IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0376
Filed December 15, 2021
IN THE INTEREST OF D.Y. and V.B.,
Minor Children,
L.B. and A.H.,
Petitioners-Appellees,
J.Y,
Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Michael D. Huppert,
Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights in a private
termination action. AFFIRMED.
Shireen L. Carter of Shireen Carter Law Office, PLC, Norwalk, for appellant.
Cathleen J. Siebrecht of Siebrecht Law Firm, Des Moines, for appellees.
Chira L. Corwin of Corwin Law Firm, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad
litem for minor children.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Badding, JJ.
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BOWER, Chief Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights in a private
termination action. Because we find clear and convincing evidence supports the
grounds for termination and termination is in the children’s best interests, we affirm.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings.
J.Y. is the biological mother of V.B., born in 2013, and D.Y., born in 2014.
In 2014, she voluntarily placed the children in the care of separate family friends.
The mother and friends expected the placements to be long-term.
In October 2014, L.B. was appointed legal guardian of the infant D.Y. No
visitation order was ever entered in D.Y.’s guardianship case, and any visits were
initiated by the guardian in conjunction with V.B.’s visits. The mother generally
showed little interest in the child and was not in regular contact with the guardian.
When contact was initiated, the visits were often inappropriate. For example, in
2018 the mother scared D.Y. when she attempted to pull the child out of the
guardian’s car outside the courthouse. The child was placed in therapy and has
since expressed not wanting anything to do with J.Y.
In February 2015, A.H. was appointed as legal guardian of V.B.1 V.B. was
briefly returned to the mother in 2015 but soon placed back in A.H.’s custody. An
August 2015 court order directed the mother to obtain a drug evaluation and follow
treatment recommendations, maintain her job, and obtain housing. The mother
was granted visitation and unlimited phone contact, but she did not visit or
1At the time the guardianships were established, the father of each child was
unknown. A putative father for V.B. was eventually identified, but he did not take
part in the proceedings.
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otherwise maintain contact with V.B. As a result, visitation was changed to be at
the discretion of the guardian. In February 2017, the mother filed a request to
change guardians for V.B., but following the mother’s failure to set up mediation,
the court denied her motion. At a Christmas 2017 visit, J.Y. placed V.B. in a “choke
position” after the child called the guardian “Mommy,” which led to this child’s
participation in therapy. The mother has not visited with the child since. The
mother refused to visit the child in the guardian’s home, but the guardian did not
think J.Y.’s suggested visitation locations were safe. In 2018, the mother filed
motions seeking visitation with V.B. and termination of the guardianship. The
motions were denied.
Child-support orders were in place for each child. Although she paid $3583
since 2015, the mother was over $9000 in arrears on child support payments at
the time of trial. Records show the mother made no child support payments for
either child in 2017 or 2019 and sporadic payments in the other years, usually in
the form of wage garnishment or tax refund offsets. Each guardian testified the
mother did not provide financial support or supplies for the children.2
In 2019, the mother filed motions in the guardianship proceedings asking
the children transition back to her care.3 She obtained a substance-abuse
evaluation and scheduled a mental-health evaluation. In late June, each guardian
filed a petition to terminate the mother’s parental rights to the child in their
respective custody. After the petitions were filed, the mother began sending text
2 The mother provided a birthday party in 2015 for V.B. and gifts for both children
for Christmas in 2017.
3 This motion is the first filed by the mother in D.Y.’s guardianship case.
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messages, making phone calls, and requesting visits with each child. The mother
regularly attended therapy and obtained employment.
The court held a combined termination hearing on both petitions. At the
hearing, both guardians testified the mother’s dangerous behaviors prompted their
petitions, including her posting videos of her drug use and fights. Each also
testified the mother only began more frequent communications with the child after
the termination petitions were filed. D.Y.’s therapist testified unequivocally the
child is strongly bonded with L.B., has no relationship with J.Y., and it would be
better for the child’s mental health to terminate the mother’s parental rights. An
adoption specialist who spoke with both children testified they had no relationship
with the mother and termination “would be a good idea.” The mother opposed the
termination. She did not request the guardianships be dissolved but requested
visitation with the children.
The court terminated J.Y.’s parental rights on the grounds she had
abandoned both children, as that term is defined in Iowa Code section 600A.8(3)
(2019), and failed to contribute to the children’s support without good cause under
section 600A.8(4). The court found the mother “essentially abdicated her role as
parent” and termination was in the children’s best interests. She appeals.
II. Standard of Review.
“Private termination proceedings under chapter 600A are reviewed de
novo.” In re B.H.A., 938 N.W.2d 227, 232 (Iowa 2020). We give weight to the trial
court’s findings of fact, especially on the credibility of witnesses, but are not bound
by them. Id. The grounds for termination must be established by clear and
convincing evidence. Iowa Code § 600A.8.
