¶1 This appeal arises from an action brought by the Seattle Times against the Department of Labor and Industries (L&I) for withholding nonexempt public records in violation of the Public Records Act (PRA), chapter 42.56 RCW. It presents two novel questions about the PRA, and additional fact-specific questions. First, we must determine whether a trial court has discretion to calculate penalties for nondisclosure of public records on a per page basis by defining the term “record” to include a single page. Second, we must determine whether L&I investigations qualify for the categorical investigative records exemption we have recognized as necessary for “effective law enforcement.” Finally, this case requires us to decide whether the trial court correctly found that L&I violated the PRA during five separate time periods, and appropriately imposed penalties for each time period.
¶2 We hold that the PRA allows trial courts to impose penalties calculated on a per page basis, and that L&I cannot take advantage of the categorical investigative records exemption in this case. Because L&I did not otherwise demonstrate that any of the public records at issue were exempt from disclosure, and because the trial court acted within its considerable discretion, we affirm the decision below.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶3 In October 2012, L&I received a complaint of elevated levels of lead in the blood of two employees working on a remodel of Wade’s Eastside Gun Shop Inc. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 766. L&I opened investigations into companies that employed workers at Wade’s during the remodel. Id. at 800.
*276¶4 On January 31, 2013, the Seattle Times requested access to all L&I records on lead exposure at Wade’s. Id. at 52. After six months of communications back and forth (described in detail below), the request ended up in superior court. Id. at 1. The superior court found that L&I failed to properly comply with PRA procedures for the Seattle Times’ request. Id. at 471. The superior court calculated separate penalties for five different time periods between January 31, 2013 (the date of the PRA request) and September 20, 2013 (the date the Seattle Times finally received all responsive records). Id. at 861-63.
¶5 L&I contends it did not violate the PRA during any of these five time periods. Because L&I’s challenges are fact-specific, we discuss the facts related to each time period where relevant to our analysis.
¶6 The superior court imposed a $502,827.40 penalty for the PRA violations based on the number of pages of public records L&I wrongfully withheld and L&I’s culpability during each time period. Id. at 861-64. In addition, the superior court awarded the Seattle Times attorney fees and costs, for a total judgment against L&I of $546,509.26. Id. at 866-67. L&I appealed, and we granted direct review. Order, Wade’s Eastside Gun Shop, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., No. 89629-1 (Wash. Jan. 7, 2015).
ISSUES
¶7 1. Does the PRA prohibit the calculation of a penalty for improperly withheld public records on a per page basis?
¶8 2. Can L&I rely on the categorical “investigative records exemption”1 articulated in Newman v. King County, 133 Wn.2d 565, 947 P.2d 712 (1997)?
¶9 3. Did L&I violate the PRA during each of the five time periods described by the superior court?
*277ANALYSIS
¶10 The PRA is a strongly worded mandate for disclosure of public records. The purpose of the act is “nothing less than the preservation of the most central tenets of representative government, namely, the sovereignty of the people and the accountability to the people of public officials and institutions.” Progressive Animal Welfare Soc’y v. Univ. of Wash., 125 Wn.2d 243, 251, 884 P.2d 592 (1994) (plurality opinion); see also RCW 42.56.030. To effectuate the PRA’s purpose, the legislature declared that the PRA “shall be liberally construed and its exemptions narrowly construed.” RCW 42.56.030. The language of the PRA must be interpreted in a manner that furthers the PRA’s goal of ensuring that the public remains informed so that it may maintain control over its government. Id.; see, e.g., Yakima County v. Yakima Herald-Republic, 170 Wn.2d 775, 797, 246 P.3d 768 (2011).
¶ 11 A trial court’s award of penalties for a PRA violation is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Yousoufian v. Office of Ron Sims, 168 Wn.2d 444, 458, 229 P.3d 735 (2010) (’Yousoufian II). A court abuses its discretion only when it adopts a view “ ‘that no reasonable person would take’ ” or when it bases its decision on “untenable grounds or reasons.” Id. at 458-59 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d 647, 654, 71 P.3d 638 (2003)).
I. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Imposed a Per Page Penalty
¶12 The superior court imposed a PRA penalty for each improperly withheld page of the requested public records. See CP at 861-63. L&I argues that this was error, and that the PRA allows courts to impose a penalty only on a per record request. The plain language of the statute and our case law necessitate finding that trial courts have broad discretion to determine the appropriate method of *278calculating a PRA penalty, and nothing prohibits doing so on a per page basis.
¶13 A plain reading of the PRA supports the trial court’s calculation of an appropriate penalty on a per page basis. The PRA’s penalty provision reads:
Any person who prevails against an agency in any action in the courts seeking the right to inspect or copy any public record ... shall be awarded all costs .... In addition, it shall be within the discretion of the court to award such person [a penalty] for each day that he or she was denied the right to inspect or copy said-public record.
RCW 42.56.550(4) (emphasis added).
