UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
ANGELA MALONEY, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 20-2516 (ABJ)
)
ANTONY BLINKEN, )
Secretary, U.S. Department of State, )
)
Defendant. )
____________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
On September 8, 2020, plaintiff Angela Maloney filed this employment discrimination and
retaliation action under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. §§ 791, 794 et seq. See Compl.
[Dkt. # 1]. Her claims arise out of her five-year appointment with the United States Department
of State as an entry-level Foreign Service Officer (“FSO”) career candidate, during which time she
developed a number of hand and wrist disabilities. Id. ¶¶ 2, 10, 16–17, 23; see also Def.’s Mem.
of P.& A. in Supp. of Mot. [Dkt. # 7-1] (“Mem.”) at 1, 3. 1 Pending before the Court is defendant
Secretary of State Antony Blinken’s partial motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, motion for
summary judgment on plaintiff’s retaliation claim. 2 Def.’s Partial Mot. to Dismiss Or, In The
Alternative, for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 7] (“Mot.”).
1 Citations to the record will refer to the .pdf page numbers of the submissions, which do not
always align with the numbers at the bottom of the page.
2 Defendant was automatically substituted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).
The matter is fully briefed, and the motion to dismiss will be granted. 3 Plaintiff has not
exhausted that portion of her retaliation claim that challenged a denial of tenure in 2020, and she
has not stated a claim for retaliation with respect to the agency’s 2019 deferral of the tenure
decision for further consideration in the future.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff was employed by the State Department as an entry-level Foreign Service Officer
(“FSO”) career candidate on the Political Affairs track between April 8, 2015, and July 4, 2020.
See Compl. ¶¶ 16, 19; Mot. at 3.
According to the State Department’s Foreign Affairs Manual, an entry-level FSO candidate
has five years to “achieve” tenure or face mandatory separation from the Service. See Ex. 1 to
Mot. [Dkt. # 7-2] at 5–6, 11–12 (“FAM”) §§ 2241.3(1), 2245.1. The State Department’s
Commissioning and Tenure Board (“the Board”) evaluates entry-level FSO candidates for tenure
for the first time after thirty-six months of employment, id. § 2245.2(a), but according to the
Department’s Foreign Affairs Handbook, this decision can be deferred up to two times. See Ex. 2
to Mot. [Dkt. # 7-2] at 26 (“FAH”) § 2246.3(a)(1).
Section 2246.3(a)(1) states:
The Board will: [r]eview and make recommendations on the conferral of
career status upon all FS-04 Foreign Service Officer candidates . . . as soon
as possible after completion of 36 months of service. A second review will
take place after 48 months. When the Board judges that additional
evaluated experience may lead to a favorable tenuring decision, the Board
3 Decl. of Samantha Duncan [Dkt. # 7-2] (“Duncan Decl.”); Def.’s Statement of Facts
[Dkt. # 7-3] (“Def.’s SOF”); Pl.’s Mem. in Opp. to Def.’s Mot. [Dkt. # 14] (“Opp.”); Pl.’s Resp.
to Statement of Facts & Further Statement of Facts [Dkt. # 14-1] (“Pl.’s SOF”); Decl. of Angela
Maloney and Exs. A–E [Dkt. # 14-2] (“Maloney Decl.”); Decl. of Bryan Schwartz [Dkt. # 14-3]
(“Schwartz Decl.”); and Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. [Dkt. # 15] (“Reply”).
2
may recommend a third review six months prior to expiration of the
candidate’s limited appointment.
FAH § 2246.3(a)(1).
In early 2016, during an assignment to Chennai, India, that involved visa adjudication,
plaintiff “developed flexor tenosynovitis among other medical conditions as a result of the
repetitive hand motions necessary” to the role. Compl. ¶ 16. She also suffers from bilateral carpal
tunnel syndrome, id. ¶ 10, which together with her other hand and wrist conditions, limits her
ability to lift, write, type, and grasp. Id. ¶ 17. According to plaintiff, these issues are exacerbated
by the repetitive typing motions requiring of visa processing, which led her to take medical leave
between February 2018 and October 2018, and again between February 2019 and her separation
from the State Department in July 2020. Id. ¶ 19.
