In re N.N.

[Cite as In re N.N., 2021-Ohio-3931.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

IN RE N.N. :
: No. 110443
A Minor Child :
:
[Appeal by R.H., Mother] :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 4, 2021

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Juvenile Division
Case No. AD-19-913035

Appearances:

Valore & Gordillo, L.L.P., and Dean Valore, for appellant.

Anzelmo Law, and James A. Anzelmo, for appellee.

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:

Appellant R.H. (“Mother”) appeals the judgment of the Cuyahoga

County Juvenile Court granting legal custody of her minor child, N.N., to the child’s

father, E.N. (“Father”). Mother argues that the decision of the juvenile court was

not in the best interests of the child. After a thorough review of the law and facts,

we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
 I. Factual and Procedural History

The Cuyahoga County Department of Child and Family Services

(“CCDCFS” or “agency”) obtained temporary custody of Mother’s five minor

children, Oi.J., M.P., K.P., J.H., and N.N.,1 after M.P. was taken to the emergency

room with a head injury and bloody nose, which Mother did not immediately

address or explain. In its motion for temporary custody, the agency alleged that

Mother had failed to address certain behaviors of Oi.J., M.P., and K.P., which

presented a danger to themselves and to N.N. and J.H.

In addition, Mother had been involved in multiple violent relationships

resulting in violence witnessed by the children; and Mother had minimized the

effects of this. Mother also had untreated PTSD, anxiety, and mood disorder for

which she had been offered services yet declined to take advantage of them. The

children had been noted to be unwashed and poorly clothed. Mother also lacked

stable housing and was staying in a shelter. There were additional issues with the

respective fathers of the children, in that one was incarcerated and the other two,

one of which was Father, were involved in their children’s lives but failed to support

them financially.

The agency developed a case plan for Mother that included domestic

violence counseling, parenting classes, anger management classes, and a mental

health assessment. Mother was further required to obtain stable housing.

1 This appeal only relates to custody of N.N.
 N.N. was three years old at the time the agency intervened and was

placed with Father. CCDCFS did not have any issues with Father and did not require

him to complete a case plan.

Father moved for legal custody of N.N. CCDCFS moved to terminate

its custody of N.N. and for legal custody of N.N. to be awarded to Mother. The

agency sought reunification of all of the children with Mother. With regard to N.N.,

CCDCFS requested shared parenting between Mother and Father with Mother as

the residential parent.

The court held a hearing on the motions. CCDCFS presented the

testimony of the social worker assigned to the case, Rayshawn Eberhardt. Ms.

Eberhardt testified as to the issues with Mother and the services recommended to

her, noting that she had completed all of them. She further testified that there had

been some visitation issues between Mother and Father, but that N.N. was spending

a lot of time with Mother while Father was working. At one point prior to the

hearing, N.N. stayed with Mother for an extended time because Father had tested

positive for COVID-19. N.N. had remained with Mother after Father recovered and

was still with Mother at the time of the hearing; Ms. Eberhardt stated that she did

not know the reason for this. Ms. Eberhardt did acknowledge, though, that Mother

and Father coparented N.N. and had “their own arrangements as far as how they

parent their daughter.”

Ms. Eberhardt further testified that there was some discomfort

between Father and the daycare that N.N. was attending, to the point where they did
not want to take N.N. anymore. Again, though, Ms. Eberhardt stated that she did

not know the reason for that.

With regard to Father, Ms. Eberhardt stated that the agency did not

have a case plan for him because they had “no concerns” with him. The only issue

with Father that Ms. Eberhardt mentioned was when Father withheld visitation

from Mother for several weeks, but Ms. Eberhardt did not know the specific reason

why — only that Father was angry about something.

Ms. Eberhardt also stated that there were no issues with N.N. being

with Father and that he has taken good care of her. She noted that the only issue

was that Father worked a lot, so N.N. was often with Mother or at daycare.

Regarding Mother, Ms. Eberhardt testified that the agency had no

issue with Mother obtaining custody of all five children and was not seeking

protective supervision.