¶14 The PRA defines “public record” to include “any writing containing information relating to the conduct of government.” RCW 42.56.010(3) (emphasis added). A “writing” is defined to include “all papers.” RCW 42.56.010(4). A single page fits within the plain language of this broad definition. See Rental Hous. Ass’n of Puget Sound v. City of Des Moines, 165 Wn.2d 525, 536, 199 P.3d 393 (2009) (explaining that where the meaning of statutory language is plain, the court must give effect to that plain meaning).
¶15 Furthermore, the plain language of the PRA confers great discretion on trial courts to determine the appropriate penalty for a PRA violation. The act provides, “[I]t shall be within the discretion of the court to award [a person who prevails against an agency] an amount not to exceed one hundred dollars for each day that he or she was denied the right to inspect or copy said public record.” RCW 42.56-.550(4) (emphasis added). Since enacting the PRA, the legislature has afforded courts more—not less—discretion in setting penalties for PRA violations. In 1992, the legislature changed the permissible penalty range from not more than 25 dollars, to not less than 5 and not more than 100 dollars. Laws of 1992, ch. 139, § 8. In 2011, the legislature provided trial courts with even more discretion by removing the mandatory minimum penalty. Laws of 2011, *279ch. 273, § 1. The plain language and legislative history of the PRA support trial courts having broad discretion to set appropriate penalties.
¶16 Our case law also makes it clear that trial courts have ample discretion to determine appropriate penalties for PRA violations. We have allowed trial courts to divide requests into groups of records. See Sanders v. State, 169 Wn.2d 827, 864, 240 P.3d 120 (2010) (upholding trial court’s discretion to group requested documents broadly by subject matter into two “records”); Yousoufian v. Office of King County Exec., 152 Wn.2d 421, 436, 98 P.3d 463 (2004) (’Yousoufian I) (holding a trial court is not required to assess penalties per requested record on an individual document basis, but may assess them per group of records). Even when we have given specific guidance on what a trial court should consider in assessing penalties, we have emphasized that “[t]hese factors should not infringe upon the considerable discretion of trial courts to determine PRA penalties.” Yousoufian II, 168 Wn.2d at 468. The trial court in this case did not abuse this considerable discretion.
¶17 Recent decisions demonstrate the changing and unpredictable nature of “public records,” underscoring the importance of a trial court’s broad discretion. When the PRA was enacted in 1972, we typically imagined public records as handwritten or typed, hard copy documents. Today, there is no doubt a record can be something other than a sheet of paper or a bound volume. Five years ago, we held that metadata—“ ‘data about data, or hidden statistical information about a document that is generated by a software program’ ”—can be a public record. O’Neill v. City of Shoreline, 170 Wn.2d 138, 145, 240 P.3d 1149 (2010) (quoting Jembaa Cole, When Invisible Ink Leaves Red Faces: Tactical, Legal, and Ethical Consequences of the Failure to Remove Metadata, 1 Shidler J.L. Com. & Tech. 8, ¶ 7 (2005)). More recently, we held that transcripts of text message content could be public records. Nissen v. Pierce County, 183 Wn.2d 863, 357 P.3d 45 (2015).
*280¶18 Limiting trial courts to imposing penalties based on a set definition of “record” would deny them the flexibility needed to respond appropriately to PRA violations in this age of rapidly advancing technology. The trial court is in the best position to make an individual, fact-driven inquiry into what PRA penalties are necessary to achieve the penalty provision’s goal of deterring unlawful nondisclosure. See Yousoufian II, 168 Wn.2d at 462-63. Allowing courts to define “said public record” in a way that makes sense for the particular case promotes the most effective implementation of the PRA. In this case, the trial court’s determination that each withheld page constituted a record was a reasonable interpretation of the PRA within its discretion. We affirm the trial court’s imposition of a per page penalty.
II. L&I Cannot Assert the Categorical Investigative Records Exemption
¶19 L&I argues it was categorically exempt from producing public records from the time of its PRA response letter (February 7, 2013) through the time the last citation was issued (June 7, 2013) because these records fall under the categorical exemption for investigative records recognized in Newman. See L&I Reply Br. at 10. We reject this argument because L&I investigations do not implicate the same concerns underlying our holding in Newman. L&I violated the PRA when it failed to produce the requested records or show that any exemption applied.
¶20 The categorical exemption at issue in Newman protects from disclosure “[s]pecific intelligence information and specific investigative records compiled by investigative, law enforcement, and penology agencies, and state agencies vested with the responsibility to discipline members of any profession, the nondisclosure of which is essential to effective law enforcement or for the protection of any person’s right to privacy.” RCW 42.56.240(1). As an exemption from disclosure, this provision must be narrowly construed. RCW 42.56.030. “[T]he agency claiming the ex*281emption bears the burden of proving that the documents requested fall within the scope of the exemption.” Cowles Publ’g Co. v. Spokane Police Dep’t, 139 Wn.2d 472, 476, 987 P.2d 620 (1999). To qualify for this exemption, the record must (1) be investigative in nature, (2) be compiled by a law enforcement, penology, or investigative agency, and (3) be essential to law enforcement or the protection of privacy. Koenig v. Thurston County, 175 Wn.2d 837, 843, 287 P.3d 523 (2012).
