border by any method “analogous” to its own rules, including court-
ordered email service. 75 Plaintiffs’ service via email was therefore effective on
Riady and Noronha under Singapore law.
Moreover, neither Noronha nor Riady dispute that the Substituted Means were
reasonably calculated to give them actual notice or that both defendants, in fact, have
72
Pls.’ Supplemental Answering Br., Ex. 1 (Lahiri Aff., May 20, 2020) (“Lahiri Aff.”)
at Ex. SL-2 (Order 62, r.5(3)); see also Hing Opening Aff. ¶ 9 (asserting the originating
process must either be served by personal service or in accordance with the agreement of
the parties or otherwise ordered by the Court). I note again that Singapore is not a signatory
to the applicable Hague Convention so that treaty is nor relevant to any inquiry into the
state of Singapore’s law on service of process.
73
Lahiri Aff., at Ex. SL-2 (Order 62, r.5(4)).
74
Lahiri Aff. at Ex. SL-2 (Order 65 r.2A); Hing Reply Aff. ¶ 7.
75
Lahiri Aff. ¶ 12; id. at Ex. SL-2 (Order 62, r.5(4)).
21
actual notice of this suit. Noronha and Riady both tacitly admit, therefore, that the
Substituted Means were fair and consistent with Due Process under our law.76
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants Noronha and Riady’s motion to dismiss
Plaintiffs’ Complaint for insufficient service of process and lack of personal
jurisdiction is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
76
See Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950) (setting out
the constitutional standard to be “notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances,
to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity
to present their objections.”); In re Heckmann Corp., 2011 WL 5855333, at *5 (explaining
that where “service via email is reasonably calculated to reach [a defendant], it is not
inconsistent with due process, and is an acceptable means of service.” (internal quotations
and citations omitted)); Zhou v. Deng, C.A. No. 2021-0026-JRS, at 10 (TRANSCRIPT)
(finding international service via email reasonably calculated to give actual notice to the
relevant third parties).
22