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III. Analysis.
Termination proceedings under Iowa Code chapter 600A are a two-
step process. In the first step, the petitioner seeking termination
must first show by clear and convincing evidence a threshold event
has occurred that opens the door for potential termination of parental
rights. Once that threshold showing has been made, the petitioner
next must show by clear and convincing evidence termination of
parental rights is in the best interest of the child.
In re Q.G., 911 N.W.2d 761, 770 (Iowa 2018) (citations omitted).
The mother asserts the guardians did not prove by clear and convincing
evidence she abandoned the children and the periods in which she failed to pay
child support were for good cause. She further argues termination of her rights is
not in the children’s best interests.
Iowa Code section 600A.8 specifically provides the enumerated grounds for
termination can be used “separately or jointly” to order the termination of parental
rights. When the court terminates pursuant to multiple grounds, we may affirm on
any ground supported by sufficient evidence. See In re C.T., No. 17-1695, 2018
WL 2731640, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. June 6, 2018).
Abandonment. Under Iowa Code section 600A.8(3)(b), a parent is deemed
to have abandoned a child over six months old
unless the parent maintains substantial and continuous or repeated
contact with the child as demonstrated by contribution toward
support of the child of a reasonable amount, according to the
parent’s means, as demonstrated by any of the following:
(1) Visiting the child at least monthly when physically and
financially able to do so and when not prevented from doing so by
the person having lawful custody of the child.
(2) Regular communication with the child or with the person
having the care or custody of the child, when physically and
financially unable to visit the child or when prevented from visiting
the child by the person having lawful custody of the child.
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The subjective intent of the parent, unless supported by actions manifesting that
intent, “does not preclude a determination that the parent has abandoned the
child.” Iowa Code § 600A.8(3)(c).
The mother claims abandonment cannot be established as the guardians
prevented her from having contact with the children. The district court found J.Y.
“failed to maintain regular contact with either child, as measured by the minimum
standard set by Iowa Code [section] 600A.8(3)(b)(1).” The court rejected J.Y.’s
assertion the guardians actively prevented her from having contact, finding generic
text messages for visits with no follow up did not show interest, the guardians had
valid concerns on the visit terms she suggested, and she failed to accept any visits
in the guardians’ homes. The court further held not only did J.Y. fail to visit, she
“made no attempt at regularly contacting the children or providing either of them
with any token of her affection.” The record fully supports these findings.
When J.Y. placed the children with the guardians, it was for the expressed
purpose of “need[ing] time to put my life back together” and might last “through the
age of [eighteen].” The mother admitted to bad behavior at the beginning of the
guardianships and “hanging out with bad people.” She did not address her
substance abuse or mental health for five years until the guardians were ready to
file termination petitions. J.Y. has not seen V.B. since December 2017 and D.Y.
since May 2018. Since 2015, the mother has not consistently visited either child,
rarely called them, and did not send letters or pictures to let the children know she
cared. When she did see them, her behavior was at times violent or otherwise
inappropriate. Given the mother’s behaviors, the conditions the guardians placed
on visits do not constitute prevention of contact.
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We find clear and convincing evidence supports the mother abandoned V.B.
and D.Y. within the meaning of Iowa Code section 600A.8(3)(b).4
Best interests. The mother claims even if the threshold of abandonment
has been established, termination of her rights is not in the children’s best
interests.
The best interest of a child requires that each biological parent
affirmatively assume the duties encompassed by the role of being a
parent. In determining whether a parent has affirmatively assumed
the duties of a parent, the court shall consider, but is not limited to
consideration of, the fulfillment of financial obligations,
demonstration of continued interest in the child, demonstration of a
genuine effort to maintain communication with the child, and
demonstration of the establishment and maintenance of a place of
importance in the child’s life.
Iowa Code § 600A.1(2). We also consider the child’s safety, the best placement
for the nurturing and growth of the child, and the child’s immediate and long-range
interests. B.H.A., 938 N.W.2d at 232–33.
The mother argues terminating her rights would leave each child without a
parent if something happened to the guardian.
At this point, the guardians are the only parents the children have ever
known. D.Y. was an infant in October 2014 when placed with L.B.; V.B. was a
toddler in February 2015 when placed with A.H. The children are strongly bonded
with their guardians and doing well in the placements. The mother has not
affirmatively assumed any of the duties of a parent. And over the several years
the guardianships have been in place, she has made little effort to establish a safe
and nurturing place to raise the children. The interactions between mother and
4 Although we affirm under section 600A.8(3)(b), we also find the district court’s
reasoning on the financial-support ground for termination to be sound.
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children have involved outbursts by the mother, which scared the children. We
find termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the children’s best interests.
AFFIRMED.
In the Interest of D.Y. and V.B., Minor Children
Combined Opinion