¶21 Newman involved an open, unsolved criminal investigation of a murder. In this context, the court recognized that RCW 42.56.240(1) categorically exempts from disclosure all “information contained in an open active police investigation file.” 133 Wn.2d at 575 (citing former RCW 42.17.310(1)(d)). The court concluded that any release of records during the ongoing investigation “would impair the ability of law enforcement to share information and would inhibit the ability of police officers to determine, in their professional judgment, how and when information will be released.” Id. at 574. In particular, the court was concerned about the release of “sensitive information.” Id. It recognized that a blanket exemption was needed to “allow [ ] the law enforcement agency, not the courts, to determine what information, if any, is essential to solve a case.” Id.
¶22 Subsequent cases have emphasized the narrowness of Newman’s holding. In Cowles Publishing, we explained that the concern prompting Newman’s categorical exemption was not just that the case was open, but that the crime was unsolved. Cowles Publ’g, 139 Wn.2d at 477. “[I]n Newman, we were concerned both with the difficulty police would have segregating information in unsolved cases, and with the propriety of charging courts with responsibility of determining whether nondisclosure was critical to solving the case . . . .” Id.
¶23 Solved cases, however, differ significantly from unsolved ones. In solved cases—those “where the suspect has already been arrested and the matter referred to the *282prosecutor for a charging decision”—“any potential danger to effective law enforcement is not such as to warrant categorical nondisclosure of all records in the police investigative file.” Id. at 477, 479. In such cases, “the risk of inadvertently disclosing sensitive information that might impede apprehension of the perpetrator no longer exists” and hence a categorical exemption is no longer warranted. Id. at 477-78. Instead, the trial court must “make a case-by-case determination of whether nondisclosure is essential to effective law enforcement.” Id. at 480.
¶24 Recently, in Sargent v. Seattle Police Department, 179 Wn.2d 376, 314 P.3d 1093 (2013), we held that the investigative records exemption does not apply categorically once a case has been filed with the prosecutor, even if the prosecutor declines to file charges and refers the case back for further investigation, nor does it apply categorically to internal investigation information. See also Seattle Times Co. v. Serko, 170 Wn.2d 581, 594, 243 P.3d 919 (2010) (holding once the prosecutor made his charging decisions and a murder investigation was no longer ongoing, the case was outside of Newman and on point with Cowles Publishing); Limstrom v. Ladenburg, 136 Wn.2d 595, 613, 963 P.2d 869 (1998) (declining to extend Newman’s categorical exemption to the work product exemption). The categorical exemption created in Newman is narrow, and must remain that way. See RCW 42.56.030; Sargent, 179 Wn.2d at 389 (“[expanding the court-made rule [from Newman] to cases that have been referred for charges but rejected by the prosecutor is a sweeping change that is not justified by the express language of the exemption, nor by the public policy favoring disclosure and accountability of government agencies to the public they serve”).
¶25 L&I investigations are unlike open, unsolved criminal investigations. They are more analogous to the situation presented in Cowles Publishing, where the concerns that justified Newman’s categorical exemption do not exist. L&I issues a citation after investigation of an *283employer. RCW 49.17.120(1). Employers know they are being investigated. There is not the same risk of disclosing sensitive information that exists in a criminal investigation and could impede the apprehension of an as-yet-unknown suspect. Cf. Sargent, 179 Wn.2d at 393-94; Cowles Publ’g, 139 Wn.2d at 477-78.
¶26 This is not to suggest that L&I could never claim the investigative records exemption;2 it simply cannot rely on Newman’s categorical exemption. To successfully rely on this exemption, L&I would need to prove, on the facts of the particular case, that the records to be withheld are essential to effective law enforcement. See Sargent, 179 Wn.2d at 394; Cowles Publ’g, 139 Wn.2d at 479-80. It did not do so here.
¶27 L&I cannot assert Newman’s categorical exemption, and it has failed to show with regard to any specific documents that nondisclosure is in fact essential to effective law enforcement. Accordingly, L&I violated the PRA when it refused to disclose the requested documents. See Soter v. Cowles Publ’g Co., 162 Wn.2d 716, 751, 174 P.3d 60 (2007) (plurality opinion) (“good faith reliance on an exemption does not preclude imposition of [PRA] penalties”).
III. L&I Violated the PRA during Each of the Time Periods the Superior Court Identified
¶28 After concluding L&I was not entitled to claim a categorical exemption, the trial court ruled that L&I vio*284lated the PRA during multiple time periods. L&I argues that it complied with the PRA at all times, and it assigns error to every finding of fact and conclusion of law entered by the superior court. Br. of Appellant at 1-2. Because the trial judge imposed penalties for five different time periods, and because L&I raises different challenges for each of the time periods, we have organized our analysis by the trial court’s time periods.