On April 9, 2018, plaintiff filed a class action lawsuit against defendant, alleging disability
discrimination. See Maloney v. Blinken, No. 18-cv-0809-ABJ (“Maloney I”). 4 Shortly thereafter,
in the summer of 2018, plaintiff first qualified for a review for tenure. The Board notified plaintiff
in an email dated August 15, 2018, that it was deferring the decision on her tenure to a second
review the following year:
The cable listing those recommended for tenure by the Summer 2018
Commissioning and Tenure Board will soon appear. I am writing to you in
advance to inform you that although the Board did not include you among
those it recommended for tenure on this review, it did acknowledge your
excellent progress as a career candidate. The Board specifically noted that
there were no areas of significant concern in your performance but, as is
often the case, wanted to have additional evaluated work experience before
4 That case is still pending before the Court, and it is unaffected by the instant motion.
3
making its recommendation. You will be reviewed again for tenure by the
Summer 2019 Commissioning and Tenure Board.
Ex. 4 to Mot. [Dkt. # 7-2] at 31 (“Summer 2018 Board Decision”). Plaintiff does not challenge
that decision in this lawsuit. See Opp. at 8 (“[Plaintiff] is challenging the failure to recommend
tenure in 2019[.]”).
During the 2019 performance evaluation cycle, plaintiff was again considered by the Board
for tenure, and in June, the decision was again deferred, this time for six months in accordance
with FAH subsection 2246.3. The June 17, 2019 email to plaintiff stated:
The cable listing those recommended for tenure by the Summer 2019
Commissioning and Tenure Board will soon appear. I’m writing to you in
advance to inform you that the Board did not include you among those it
recommended for tenure on this review. You have, however, been granted
a third review for tenure to be performed in six months by the Winter 2019
Commissioning and Tenure Board.
Ex. 5 to Mot. [Dkt. # 7-2] at 34 (“Summer 2019 Board Decision”) (emphasis in original).
On August 30, 2019, plaintiff filed an administrative complaint with the State
Department’s Office of Civil Rights (“OCR”). See Ex. 7 to Duncan Decl. [Dkt. # 7-2] at 40–46
(“2019 OCR Complaint”); see also Compl. ¶ 27. She alleged that on May 17 and June 7, 2019,
she was discriminated against for her physical disabilities (“chronic tenosynovitis, ganglion cyst”)
and retaliated against for engaging in prior protected activity and opposing discriminatory
policies. 2019 OCR Complaint at 41–42, 44–46. It was acknowledged on September 3, 2019
(Case No. 570-2020-00213X). See Compl. ¶ 27.
On June 19, 2020, the Board completed its third and final tenure review, and it made, for
the first time, the “decision not to grant [plaintiff] tenure,” which required that plaintiff separate
from the State Department within thirty days. Ex. 6 to Mot. [Dkt. # 7-2] at 37–38 (“Spring 2020
Board Decision”); see also FAM § 2246.2-1(d). On August 21, 2020, plaintiff filed a second
4
complaint with the OCR – this time concerning the June 2020 denial of recommendation for tenure
that resulted in her termination. See Ex. 8 to Duncan Decl. [Dkt. # 7-2] at 47–52 (“2020 OCR
Complaint”).
On September 8, 2020, plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit, alleging in Count I that the agency
failed to accommodate her disability and engage in the interactive process when she lost career
opportunities, including “being denied tenure,” Compl. ¶ 41, and in Count II that defendant
retaliated against her when “she was denied tenure and other career opportunities,” and
“denied accommodations and denied a good-faith interactive process.” Id. ¶ 49. Plaintiff seeks
compensatory damages, including for emotional distress and lost wages and benefits. Id. ¶ 53.
