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This was
opinion
filed for record
at~:oo M1 on tlvg. J. 2Qt'{
~~~upreme Court Clerk
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
CAROLINA BECERRA BECERRA, )
JULIO CESAR MARTINEZ )
MARTINEZ, ORLANDO VENTURA ) No. 89534-1
REYES, ALMA A. BECERRA, and )
ADELENE MENDOZA SOLORIO, )
)
Respondents, )
)
and )
)
HERIBERTO VENTURA )
SATURNINO, JOSE LUIS )
CORONADO, and MOISES SANTOS ) En Bane
GONZALEZ, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. )
)
EXPERT JANITORIAL, LLC dba )
Expert JMS, and FRED MEYER )
STORES, INC., )
)
Petitioners, )
)
and )
)
ALL JANITORIAL, LLC, SERGEY )
CHABAN, ALL AMERICAN ) Filed AUG 0 7 2014
JANITORIAL LLC, RAUL CAMPOS,)
and JANITORIAL MAINTENANCE )
& SUPPLY, LLC, dba JMS, )
)
Defendants. )
_______________________)
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)
GONZALEZ, J.-The plaintiffs before us worked as night janitors for
subcontractors in various Puget Sound Fred Meyer grocery stores. They allege
that they regularly worked well over 40 hours per week without being paid
either minimum wage or overtime as required by Washington's Minimum
Wage Act (MWA), chapter 49.46 RCW. The merits oftheir action are not
currently at issue. Rather, at issue is whether Fred Meyer Stores Inc. and
Expert Janitorial LLC are joint employers of the janitors for purposes of the act.
The MWA is based on the federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA),
29 U.S.C. §§ 201-219, and we look to FLSAjurispn1dence in interpreting it.
While this court has never specifically held that the "joint employer" doctrine is
a viable theory under the MWA, consistent with the interpretations of the
FLSA, liability under minimum wage laws may extend to 'joint employers"
· even when there is no formal employment relationship. The trial court
dismissed the plaintiffs' joint employer claims against Fred Meyer and Expert,
a middleman, at summary judgment. We find that summary judgment was
improperly granted on this record and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
FACTS
The plaintiffs in this case, Carolina Becerra Becerra, Julio Cesar
Martinez Martinez, Orlando Ventura Reyes, Alma A. Becerra, and Adelene
Mendozo Solorio, all did janitorial work in Puget Sound Fred Meyer stores
2
Becerra v. Expert~ et al. (89534-1)
mostly while the stores were closed and locked at night. None of the plaintiffs
were formally employed by either Fred Meyer or Expert. Until 2004, Fred
Meyer had employed its own, mostly unionized janitors in its Pacific Northwest
grocery stores. In 2004, Fred Meyer began to outsource much of this work.
In 2007, Expert acquired the management contract to provide Fred
Meyer with outsourced facility maintenance services. At the time, Expert had
no janitorial employees itself but would instead "typically subcontract with
independent janitorial companies, called 'Service Providers,' who provide,
manage, and supervise the workers who clean the customers' stores." Clerk's
Papers (CP) at 1924. 1 Expert and Fred Meyer agreed on the specific work the
janitors would do and the specific price Fred Meyer would pay Expert "for
completing the work to Fred Meyer's reasonable satisfaction." !d. at 1925.
Representatives from Expert would visit the stores about once every two
weeks, typically during the daytime when Fred Meyer's store directors were at
work.
Between 2007 and 2010, Expert subcontracted with at least nine
different second-tier subcontracting service providers, including All Janitorial
LLC and All American Janito rial LLC, 2 to fulfill its contract with Fred Meyer.
All of the plaintiffs worked for one or both of these two second-tier service
1 At oral argument, counsel for Expert said that Expert does have its own janitorial
employees but did not assign error to the trial court order finding otherwise.
2
The record suggests that in 2010, All American formally reclassified the janitors as
employees.
3
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)
providers during the relevant time. It appears that neither contractor hired
janitors who were fluent in English. !d. at 703; Resp'ts' Suppl. Br. at 2.
All Janitorial was owned and principally managed by Sergey Chaban. 3
By contract, the company was paid a flat fee per store by Expert. Chaban
testified that All Janitorial could not afford to treat the janitors who worked at
the Fred Meyer stores like employees because the contract price was
insufficient. CP at 240-41 ("We ran the numbers, and the amount we were
getting paid, we couldn't-we would be-we would go negative if we would
treat them as employees."). All Janitorial did not pay plaintiffs overtime,
Social Security, or workers' compensation. Nor did it pay minimum wage.