A. Time Period 1: L&I Withholds Records While Investigations Are Open
¶29 The first time period at issue is between the date of the Seattle Times’ PRA request (January 31, 2013) and the date the superior court concluded that L&I’s investigations closed (March 22, 2013). CP at 861.
1. Time Period 1 Facts
¶30 On January 31, 2013, the Seattle Times made a PRA request for “access to all L&I records on possible exposure of workers and/or customers to lead at Wade’s Eastside Gun Shop.” CP at 52. L&I responded within the statutorily required five business days and explained that the requested records were part of open investigations and would not be available until the investigations closed, pursuant to RCW 49.17.260 and 42.56.280. Id. at 54. L&I now argues that although it did not cite the investigative records exemption, RCW 42.56.240(1), it explained that it was withholding records because the investigations were open and thus L&I was actually relying on that exemption. See Br. of Appellant at 17. In its response to the Seattle Times, L&I indicated that investigations typically take up to six months to complete, and it stated that by August 9, 2013, L&I would either mail copies of the records or provide an update on the status of the investigations. CP at 54. L&I also provided copies of records associated with a 2010 investigation of Wade’s. See id. at 54, 800.
¶31 The superior court ruled that L&I’s investigation concluded on March 22, 2013. Id. at 861. It apparently *285based its conclusion on a letter L&I sent on March 22, 2013 to one of the individuals who first reported lead exposure at Wade’s. See id. The letter explained the results of L&I’s investigation of the individual’s complaint. Id. at 564-65. The letter attached a copy of the citation issued to the company, as well as the results of other inspections at the site. Id. Presumably, the superior court concluded that if L&I could release this information to the individual who complained, it should also have released some or all of the investigation files to the Seattle Times.
¶32 Fifty days elapsed between the Seattle Times’ PRA request and the date the superior court ruled that any law enforcement exemption ceased to apply. The superior court imposed a $0.02 per page per day penalty for that delay, resulting in a total penalty of $5,431.00. Id. at 861.
2. We Affirm the Superior Court’s Ruling That L&I Violated the PRA When It Failed To Disclose Public Records during Time Period 1
¶33 For the reasons discussed above, L&I cannot assert the categorical investigative records exemption for this—or any other—time period. Furthermore, L&I’s bare explanation that the records were part of an “open investigation” and their estimated disclosure date was not sufficient to justify withholding these records.3 L&I bears the burden to prove that the specific records were essential to effective law enforcement. It did not meet this burden.
¶34 L&I failed to provide any evidence that nondisclosure was essential to effective law enforcement. In its PRA response letter, it simply stated that the records were part of “open investigations,” and briefly cited two exemptions. *286CP at 54. L&I did not discuss particular records, explain how the cited exemptions applied to specific records, or explain how any of the requested records were essential to effective law enforcement. Even in this court, L&I makes only general arguments as to why disclosure may harm future investigations. See L&I Answer to Amicus Curiae Br. of Allied Daily Newspapers at 13. It does not explain why disclosure of these particular records would harm its investigations. Cf. Ameriquest Mortg. Co. v. Office of Att’y Gen., 177 Wn.2d 467, 492, 300 P.3d 799 (2013). We hold that L&I violated the PRA during time period 1, and affirm the trial court’s imposition of penalties for this time period.
3. The Superior Court Properly Found That L&Fs Investigation Concluded on March 22, 2013 and Correctly Based Its Penalty Calculations on 5,431 Records
¶35 The superior court held that L&I’s investigation concluded on March 22, 2013. CP at 861. L&I argues that its investigation did not close until June 7,2013 when it issued the final citation. Br. of Appellant at 23. L&I also argues that the evidence does not support a finding that L&I had all 5,431 pages of the responsive records it ultimately produced in its possession on January 31, 2013. Id.
¶36 As explained above, L&I cannot rely on the categorical exemption and did not otherwise provide sufficient justification to withhold any record for any period of time. Thus, exactly when L&I’s investigation ended is immaterial. Because the trial court increased the penalty per withheld record based on when it found the investigation ended, however, we address this matter.
¶37 The superior court presumably based its ruling that L&I’s investigation ended on March 22 on the letter L&I sent to George Dunn, who complained of hazards at Wade’s. See CP at 564-65. L&I’s own procedures required it to send the complainant a copy of inspection results, including a copy of the issued citation. See Wash. State Dep’t of Labor & Indus., Division of Occupational Safety and Health Compliance *287Manual 2-8 (June 15, 2011). The letter to Dunn included the results of L&I’s review of Dunn’s submission, and the letter stated that it included a copy of the notice and citation. The letter also stated, “[O]ther inspections were conducted at the site and the results of those inspections are included in separate reports,”4 indicating that at least some of the investigations related to Wade’s had concluded by March 22. CP at 565 (emphasis added). L&I failed to explain why it could release the records referenced in the letter to Dunn, but not to the Seattle Times. See id. at 834 (L&I’s second installment of records to the Seattle Times was not released for another two months). Furthermore, L&I failed to show that it had a continued need to withhold records, even after releasing some records from one of its interrelated investigations. It was reasonable for the trial court to find the investigations ended on March 22.