Defendant filed a partial motion to dismiss, asking the Court to dismiss Count II
– plaintiff’s claim for retaliation – on two grounds: (1) that she failed to exhaust her administrative
remedies with respect to the 2020 denial of tenure before she filed the instant complaint, and
(2) that she failed to state a plausible retaliation claim based on the deferrals of the tenure decision
because a deferral is not an actionable adverse employment action, and the complaint does not
allege facts that give rise to an inference of any causal connection between plaintiff’s protected
activities and the deferrals. See Mem. at 2, 8–10.
5
Now that the matter is fully briefed, the only issue for the Court to resolve is whether
Count II states a claim that the 2019 decision to defer the tenure review was retaliatory. 5
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In order to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570
(2007).
When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must construe a
complaint liberally in the plaintiff’s favor, and it should grant the plaintiff “the benefit of all
inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp.,
16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994), citing Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608
(D.C. Cir. 1979). That said, the Court is not required to accept inferences drawn by the plaintiff if
those inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the Court accept
plaintiff’s legal conclusions. See Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1276; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal
citation omitted) (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
conclusory statements, do not suffice.”); Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
5 Defendant’s original pleading moved to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary
judgment on, the retaliation claim. But defendant has withdrawn the motion for summary
judgment, as the parties are in agreement that the 2020 denial of tenure decision has not been
exhausted, and the only issue to be addressed in the instant motion is the 2019 deferral of a decision
on tenure. See Reply at 3 (“[T]he Court need not convert Defendant’s motion into a summary
judgment motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(d), as Defendant offered the relevant
EEO materials only to show that Plaintiff failed to exhaust any claim related to the Board’s 2020
decision.”); see also Opp. at 8 (“Plaintiff’s Complaint makes clear that she is challenging the
failure to recommend tenure in 2019, which was the subject of her internal and EEOC
exhaustion.”).
6
In ruling upon a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a court may ordinarily
consider only “the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated
by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the Court may take judicial notice.”
Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002), citing EEOC v. St. Francis
Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624–25 (D.C. Cir. 1997).
ANALYSIS
The Rehabilitation Act makes it unlawful for an employer to engage in “retaliation against
or coercion of individuals who seek to vindicate the rights guaranteed by the statute.” Solomon v.
Vilsack, 763 F.3d 1, 5 (D.C. Cir. 2014), citing Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12203(a)–(b). The statute
creates a cause of action for retaliation that is governed by the same legal standard as a retaliation
claim under Title VII. See 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq.; 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16; see also Totten v.
Norton, 421 F. Supp. 2d 115, 118 n.2 (D.D.C. 2006); Duncan v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth.,
214 F.R.D. 43, 49–50 (D.D.C. 2003), citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973).
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, “the plaintiff must present evidence that
(1) she engaged in activity protected by Title VII; (2) the employer took an adverse employment
action against her; and (3) the adverse action was causally related to the exercise of her rights.”
Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 901–02 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal citations omitted). In the
retaliation context, an adverse action is one that is “harmful to the point that [the employer’s action]
could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination,”
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57 (2006), and it is highly dependent on
the “particular circumstances” of plaintiff’s employment. Id. at 69. Unlike in the discrimination
context, the “scope of the antiretaliation provision extends beyond workplace-related or
7
employment-related retaliatory acts and harm,” id. at 67, and it “encompass[es] a broader sweep
of actions” than wrongful discrimination.” Bridgeforth v. Jewell, 721 F.3d 661, 663 n.*
(D.C. Cir. 2013).
But even in the retaliation context, the category of adverse events does not include trivial
harms: “[a]ctionable retaliation claims are limited to those where an employer causes ‘material
adversity,’” and the plaintiff still must suffer some objectively tangible harm. Wiley v. Glassman,
511 F.3d 151, 161 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (emphasis in original), citing Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 68;
see also Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 902. The D.C. Circuit has noted that an actionable event is one that
would “affect the employee’s ‘position, grade level, salary, or promotion opportunities.’”
Taylor v. Solis, 571 F.3d 1313, 1321 (D.C. Cir. 2009), quoting Baloch v. Kempthorne,
550 F.3d 1191, 1199 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The standard is an objective one that is phrased “in general
terms because the significance of any given act of retaliation will often depend upon the particular
circumstances. Context matters.” Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 69.