The plaintiffs made between $7.36 and $7.75 per hour during a time that the
minimum wage in Washington went from $7.93 to $8.55 per hour.
Chaban acknowledged that the janitors began work no later than 11:00
p.m. each night and would often not be signed out by Fred Meyer employees,
and thus not able to leave work, until after 8:00a.m. the next morning. !d. at
1927. Thus, they regularly worked more than eight hours per night. According
to plaintiffs' expert John Ezzo, it is common for such second-tier
subcontractors to take the risk of misclassifying their employees and not
meeting their legal obligations under minimum wage statutes "because they
have relatively little to lose; they go out of business when their practices come
to light." Id. at 1060. 4
3
Proceedings against Chaban have been stayed by bankruptcy proceedings.
4
According to plaintiffs' expert John Ezzo, many businesses use second-tier contractors
who recruit janitors, classify them as independent contractors, schedule them to work full
shifts seven days a week, and do not comply with minimum wage laws. He testified that
4
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)
The plaintiffs brought suit against the second-tier contractors, Fred
Meyer Stores and Expert, for violation of the MWA, among other things. The
plaintiffs contended that they were misclassified as independent contractors;
that as a matter of economic reality, they were Expert's and Fred Meyer's
employees; and that both companies knew the plaintiffs were misclassified and
improperly denied overtime wages. They submitted evidence that such
practices were in accord with a common business model where janitorial work
is outsourced to a company that in turn contracts with second-tier contractors
who provide the janitors. They also submitted evidence that second-tier
contractors have been known to fail to abide by minimum wage statutes.
Fred Meyer and Expert moved for partial summary judgment arguing
that they were not, as a matter of law, the plaintiffs' employers. The trial judge
heard oral argument on both motions separately, starting with Expert's motion
in May 2011 and Fred Meyer's motion in September of that year. In a later
this is sometimes referred to as the "Building One" model, based on the company that
pioneered it in the late 1990s. E.g., CP at 1063, 1073; Resp'ts' Suppl. Br. at 3. Building
One went out of business "while it was being sued in a class action by janitors who
claimed they were being misclassified and working long hours of overtime." CP at 1074.
Ezzo testified that second-tier subcontractors can save "20% right away by classifying its
janitors as independent contractors. It does so by not having to pay payroll taxes (Social
Security, Medicare, FUTA [Federal Unemployment Tax Act, Internal Revenue Code ch.
23], Unemployment Insurance and other taxes), industrial insurance and by not paying
overtime and/or minimum wages." Id. at 1076. Ezzo, himself a chief executive officer
of a janitorial company, contended that these violations would not occur without the first-
tier contractors "turning away from these problems." Id. at 1081. He submitted evidence
that several suits for violation of minimum wage laws had been filed by advocates for
janitors, including the United States Labor Department and Justice Department, and
settled for millions of dollars. The petitioners challenged the admissibility of much of
Ezzo's declarations and renew their objections in their supplemental briefs, but they did
not assign error to the trial court's decision not to exclude it or designate it as an issue for
review. We decline to consider whether the declarations were properly before the trial
court without prejudice to a new proper objection before the trial court on remand.
5
Becerra v. Expert~ et al. (89534-1)
written order that has. not been challenged, the trial court found that the
plaintiffs "were scheduled 7 nights a week, with the exception of Christmas
Eve. The shift began no later than 11:00 p.m. and was supposed to end at 7:00
a.m., but regularly ran over." CP at 1927. At least in part, plaintiffs' shifts
regularly ran over because they were not to leave until "Fred Meyer supervision
signed off on their daily Work Order sheet." Id. The trial court also found that
the plaintiffs were allowed to take a night off only if they could find their own
replacement.
In the matter before us, the judge entered a brief written order dismissing
the plaintiffs' joint employment claim against Expert "under the test set forth in
Bonnette v. California Health and Welfare Agency, 704 F.2d 1465, 1469 (9th
Cir.1983)."5 CP at 1961. She later dismissed the plaintiffs' joint employer
claims against Fred Meyer in a more detailed oral ruling. The parties
proceeded to a bench trial on third-party beneficiary claims, which are not
before us. The plaintiffs appealed only the summary judgment orders, and the
Court of Appeals reversed. Becerra Becerra v. Expert Janitorial, LLC, 176
Wn. App. 694, 699-700, 309 P.3d 711 (2013).