¶38 L&I’s argument that the evidence does not support that it had all of the records in its possession on January 31 also fails. L&I failed to provide specific evidence to support this claim, instead relying on its theory (which we have rejected) that the PRA does not authorize a per record penalty. See Wash. Supreme Court oral argument, Wade’s Eastside Gun Shop, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., No. 89629-1 (May 7, 2015), at 33 min., 14 sec. through 33 min., 44 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington State’s Public Affairs Network, http://www.tvw.org; L&I Reply Br. at 12 n.4 (“this issue is not relevant because the measure of the *288penalty is not based on the number of documents”).5 We affirm the trial court’s imposition of penalties for 5,431 records.
B. Time Period 2: L&I Withholds Records after Investigations Close
¶39 The second time period for which the superior court ruled that L&I violated the PRA is between the date the superior court determined to be the end of L&I’s investigation (March 22, 2013) and when L&I notified the investigated companies of the PRA request (July 25, 2013, as described below). CP at 861.
1. Time Period 2 Facts
¶40 L&I concedes it did not produce all of the records after the investigations closed. L&I claims it needed additional time to review the records to determine whether any other PRA exemptions applied. The superior court rejected this argument, ruling that “[b]y L&I’s own admissions any exemptions that applied to the records ceased to apply as soon as the investigation was concluded,” and that “L&I has offered inadequate justification for its delay in notifying the subjects or in releasing the records.” Id.
¶41 One hundred twenty-five days elapsed between the date the investigation ended and the date L&I notified the companies of the PRA request. For those 125 days, the superior court imposed a $0.25 per page per day penalty. Id. Applied to all pages ultimately produced, this penalty totaled $169,718.75. Id.
*289 2. We Affirm the Superior Court’s Ruling That L&I Violated the PRA When It Failed To Produce the Records after the Investigations Closed
¶42 We affirm the superior court’s ruling that L&I violated the PRA during this time period because L&I continued to improperly withhold records. As explained above, the records L&I withheld were not exempt and thus should not have been withheld in the first place. Further, L&I failed to provide evidence to support its claim that it needed additional time after the investigations closed to review the records for additional exemptions.
¶43 Under the PRA, agencies may need additional time to respond to a request because of “the need to ... locate and assemble the information requested, to notify third persons or agencies affected by the request, or to determine whether any of the information requested is exempt and that a denial should be made as to all or part of the request.” RCW 42.56.520.
¶44 In this case, L&I explained in its original response to the Seattle Times that it did not believe it would be able to produce the requested records until the investigations closed, likely by August 9, 2013. CP at 54. However, it was unreasonable for L&I to adhere to August 9, as its deadline after the investigations actually concluded at various times between March and June 2013. See id. at 812. Such delay is contrary to the letter and the spirit of the PRA. While agencies may provide a reasonable estimate of when they can produce the requested records, see Ockerman v. King County Dep’t of Developmental & Envtl. Servs., 102 Wn. App. 212, 6 P.3d 1214 (2000), they cannot use that estimated date as an excuse to withhold records that are no longer exempt from disclosure. In this case, because L&I’s investigations took less than six months to complete, it should have begun releasing the records sooner than Au*290gust 9.6 It offered various explanations for the delay (including that the investigations were all interrelated and that all records needed to be reviewed for other exemptions that might apply), but it failed to provide evidence to support those explanations. The superior court correctly found that L&I violated the PRA by improperly withholding records without meeting its burden of showing how the records were—even temporarily—exempt. We affirm that ruling.
C. Time Period 3: L&I Withholds Records To Notify Investigated Companies and Allow Them Time To Seek a Protective Court Order
¶45 The third time period for which the superior court ruled that L&I violated the PRA is between when L&I notified the investigated companies of the PRA request (July 25,2013) and the deadline L&I gave the companies to obtain a protective court order (August 9, 2013). CP at 861.
1. Time Period 3 Facts
¶46 On July 25, 2013, L&I notified the various employers that had been investigated for lead exposure at Wade’s that L&I had received a PRA request for the investigation files. Id. at 154-58. In its notification letter, L&I informed the employers that despite the records being stamped confidential, L&I determined the files to be public records and would therefore release them on August 9,2013, unless it “receive [d] a motion for court protection to withhold them.” Id.