As in a Title VII action, a plaintiff must show that retaliation was a “but-for” cause of the
adverse employment action, rather than a substantial or “motivating” factor in the employer’s
decision. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 362 (2013). “This requires proof
that the unlawful retaliation would not have occurred in the absence of the alleged wrongful action
or actions of the employer.” Id. at 360.
I. The claim for denial of tenure in 2020 has not yet been exhausted.
Before a plaintiff can bring a claim for retaliation under the Rehabilitation Act,
however, she must exhaust her available administrative remedies. See, e.g., Barkley v. U.S.
Marshal Serv. ex rel. Hylton, 766 F.3d 25, 33 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (Rehabilitation Act claims must
be administratively exhausted before a plaintiff may resort to judicial proceedings), citing
8
29 U.S.C. § 794a(a)(1). According to the D.C. Circuit, “the required recourse to administrative
review has special prominence with respect to the . . . claims of federal employees,” like the
plaintiff here. Kizas v. Webster, 707 F.2d 524, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Failure to exhaust
administrative remedies is an affirmative defense. See Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907
(D.C. Cir. 1995).
As defendant has established, and as plaintiff does not dispute, to the extent that plaintiff
seeks to challenge defendant’s denial of tenure, specifically the decision by the Board in the spring
of 2020 which resulted in her mandatory separation from the Foreign Service, she has not
exhausted her administrative remedies. See Opp. at 8 (“[Plaintiff] is challenging the failure to
recommend tenure in 2019, which was the subject of her internal and EEOC exhaustion.”). While
plaintiff asserted in her opposition that the limited scope of Count II is something her complaint
“makes clear,” id., the language of the complaint blurred the issue considerably, 6 and therefore,
the Court will address the question briefly.
Plaintiff’s August 2019 complaint, which preceded the decision denying tenure by nearly
eleven months, only challenged the Summer 2019 Board’s deferral of any decision on plaintiff’s
tenure:
Complainant was denied a recommendation for tenure during the 2019
evaluation cycle solely because, although her rater and reviewer had time
to evaluate her performance, and her rater concluded that she “did
everything [he] expected . . . and more”, her rater and reviewer concluded
6 Plaintiff refers to the deferral of a decision on tenure as a “denial” of tenure half a dozen
times in her complaint. Compl. ¶¶ 3, 18, 24, 41, 49; see also id. Section IV.
9
that they did not have sufficient time to evaluate whether she should be
recommended for tenure.
2019 OCR Complaint at 44.
Plaintiff filed a second OCR complaint on August 21, 2020, two months after the Board
denied tenure, see 2020 OCR Complaint, so those proceedings were still pending when plaintiff
filed this lawsuit one month later on September 8, 2020. At that point, it was well short of the date
the second OCR complaint could be considered exhausted. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.407(b)
(authorizing civil actions if no final action is taken within 180 days after a complaint is filed).
Therefore, to the extent that Count II of the complaint appears to challenge the denial of
tenure, that aspect of the claim will be dismissed on exhaustion grounds.
II. The complaint fails to state a claim based on the 2019 deferral of the tenure
decision.
A. Plaintiff engaged in protected activity.
To support a claim of retaliation, a plaintiff must show that she engaged in a
statutorily protected activity, such as filing a formal complaint with an agency. See Duncan,
214 F.R.D. at 50, citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, and McGill v. Munoz,
203 F.3d 843, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Defendant does not dispute that plaintiff engaged in protected
activity with the filing of the class action lawsuit in 2018 and the 2019 OCR complaint regarding
the Summer 2019 Board Decision.
B. Deferring a tenure decision is not an adverse employment action that can
support a retaliation claim.
Plaintiff alleges that defendant retaliated against her by “den[ying] a recommendation for
tenure during the 2019 evaluation cycle solely because her rater and reviewer concluded that
Plaintiff had not accrued sufficient time on the job.” Compl. ¶ 18. Defendant moves to dismiss
10
on the grounds that deferral of a tenure decision does not constitute a materially adverse
employment action that can support a retaliation claim, and circuit precedent requires that the
motion be granted.