Fred Meyer and Expert each petitioned for review. The Association of
Washington Business, the National Federation of Independent Business, the
National Federation of Independent Business Small Business Legal Center, the
Washington Retail Association, and the International Franchise Association
filed an amicus brief in support of the petition. We granted review. Becerra
Bonnette was abrogated on other grounds by Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit
5
Authority, 469 U.S. 528, 539, 105 S. Ct. 1005, 83 L. Ed. 2d 1016 (1985).
6
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)
Becerra v. Expert Janitorial, 179 Wn.2d 1014, 318 P.3d 279 (2014). Centro de
Ayuda Solidaria a los Amigos (CASA) Latina, the Faith Action Network, the
Latina/o Bar Association of Washington, the National Employment Law
Project, the Service Employees International Union Local6, the Washington
Employment Lawyers Association, and the Washington State Labor Council,
AFL-CIO, have filed an amicus brief in support ofthe plaintiffs.
ANALYSIS
"Summary judgment entitles one party to judgment as a matter of law
and is reviewed de novo." Rivas v. Overtake Hosp. Med. Ctr., 164 Wn.2d 261,
266, 189 P.3d 753 (2008) (citing Troxell v. Rainier Pub. Sch. Dist. No. 307,
154 Wn.2d 345, 350, 111 P.3d 1173 (2005)). We view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party, in this case, the plaintiffs. Owen v.
Burlington N & Santa Fe R.R., 153 Wn.2d 780,787, 108 P.3d 1220 (2005)
(citing Ruffv. King County, 125 Wn.2d 697,703, 887 P.2d 886 (1995)). In the
joint employment context, summary judgment may be available even if the
joint employment factors are split between finding and not finding the
relationship exists. Ling Nan Zheng v. Liberty Apparel Co., 355 F.3d 61, 77
(2d Cir. 2003) ("[T]he Court need not decide that every factor weighs against
joint employment." (emphasis omitted) (citing Moreau v. Air France, 343 F.3d
1179, 1188-89 (9th Cir. 2003))). However, "[b ]ecause of the fact-intensive
character of a determination of joint employment," the Second Circuit
observed, "we rarely have occasion to review determinations made as a matter
of law on an award of summary judgment." Barfield v. NY City Health &
7
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)
Hasps. Corp., 537 F.3d 132, 143-44 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Zheng, 355 F.3d at
76n.13).
Our State's "MWA requires employers to pay their employees (as the act
defines 'employees') overtime pay for the hours they work over 40 hours per
week," subject to exceptions not raised here. Bostain v. Food Express, Inc.,
159 Wn.2d 700, 709, 153 P.3d 846 (2007) (citing RCW 49.46.130).
"Employee" is broadly defined. "[U]nder the MWA, an employee includes any
individual permitted to work by an employer. This is a broad definition."
Anfinson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 174 Wn.2d 851, 867, 281 P.3d
289 (2012) (citingStahlv. DelicorofPugetSound, Inc., 148 Wn.2d 876,884,
64 P.3d 10 (2003)).
The MWA is remedial in nature and is liberally construed. Id. at 870
(citing Int 'lAss 'n ofFire Fighters, Local 46 v. City ofEverett, 146 Wn.2d 29,
45, 42 P.3d 1265 (2002)). We look to the FLSAjurisprudence in interpreting
our act. I d. at 868-69. The FLSA itself expansively defines "employ" as
including "to suffer or permit to work." 29 U.S.C. § 203(g). Its definition of
"employ" is far broader than that in common law and "encompasses 'working
relationships, which prior to [the FLSA], were not deemed to fall within an
employer-employee category."' Zheng, 355 F.3d at 69 (alteration in original)
(quoting Walling v. Portland Terminal Co., 330 U.S. 148, 150-51,67 S. Ct.
639, 91 L. Ed. 809 (1947)). The parties' characterization of their employment
relationship is not determinative. Real v. Driscoll Strawberry Assocs., Inc., 603
F.2d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 1979) (citing Usery v. Pilgrim Equip. Co., 527 F.2d
1308, 1315 (5th Cir. 1976)). Under FLSA regulations:
8
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)
if the facts establish that the employee is employed jointly by two
or more employers, i.e., that employment by one employer is not
completely disassociated from employment by the other employer(s), all
of the employee's work for all of the joint employers during the
workweek is considered as one employment for purposes of the Act. In
this event, all joint employers are responsible, both individually and
jointly, for compliance with all of the applicable provisions of the act,
including the overtime provisions, with respect to the entire employment
for the particular workweek.