*291¶47 Fifteen days elapsed between when L&I notified the companies of the PRA request and the deadline L&I gave the companies to file for a protective court order. For that delay, the superior court imposed a $0.01 penalty per page per day, resulting in a total penalty of $814.65. Id. at 861-62.
¶48 The superior court explained that L&I gave the employers too much time to obtain a protective court order, “especially after L&I delayed so long sending the notice in the first place.” Id.
2. We Affirm the Superior Court’s Ruling That L&I Violated the PRA during Time Period 3
¶49 We affirm the superior court’s ruling that L&I improperly withheld public records during this time period. L&I argues that the delay in release was reasonable to give the investigated employers an opportunity to seek a protective order, in accordance with RCW 42.56.520 and 42.56.540. L&I is correct that the PRA allows public agencies to notify affected persons of a public records request and permits a reasonable delay to permit affected parties a “realistic opportunity” to obtain a protective order. Confederated, Tribes of Chehalis Reservation v. Johnson, 135 Wn.2d 734, 758, 958 P.2d 260 (1998); see RCW 42.56.520, .540. However, as the superior court noted, L&I waited almost six months before notifying the affected employers that it had received a PRA request. L&I failed to justify this delay, providing no explanation why it did not notify the employers when it received the request or at the close of its investigations. By waiting until July 25, 2013, to notify the companies, L&I created an unnecessary delay in releasing the records. The superior court appropriately found that L&I violated the PRA. We affirm that ruling.
I). Time Period 4: L&I Withholds Records after a Complaint Is Filed, but No Protective Court Order Is Entered
¶50 The fourth time period for which the superior court ruled L&I violated the PRA is between the deadline L&I *292gave the companies to obtain a protective court order (August 9, 2013) and the date the court ordered L&I to produce all requested records (September 12, 2013). CP at 862.
1. Time Period 4 Facts
¶51 As noted above, L&I’s letter to the investigated companies informed them that L&I would be disclosing the contents of the investigation files on August 9, 2013, unless it received “a motion for court protection to withhold them.” CP at 154-58.
¶52 On August 8, 2013, Wade’s sent a letter to L&I asking it to continue to withhold the requested records. Id. at 819. The letter stated that Wade’s anticipated filing a complaint on August 9, 2013 and a motion for a preliminary injunction on August 19, 2013. Id. The letter explained Wade’s anticipated needing at least a week to serve all PRA requesters. Id.
¶53 Also on August 8, 2013, another investigated company, S.D. Deacon Corp., sent a letter to L&I notifying it of Deacon’s intent to bring a motion to protect seven documents held by L&I. Id. at 822. Deacon’s letter noted, “You have stated that this letter is enough to stop the issuance of the documents identified, please let me know if this changes.” Id. at 823.
¶54 On August 9, 2013, L&I sent a letter to the Seattle Times explaining that L&I had been notified that parties to the investigation were filing for a protective court order pursuant to RCW 45.56.520. Id. at 825. L&I explained that it would monitor the legal proceedings and update the Seattle Times on the status of the proceedings, or mail the records, on September 13, 2013. Id.
¶55 On August 9, 2013, Wade’s filed a complaint for relief, id. at 1, but no motion for a protective order was granted. On August 19,2013, the Seattle Times notified L&I that L&I could not continue to withhold records without a court order. Id. at 160. L&I responded that it was sched*293uling a show cause hearing “at a time and date convenient to the parties.” Id.
¶56 Thirty-four days elapsed between the deadline L&I gave the employers to move for a protective court order and the date the superior court ordered L&I to produce the records. During that time, no protective order was entered by any court. For that delay, the superior court imposed a penalty of $1 per page per day, resulting in a total penalty of $184,654. Id. at 862.
¶57 The superior court imposed that penalty because L&I voluntarily withheld the records “after the subjects missed L&I’s deadline and failed to obtain or even seek a judicial order.” Id. The superior court reiterated, “[T]hese were records L&I has admitted were not exempt, and . . . the subjects had not noted any motions for a judicial order.” Id. The court faulted L&I for “voluntarily withholding the records as a courtesy to the subjects allowing them to note motions when it was convenient to them.” Id.
2. We Affirm the Superior Court’s Ruling That L&I Violated the PRA during Time Period 4
¶58 We affirm the superior court’s ruling that L&I violated the PRA by voluntarily withholding nonexempt records after the investigated companies failed to obtain a protective court order. L&I concedes that it probably should have produced the records after its August 9,2013, deadline passed without a protective court order, see Official Record of Proceedings (ORP) (Oct. 31,2013) at 13, but it insists that it acted reasonably when it relied on the investigated companies’ representations that they would seek a protective court order, see Br. of Appellant at 31-32. L&I is incorrect. L&I did not act reasonably when, after waiting many months to notify the investigated companies of the PRA request, L&I told the companies it would continue to withhold all nonexempt public records if it received a motion for a protective court order rather than an actual court order. Further, L&I did not act reasonably when it *294withheld all of the records although only one company filed a complaint and another company requested protection for only seven individual documents. L&I has never explained why it did not release all other records no later than August 9.7 Finally, L&I does not explain why it failed to release all records when no company noted a motion for temporary or injunctive relief and the Seattle Times provided L&I’s attorney with a case citation explaining that an agency could not withhold nonexempt records without a court order. See CP at 160. L&I also implies that this portion of the penalty was too large, but it makes no argument that the trial court abused its discretion (beyond its overarching argument regarding the imposition of a per page penalty, discussed above). We affirm the superior court’s ruling for this time period.