The bar for what constitutes an adverse action in a retaliation case is lower than what must
be shown in “a pure discrimination claim,” Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1198 n.4, as the category includes
actions that would have “dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.” Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 68 (internal quotation and citation omitted). But the
Court must consider whether the challenged employment action caused a plaintiff to experience
“materially adverse consequences affecting the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment or
future employment opportunities such that a reasonable trier of fact could find objectively tangible
harm.” Wiley, 511 F.3d at 161, quoting Forkkio v. Powell, 306 F.3d 1127, 1131 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
According to the agency’s Foreign Affairs Manual, the Board’s review of entry-level
candidates can result in a recommendation for tenure, a denial of tenure, or a deferral of the
decision until a later time. See FAM § 2245.2(a). The manual explains that the deferral option is
intended to address unique circumstances:
Board review will take place in accordance with the provisions and schedule
set out in this subchapter. In unusual circumstances, such as unavoidable
absence of an evaluation report, recent assumption of new duties, or other
conditions that would make Board review at the scheduled time inequitable,
the candidate may request, or the Department may recommend, that review
be deferred until a succeeding session of the Board, rather than proceeding
with review on schedule with the possibility of denial of tenure and lengthy
delay before the next scheduled review.
FAM § 2245.6 (emphasis removed). While a decision denying tenure could be considered a
materially adverse action, because it automatically triggers termination proceedings, see
11
FAM § 2246.2-1(d), a deferral eliminates the possibility of a denial and simply calls for a
subsequent review, maintaining the employment status quo in the interim.
Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the 2019 deferral cannot
be considered adverse. The Board did inform plaintiff that she was not included in the group
recommended for tenure, but it added that she had been “granted” a third review in six months.
Summer 2019 Board Decision at 34. Plaintiff does not allege that any negative consequences
flowed from this postponement beyond the mere conclusory allegation that she lost “other”
unspecified career opportunities in 2019. Compl. ¶ 49. Plaintiff expounds on this in her
opposition, explaining that had she been granted tenure, “she [would] gain job security . . . and
would have been immediately eligible for consideration for a promotion to a higher grade level
with increased pay, and would have enjoyed greater control over her assignments.” Opp. at 11–12,
citing Maloney Decl. That may be true, but those opportunities were not “lost” until tenure was
definitively denied, and plaintiff cannot transform the mere postponement of a consequential
decision into an adverse event with nothing more than vocabulary – referring to it as a “refusal to
grant” or a “failure to recommend” tenure instead of as a decision to defer. Opp. at 7, 8.
To the extent plaintiff is suggesting that the deferral implicitly cast her job performance in
a negative light, the D.C. Circuit has cautioned that even explicit “job-related constructive
criticism” would not necessarily meet the standard of an adverse action. Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1199.
For example, in Welch v. Skorton, 299 F. Supp. 3d 102 (D.D.C. 2018), another court in this district
concluded that without “tangible harm, such as the potential that a negative performance review
could affect an employee’s position, grade level, salary, or promotion opportunities,” a mere
negative assessment could not be materially adverse. Welch, 299 F. Supp. 3d at 113, citing Baloch,
550 F.3d at 1199. And here, the Board’s deferral decision does not include any evaluation, positive
12
or negative; as plaintiff herself emphasizes, the Board based its deferral “solely” on a lack of
“sufficient time on the job” to provide a basis for a meaningful evaluation. Compl. ¶ 18. Even if
the deferral left plaintiff uncertain about her future employment status at the State Department, the
relevant inquiry is whether the complaint tied that uncertainty to any tangible harm. See Welch,
299 F. Supp. 3d at 113; see also Brookens v. Solis, 616 F. Supp. 2d 81, 91 (D.D.C. 2009) (denying
the plaintiff a detail to another assignment that would have provided training, experience, and
opportunities for promotion was not adverse in the absence of some detriment to the present
employment).