The guardian ad litem for the children, Michael Murphy (“GAL”),

testified that he believed that it was in “[N.N.’s] best interest if the parties could

come up with a shared parenting plan with mom being custodial parent, even

though I understand the concerns that [Father’s counsel] has brought up regarding

putting too much on mom at once.” The GAL went on to note some of the issues

that the older children had been having, particularly with regard to school. The GAL

further stated that Mother has done everything that she needed to do under the case

plan. He emphasized that he would prefer to see Mother and Father work out shared

parenting of N.N.
 At the conclusion of the hearing, the magistrate stated as follows:

I’m going to find that the Agency has made reasonable efforts towards
reunification, however, I see no reason — I’ve heard nothing to dispute
the fact that the child is doing well in father’s custody. She has been in
the father’s custody, and there were no concerns or issues with the
father from the outset of this case. And she’s doing well in father’s
home. I see no reason to disrupt that.

She can have visitation with her siblings and her mother on a
reasonable basis, but parents have an equal right to parent their child,
both a mother and a father. And if the father is doing well and the child
is doing well in father’s care, I see no reason to disrupt that and move
her.

I will say the parents are going to have to find a way to get along. She’s
three, I believe, so you have 15 years that you’re going to have to find a
way to get along with each and co-parent this child.

As to a shared parenting plan, that is a legal document that has to be
filed with the Court. This Court can’t order shared parenting on its
own. If a shared parenting agreement had been proffered to the Court,
that had been agreed upon by the parties, this Court would have gladly
accepted it and adopted it. No one did that.

So at this time, I’ll find the Agency has made reasonable efforts to
finalize the permanency plan of reunification, however, at this time, I
do believe it is in this child’s best interest to deny the Agency’s motion
to grant legal custody to the mother, and grant legal custody to the
father [E.N.]

And he has been maintaining that child with protective supervision
without an issue, so I’m not going to order protective supervision of
that child. It’s legal custody to the father.

Mother objected to the magistrate’s decision awarding legal custody of

N.N. to Father and denying the agency’s motion for legal custody to her. The trial

court overruled the objection and adopted the magistrate’s decision. Mother then

filed the instant appeal, raising one assignment of error for our review:
 The trial court’s finding it was in the best interests of N.N. to award
legal custody of N.N. to E.N., father, is against the manifest weight of
the evidence.

II. Law and Analysis

In Mother’s sole assignment of error, she argues that the trial court

abused its discretion in awarding custody to Father when such an award was

unsupported by evidence presented at the trial and when Mother had completed her

case plan.

Parents have a constitutionally protected interest in raising their

children. In re M.J.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94130, 2010-Ohio-1674, ¶ 15, citing

Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982). That

interest, however, is “‘always subject to the ultimate welfare of the child.’” Id.,

quoting In re B.L., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-1108, 2005-Ohio-1151, ¶ 7.

Under R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), the court may award legal custody of a

child who has been adjudicated abused, neglected, or dependent, to any person who

filed a motion requesting legal custody of the child prior to the dispositional hearing.

Assuming the person seeking legal custody has complied with any statutory

requirements, the court’s authority to award legal custody under this statute “is

limited only by the best interest of the child.” Id.; In re W.A.J., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 99813, 2014-Ohio-604, ¶ 3. The best interest of the child is “of paramount

concern” when making custody determinations. In re M.J.M. at ¶ 14.

Legal custody is defined as follows:
 [A] legal status that vests in the custodian the right to have physical
care and control of the child and to determine where and with whom
the child shall live, and the right and duty to protect, train, and
discipline the child and to provide the child with food, shelter,
education, and medical care, all subject to any residual parental rights,
privileges, and responsibilities.

R.C. 2151.011(B)(21); In re E.A, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99065, 2013-Ohio-1193,

¶ 11.

Legal custody is significantly different than the termination of

parental rights in that, despite losing legal custody of a child, the parent of the child

retains residual parental rights, privileges, and responsibilities. In re G.M., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 95410, 2011-Ohio-4090, ¶ 14, citing R.C. 2151.353(A)(3)(c). In such

a case, a parent’s right to regain custody is not permanently foreclosed. In re

M.J.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94130, 2010-Ohio-1674, at ¶ 12. For this reason,

the standard the trial court uses in making its determination is the less restrictive

“preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at ¶ 9, citing In re Nice, 141 Ohio App.3d 445,

455, 751 N.E.2d 552 (7th Dist.2001). “Preponderance of the evidence” means

evidence that is more probable, more persuasive, or of greater probative value. In

re C.V.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98340, 2012-Ohio-5514, ¶ 7.