E. Time Period 5: L&I Withholds Records after the Superior Court Orders the Release of Records
¶59 The fifth time period for which the superior court ruled L&I violated the PRA is between the date the court ordered L&I to produce all requested records (September 12, 2013) and the dates L&I finally produced all of the records (September 13, 2013, and September 20, 2013). Id. at 862-63.
1. Time Period 5 Facts
¶60 On September 4, 2013, the Seattle Times filed counterclaims against Wade’s and cross claims against L&I. Id. at 17. It also moved for an order requiring L&I to produce the records responsive to its January 31, 2013, PRA request. Id. at 161. The Seattle Times asked the court to find that L&I violated the PRA and to award attorney fees, costs, and penalties for the violation. Id. at 162.
*295¶61 On September 12, 2013, the superior court granted the Seattle Times’ motion for production and ordered L&I to promptly produce the withheld records. Id. at 469-72. As described in the sections above, the superior court ruled that L&I had violated the PRA by (1) failing to produce the responsive records, (2) failing to identify the records responsive to the request, (3) failing to identify allegedly applicable exemptions, (4) delaying production, and (5) voluntarily withholding records with no court order in place requiring such action. Id. at 471. The superior court ruled that the Seattle Times was the prevailing party, and awarded attorney fees, costs, and statutory penalties (the amount to be determined later). Id. at 471-72.
¶62 L&I released records during this time period in two installments. On September 13,2013 (installment one), L&I released 1,968 pages of unredacted records. Id. at 559; see id. at 570. Because of the size of the files and technological difficulties transferring the records electronically, L&I sent the files on discs via overnight mail. Id. at 559, 570. As part of that release, L&I explained that it needed additional time before releasing the rest of the records because it needed to determine whether any of the requested information was statutorily exempt from disclosure. Id. at 828.
¶63 On September 20, 2013, the Seattle Times received the final installment of records, which consisted of 3,445 pages. Id. at 559; see id. at 570. L&I explained that it delayed production in order to redact some medical information from the records, although it did not ultimately redact any information. Id. at 745.
¶64 For the one-day delay between the court order and L&I’s production of records the following day, the superior court imposed a $5 per page per day penalty. Id. at 862-63. Applied to the 1,968 produced pages, this penalty was $9,840. Id. The superior court explained that “[a]s of September 12, 2013, L&I was under orders from this Court to produce all records and it had failed to prove any exemptions, something it was required to do had it wanted to do so *296at the September 12,2013, hearing before this Court.” Id. at 862. In the superior court judge’s oral ruling, she explained that “[t]he records, from what I understand from what [the L&I attorney] has said, were compiled at least by the time that notice was given to the subjects in this case. And I have to say if they weren’t, they should have been.” ORP (Oct. 31, 2013) at 20.
¶65 For the nine-day delay between the court order and L&I’s production of the remaining records, the superior court imposed a $5 per page per day penalty. CP at 863. This penalty totaled $137,800. Id. In her oral ruling, the judge stated, “I certainly don’t understand the nine day delay after my order issued here in this Court in getting the records to the Times.” ORP (Oct. 31, 2013) at 19-20. In the written ruling, the superior court faulted L&I for “attempt-ling] to delay production of the remaining records into October and to identify additional new exemptions.” CP at 862-63. The court noted that L&I “eventually relented and produce[d] the remaining 3,445 responsive records” after it was “threatened with a motion for contempt.” Id. at 863.
2. We Affirm the Superior Court’s Ruling That L&I Violated the PRA during Time Period 5
¶66 We affirm the superior court’s ruling that L&I violated the PRA by continuing to withhold nonexempt records after being ordered by the court to produce them. The superior court correctly reasoned that L&I should have been ready to produce the documents on September 12, 2013. L&I fails to show that the superior court erred when it determined L&I violated the PRA by not producing the requested documents on September 12. By L&I’s own timeline, it was (or should have been) ready to produce those records on August 9, 2013. The superior court reasonably found L&I’s excuses for not being ready to produce the documents on September 12 unavailing. While L&I implies that this portion of the penalty was too large, it offers no explanation as to how the superior court abused its discre*297tion. We affirm the superior court’s rulings with regard to this time period.