An employee can make out a case for retaliation based on changes in a performance review
when it is tied to “financial harms,” Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1199, but plaintiff has not alleged that the
Summer 2019 Board Decision negatively affected her compensation as a FSO career candidate as
she awaited the next tenure review. See Taylor, 571 F.3d at 1321, citing Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1199
(“[Plaintiff]’s bare, conclusory allegation that she was denied promotional and bonus opportunities
‘[a]s a result of [the employer]’s unlawful conduct in violating Title VII’s prohibition against
retaliation’ does not discharge her burden to show the evaluations were ‘attached to financial
harms.’”). Nor does she allege that it affected her job assignments, or any other aspect of her work.
13
Therefore, the Court will grant defendant’s motion to dismiss Count II because plaintiff
has failed to plausibly allege that she suffered a materially adverse employment action when the
Board deferred a decision on tenure in 2019. 7
C. The complaint does not allege any facts showing a causal connection between
the protected activity and challenged action.
If the Court were to conclude that the deferral was materially adverse, plaintiff would have
to allege sufficient facts to support a plausible inference that a retaliatory motive was the “but-for”
cause of the Board’s decision to defer a decision on tenure for another six months. See Univ. of
Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr., 570 U.S. at 360. “A plaintiff alleging retaliation faces a relatively low hurdle
at the motion to dismiss stage,” Jones v. Bernanke, 685 F. Supp. 2d 31, 40 (D.D.C. 2010), but
causation is “evaluated [on] the specific facts of each case,” Hamilton v. Geithner,
666 F.3d 1344, 1358 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citation omitted), and here, the complaint falls short.
7 Plaintiff’s arguments to the contrary are inapposite. The cases she cites involve the denial
of tenure, see Opp. at 11, citing Dodd v. City Univ. of New York, 17 Civ. 9932 (PAE),
2020 WL 5750715, at *36 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2020), and Barron v. Univ. of Notre Dame Du Lac,
93 F. Supp. 3d 906, 913–14 (N.D. Ind. 2015), which everyone agrees is not yet before the Court.
Plaintiff also cites Kouassi v. W. Ill. Univ., Case No. 13–cv–1265, 2015 WL 2406947,
at *17 (C.D. Ill. May 19, 2015), for the proposition that denying tenure and offering another tenure
review in a year’s time could constitute an adverse employment action. See Opp. at 11. However,
the university’s review of the assistant professor in Kouassi constituted a formal denial of
tenure with an invitation to resubmit the application – not a deferral of the tenure decision.
See 2015 WL 2406947, at *17 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted) (“[P]recedent suggests
that the initial denial of tenure constitutes an adverse employment action . . . even if a university
subsequently reconsiders its decision.”).
Moreover, these decisions all relate to denying academic tenure, which typically arise in
what is specifically recognized to be a unique context within employment discrimination
jurisprudence. See Spaeth v. Georgetown Univ., 943 F. Supp. 2d 198, 210 (D.D.C. 2013), citing
Zahorik v. Cornell Univ., 729 F.2d 85, 92–94 (2d Cir. 1984).
14
One factor to be considered in assessing allegations of causation is the relationship in
time between the protected activity and the alleged retaliation. See Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1357
(“For . . . retaliation, [t]emporal proximity can indeed support an inference of causation, but only
where the two events are very close in time.”) (internal citation omitted). Here, plaintiff alleges
that she engaged in protected activity by “trying to engage in the interactive process with DOS,
filing internal EEO complaints, filing EEOC formal complaints, and filing the pending class
action.” Compl. ¶ 47. But the class action was filed in April of 2018, see Maloney I,
No. 18-cv-0809, more than a year before the July 2019 decision to defer the tenure review, and
the prerequisite administrative complaints were filed before that.
Moreover, the Supreme Court has held that if the official responsible for the allegedly
adverse action is unaware of the employee’s earlier protected activity, then the employee cannot
establish the causation needed to sustain a retaliation claim. Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden,
532 U.S. 268, 272–73 (2001); see also Holbrook v. Reno, 196 F.3d 255, 263 (D.C. Cir. 1999)
(internal citation omitted) (To establish the requisite causal connection, the plaintiff must come
forward with evidence that her employer “had knowledge of [her] protected activity, and that the
adverse personnel action took place shortly after that activity.”). Plaintiff alleges that the State
Department was aware of her activities, Compl. ¶¶ 47–48, but nowhere in the complaint does
plaintiff allege that any member of the Board was aware of that information.