Unlike permanent custody cases in which the trial court is guided by

the factors outlined in R.C. 2151.414(D) before terminating parental rights and

granting permanent custody, R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) does not provide factors the court

should consider in determining the child’s best interest in a motion for legal custody.

In re G.M. at ¶ 15. We must presume that, in the absence of best interest factors in
a legal custody case, “the legislature did not intend to require the consideration of

certain factors as a predicate for granting legal custody.” Id. at ¶ 16. Such factors,

however, are instructive when making a determination as to the child’s best interest.

In re E.A. at ¶ 13.

The best interest factors include, inter alia, the interaction of the child

with the child’s parents, relatives, and caregivers; the custodial history of the child;

the child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement; and whether a parent has

continuously and repeatedly failed to substantially remedy the conditions causing

the child to be placed outside the child's home. R.C. 2151.414(D).

Because custody determinations “‘are some of the most difficult and

agonizing decisions a trial judge must make,’” a trial judge must have broad

discretion in considering all of the evidence. In re E.A., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

99065, 2013-Ohio-1193, at ¶ 10, quoting Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418,

674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). We therefore review a trial court’s determination of legal

custody for an abuse of discretion. Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 523 N.E.2d

846 (1988).

An abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude is

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d

217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). A decision is unreasonable if there is “‘no sound

reasoning process that would support that decision.’” In re C.D.Y., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 108355, 2019-Ohio-4987, ¶ 8, quoting Baxter v. Thomas, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 101186, 2015-Ohio-2148, ¶ 21. A decision is arbitrary if it is made
“‘without consideration of or regard for facts [or] circumstances.’” In re C.D.Y. at

¶ 8, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 125 (10th Ed.2014).

In the case at hand, Mother argues that the trial court’s decision was

an abuse of discretion because she had successfully completed her case plan. We

are mindful that in making custody determinations, the trial court’s principal

concern is the children’s best interest. While completing her case plan may be in

Mother’s best interest, this is not a factor in determining what is in the children’s

best interest. In re M.J.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94130, 2010-Ohio-1674, at ¶ 14.

The successful completion of a case plan, “‘is not dispositive on the issue of

reunification.’” In re W.A.J., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99813, 2014-Ohio-604, at ¶ 19,

quoting In re C.C., 187 Ohio App.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-780, 932 N.E.2d 360, ¶ 25 (8th

Dist.).

While Mother did complete her case plan, the GAL expressed other

concerns with awarding custody to Mother. Several of the other children have some

issues with regard to schooling that Mother had to address. While Mother has

completed the case plan, she has not had the opportunity to show that she was able

to care for all five children at once. The court recognized this and ordered protective

supervision with regard to the other four children.

Given the evidence presented at the hearing, we cannot say that the

trial court’s determination that it would be in the best interest of the child to be

placed in the legal custody of Father was arbitrary or unreasonable. The record

supports the trial court’s findings by a preponderance of the evidence. N.N. had
been in Father’s custody and by all accounts, Father was taking good care of her.

The agency had not had any concerns about Father during the entire pendency of

this case.

Moreover, Mother’s completion of her case plan was not dispositive of

the issue of reunification. The record reflects that there was still a question as to

whether Mother would be able to handle all five children at once, particularly given

some of the needs of the older children. Given that N.N. was doing well under

Father’s care, the trial court opted not to disrupt her situation. This decision was

not an abuse of discretion, and Mother’s sole assignment of error is overruled.

III. Conclusion

The trial court’s decision was supported by a preponderance of the

evidence and was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. We therefore find

that the trial court’s award of legal custody to Father was in the best interest of the

child and was not an abuse of discretion.

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court, juvenile division, to carry this judgment into execution.
 A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J., CONCUR