29 C.P.R. § 791.2; see also Torres-Lopez v. May, 111 F.3d 633, 638 (9th Cir.
1997) (noting that "an employee may have more than one employer under the
FLSA"). Over the years, federal courts have articulated many different factors
that may be relevant to whether an entity is an employer or joint employer of a
worker for the purposes ofFLSA. E.g., Reyes, 495 F.3d at 407; Bonnette, 704
F.2d at 1470, abrogated on other grounds by Garcia v. San Antonio Metro.
Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 539, 105 S. Ct. 1005, 83 L. Ed. 2d 1016 (1985).
Bonnette is one of the leading cases and held that the factors include, but are
not limited to, '"whether the alleged employer (1) had the power to hire and
fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work schedules or
conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and
(4) maintained employment records."' 704 F.2d at 1470 (quoting Bonnette v.
Cal. Health & Welfare Agency, 525 F. Supp. 128, 135 (D.C. Cal. 1981)). In
Bonnette, the Ninth Circuit found that home health workers were the employees
of the State and local agencies given the four factors above and given the
amount of economic control the state and local agencies had over the workers.
!d.
9
Becerra v. Expert; eta!. (89534-1)
While we have never specifically held that the "joint employer" doctrine
is a viable theory under the MWA, Expert and Fred Meyer do not dispute that if
they are found to be the joint employers of the plaintiffs, they are each
responsible for compliance with the MWA. This accords with federal FLSA
jurisprudence. See 29 C.P.R. § 791.2; see also Torres-Lopez, 111 F.3d at 638.
Every employer, including a joint employer, has the same duties under the
FLSA. Reyes v. Remington Hybrid Seed Co., 495 F.3d 403, 408-09 (7th Cir.
2007).
The parties agree that we use an "economic reality" test to determine
whether a joint employment relationship exists under minimum wage statutes. 6
We find the framework articulated by the Ninth Circuit in Torres-Lopez, 111
F.3d 633, to be the most helpful. There, the court articulated 13 nonexclusive
factors, beginning with 5 formal or regulatory factors:
"(A) The nature and degree of control of the workers;
"(B) The degree of supervision, direct or indirect, of the work;
"(C) The power to determine the pay rates or the methods of payment of
the workers;
"(D) The right, directly or indirectly, to hire, fire, or modify the
employment conditions of the workers; [and]
"(E) Preparation of payroll and the payment of wages."
6
We note that we are not asked to review the subcontractor's characterization of the
plaintiffs as independent contractors. Whether an employee is in fact an independent
contractor is determined under a separate analysis. See generally Anfinson, 174 Wn.2d
851. The joint employment test we articulate today is designed to determine obligations
under the minimum wage act and does not otherwise govern a worker's employment
status or employer's obligations.
10
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)
Id. at 639-40 (alteration in original) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 500.20(h)(4)(ii)). The
court also articulated 8 common law (sometimes called "functional") factors:
(1) whether the work was a "specialty job on the production line,"
Rutherford [Food Corp. v. McComb], 331 U.S. [722,] 730, 67 S. Ct.
[1473, 91 L. Ed. 1772 (1947)];
(2) whether responsibility under the contracts between a labor contractor
and an employer pass from one labor contractor to another without
"material changes," id.;
(3) whether the "premises and equipment'' of the employer are used for
the work, id.; see also Real, 603 F .2d at 7 54 (considering the alleged
employee's "investment in equipment or materials required for his task,
or his employment of helpers");
(4) whether the employees had a "business organization that could or did
shift as a unit from one [worksite] to another," Rutherford, 331 U.S. at
730 ... ;
( 5) whether the work was "piecework" and not work that required
"initiative, judgment or foresight," id.; see also Real, 603 F .2d at 7 54
(considering "whether the service rendered requires a special skill");
(6) whether the employee had an "opportunity for profit or loss
depending upon [the alleged employee's] managerial skill," Real, 603
F.2d at 754;
(7) whether there was "permanence [in] the working relationship," id.;
and
(8) whether "the service rendered is an integral part of the alleged
employer's business," id.