Plaintiff attempts to redress this omission by arguing in her opposition that while her
reviewers may not have known of her administrative activity, the direct supervisors who prepared
15
the performance reviews the Board would consider were. See Opp. at 13–14. Based on that, she
submits:
Plaintiff has properly alleged that the denied tenure recommendation was
causally connected to her protected activities. Even if the evidence
ultimately shows that the members of the tenure Board were not themselves
aware of Plaintiff’s protected activities,[] the Board relied for its decision
not to grant tenure in 2019 on the facts and recommendations from those
who were well aware of the protected activities . . . As such, Defendant can
be subject to “cat’s paw” liability.
Opp. at 14–15 (footnote omitted), citing Staub v. Proctor Hosp., 562 U.S. 411, 421 (2011), and
Morris v. McCarthy, 825 F.3d 658, 668 (D.C. Cir. 2016).
In Staub, the Supreme Court described the circumstances under which the discriminatory
animus of an employee who set events in motion, but is not the ultimate decision maker, could
be found to be “a motivating factor” in an adverse employment decision. See 562 U.S. at 422.
Under a cat’s-paw theory of discrimination, an employer may be held liable
for discriminatory acts by a direct supervisor – even where that supervisor
is not the final decisionmaker – if ‘[1] [the] supervisor performs an act
motivated by [discriminatory] animus [2] that is intended by the supervisor
to cause an adverse employment action, and . . . [3] that act is a proximate
cause of the ultimate employment action.’
Morris, 825 F.3d at 668, quoting Staub, 562 U.S. at 422 (emphasis in original). Putting aside the
question of whether Staub can be applied in the context of retaliation case, where the unlawful
animus must be the “but-for” cause of the adverse action as opposed to “a motivating factor,”
Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr., 570 U.S. at 362, the complaint is devoid of any facts that would
support this theory either.
Indeed, plaintiff alleges that the “sole” reason the Board deferred the decision on tenure
was “because her rater and reviewer concluded that Plaintiff had not accrued sufficient time on the
job,” Compl. ¶ 18, and the “only reason Plaintiff had not accrued more time on the job was because
16
she was forced to go on medical leave” for the majority of the review period. Id. ¶ 19. This does
not come close to suggesting that the reviewers’ decisions were somehow tainted by any retaliatory
animus of their own or harbored by her direct supervisors.
Without any facts in the complaint alleging that the members of the Board had knowledge
of plaintiff’s protected activity or that there was temporal proximity between those activities and
the challenged actions, plaintiff has not alleged the causal connection needed to state a claim of
retaliation. 8
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, defendant’s partial motion to dismiss will be granted, and Count II will
be dismissed. A separate order will issue.
_______________________
AMY BERMAN JACKSON
United States District Judge
DATE: September 22, 2021
8 In paragraph 49 of the complaint, plaintiff alleges that she “was subjected to adverse
treatment when she was denied tenure and other career opportunities in 2019, after having
filed the pending class action, and when she was denied accommodations and denied a
good-faith interactive process.” Compl. ¶ 49. But this vague conclusory reference to a
failure to accommodate adds nothing to the retaliation claim. See Prescott-Harris v. Fanning,
Civ. Action No.: 15-1716 (RC), 2016 WL 7223276, at *8 (D.D.C. Dec. 12, 2016) (citation
omitted) (“Notably, the denial of a request for accommodation cannot by itself support a claim of
retaliation based on the request.”).
Courts in this district have held that “if the denial of a request for accommodation could
itself support a claim of retaliation based on the request, then every failure-to-accommodate claim
would be doubled,” Floyd v. Lee, 968 F. Supp. 2d 308, 334 (D.D.C. 2013), as so “the subject of
plaintiff’s failure to accommodate claim . . . does not supply grounds for a separate retaliation
claim.” Buie v. Berrien, 85 F. Supp. 3d 161, 178 (citation omitted) (D.D.C. 2015).
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