IV. Attorney Fees on Appeal
¶67 The Seattle Times asks this court to award costs and attorney fees on appeal pursuant to RAP 18.1. Seattle Times’ Br. of Resp’t at 49. The PRA provides for costs and reasonable attorney fees for “[a]ny person who prevails against an agency in any action in the courts seeking the right to inspect or copy any public record.” RCW 42.56-.550(4). The Seattle Times prevailed at the trial court and prevails on appeal. We therefore award the Seattle Times costs and attorney fees on appeal.
CONCLUSION
¶68 The PRA affords trial courts considerable discretion to fashion appropriate penalties for violations of the act. Taking into account the facts and circumstances of the case, the trial court here did not abuse that discretion in determining what constitutes a relevant “record” and imposing penalties on a per page basis.
¶69 L&I may not take advantage of the categorical exemption for investigative records. To successfully rely on the categorical investigative records exemption, L&I must prove that the specific records to be withheld are essential to effective law enforcement. L&I did not make such a showing. L&I violated the PRA for each of the time periods described by the trial court. We affirm the trial court’s order in all respects, and award the Seattle Times costs and attorney fees on appeal.
Madsen, C.J., and Fairhurst, Gordon McCloud, and Yu, JJ., concur.This exemption has also been referred to as the “effective law enforcement exemption.’’ See, e.g., Sargent v. Seattle Police Dep’t, 179 Wn.2d 376, 314 P.3d 1093 (2013).
Civil law enforcement agencies, which enforce the law and impose sanctions for illegal conduct, may benefit from the investigative records exemption. See Brouillet v. Cowles Publ’g Co., 114 Wn.2d 788, 795-96, 791 P.2d 526 (1990) (explaining, “Law enforcement involves ‘[t]he act of putting . . . law into effect; . . . the carrying out of a mandate or command.’ . . . Law enforcement involves imposition of sanctions for illegal conduct’’ and “imposition of a fine or prison term’’ (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 474 (5th ed. 1979))). L&I qualifies as a civil law enforcement agency because it is charged with enforcing worker safety laws, RCW 49.17.120, and issuing fines, RCW 49.17.180. See Spokane Police Guild v. Wash. State Liquor Control Bd., 112 Wn.2d 30, 37 & n.15, 769 P.2d 283 (1989) (holding the Liquor Control Board was a law enforcement agency for purposes of the PRA’s investigative records exemption because it “exercises the State’s police power in administering and enforcing the law and regulations pertaining to alcoholic beverage control’’).
To the extent L&I argues that by providing a reasonable estimate of when records would be available in its PRA response letter it fulfilled its PRA duties, we reject its argument. See Br. of Appellant at 21, 25. Although the PRA allows agencies to respond to a PRA request by giving an estimated time of response, RCW 42.56.520, under these circumstances the estimated time was inappropriate because it was based solely on when L&I anticipated its investigations would close.
L&I argues that the reference to the citation in the letter was a clerical error. L&I Reply Br. at 8. Although the citation was issued a week after L&I sent its letter to Dunn, see CP at 812, the closing conference related to that citation number—where the employer was informed of discovered hazards and “potential fines related to any violations,’’ Wash. State Dep’t of Labor & Indus., A Guide to Workplace Safety and Health in Washington State: What Every Employer and Worker Needs to Know 5 (2013)—was conducted on March 22, the day the letter was sent. See CP at 88; see also L&I Reply Br. at 3-4. Given that the letter was sent the same day as the closing conference, it was reasonable for the judge to conclude the investigation ended that day.
L&I cites the declaration of the Seattle Times' investigations editor, which states that between 76 and 80 percent of the records released in installment four were created on or before the date of the PRA request. L&I Reply Br. at 11-12 n.4; see CP at 755. However, neither party submitted the actual records to this court for review, nor did L&I take advantage of the opportunity to submit the records in camera to the trial court. There is thus no evidentiary basis to determine which, if any, of the records L&I was penalized for were created after the PRA request.
L&I argues that it “continued to provide installments’’ before August 9. Br. of Appellant at 25. L&I was not penalized for records it released before the court’s order. CP at 861 (“The Court is imposing a penalty . . . for the 125 days of this phase times the 5,431 records withheld until after the Court’s September 12, 2013, Order.’’ (emphasis added)); see also id. at 747 (“The Seattle Times is not seeking penalties for the records released by L&I prior to this Court’s Order of September 12, 2013’’ (emphasis omitted)), 834 (showing records released in May and July). Furthermore, L&I’s own activity log shows that redactions of 336 pages were completed on July 1, 2013. Id. at 838. However, only 17 pages of records were released to the Seattle Times in July. Id. at 834. L&I failed to explain why it did not release all of these—and other—records before August 9.
L&I admits that it would have been possible to release all noncontested records on August 9. Br. of Appellant at 32 n.19. It asserts, however, that at the time, “it was not clear which records would be placed at issue.’’ Id. This argument is not persuasive. As L&I admits, it “could have inquired of Wade’s as to which records it would seek to enjoin, and then produce the rest.’’ Id.