!d. at 640 (some alterations in original); see also Moreau v. Air France, 356
F.3d 942, 950 (9th Cir. 2003). Applying these factors in"Torres-Lopez, the
Ninth Circuit concluded that fannworkers harvesting cucumbers were jointly
11
Becerra v. Expert, et a!. (89534-1)
employed by the farming partnership that operated the farm and not just the
labor contractor that recruited them and thus the partnership was liable under
FLSA. 111 F.3d at 644.
These factors are not exclusive and are not to be applied mechanically or
in a particular order. As the United States Supreme Court noted long ago,
"[T]he determination of the relationship does not depend on such isolated
factors but rather upon the circumstances of the whole activity." Rutherford,
331 U.S. at 730; see also Zheng, 355 F.3d at 71-72 ("The court is also free to
consider any other factors it deems relevant to its assessment of the economic
realities."). Indeed, as the inimitable Judge Easterbrook observed, the
economic reality test "offers a way to think about the subject and not an
algorithm. That's why toting up a score is not enough." Reyes, 495 F.3d at
408. Here, our Court of Appeals properly found that these factors may include
whether the putative joint employer knew of the wage and hour violation,
whether it paid sufficient amounts to the subcontractors to allow for a lawful
wage, and whether the subcontracting arrangement is a "'subterfuge or sham.'"
176 Wn. App. at 719 (quoting Barfield v. NY. City Health & Hasps. Corp., 537
F.3d 132, 145-46 (2d Cir. 2008)).
1. EXPERT
The trial judge articulated only the four Bonnette factors in dismissing
the employee's joint employer theory against Expert:
There is no genuine issue of material fact on the issue of whether Expert
was Plaintiffs' joint employer, and the Defendant is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Specifically, the Court concludes that Expert was not
Plaintiffs' joint employer under the test set forth in Bonnette v.
12
Becerra v. Expert, eta!. (89534-1)
California Health and Welfare Agency, 704 F.2d 1465, 1469 (9th Cir.
1983). Expert was not involved in hiring or firing the plaintiffs, did not
supervise their work schedules or conditions of employment, was not
involved in determining the plaintiffs' rate of pay and did not maintain
their employment records. Plaintiffs admit that nobody from Expert ever
told them what to do or how to do their jobs. In fact, the plaintiffs could
not even identify any employees who worked for Expert.
CP at 1961. Later, in the context of ruling on Fred Meyer's summary judgment
motion, the judge noted that she had limited her analysis in Expert's motion to
the Bonnette factors on the theory that the nonregulatory factors "seem to apply
more to the Boeing[?] case and that type of thing. The production line is one of
the things they talk about. And also they seem to find more where the
plaintiffs work is an integral part of business." Report of Proceedings (Sept. 2,
2011) at 36. The Court of Appeals reversed, concluding that the trial court had
erred in limiting its analysis to the Bonnette factors, that many factors did
weigh in favor of finding Expert was a joint employer, and that material
questions of fact remained to be resolved. Becerra Becerra, 176 Wn. App. at
712-13,723. We agree.
Simply put, we find the trial court did not consider all the relevant
factors at summary judgment or sufficiently identify why it deemed certain
factors to be not relevant. While our review of the record suggests that
summary judgment was improperly granted on the merits, we do not mean to
bind the trial court's hands on remand. We remand for further proceedings,
7
It is not clear what case the trial judge is referring to or if the court reporter misheard
her. No case named Boeing was cited in the summary judgment briefing, raised on oral
argument on the motion, or appears in FLSAjoint employment case law. We note that
Expert urges us to find that the trial court did consider more factors than those she listed,
but our review of the record persuades us otherwise.
13
Becerra v. Expert~ et al. (89534-1)
including further discovery by the parties if they deem it necessary, and direct
the trial court to consider any otherwise proper summary judgment motions
brought by the parties raising the joint employment matter again.
2. FRED MEYER
The trial judge's written ruling granting Fred Meyer's summary
judgment did not identify any of the factors she considered. In her oral ruling,
she effectively found that four factors, some formal and some functional,
weighed in favor of finding Fred Meyer was not the joint employer of the
janitors. Again, we believe it is unlikely summary judgment should have been
granted on this record, but we leave it in the able hands of the trial court to
reconsider the matter using the Torres-Lopez factors on remand.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the Court of Appeals and remand for further proceedings on
whether Fred Meyer and Expert functioned as joint employers of the janitors
under Washington's MWA.
14
Becerra v. Expert; et al. (89534-1)
otllzcX lez
WE CONCUR:
0~62
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