For the certainty of procedure, we state a general rule that should obtain in this department upon applications for examination of an adverse party before trial.
The rule is this: The applicant can have the examination to prove his own case only.
This rule is subject to exceptions. (Herbage v. City of Utica, 109 N. Y. 81.) The exceptions cannot be classified; otherwise they would cease to be mere exceptions, in that they might be formulated as rules.
But I shall indicate certain kinds of cases wherein departures from the rule were justified. First. Litigations that presented a fiduciary or a quasi fiduciary relation between the parties, and a fortiori when the facts were peculiarly within the knowledge of the adverse party. Second. Litigations that presented the relation of principal- and agent, or the like, and the facts were peculiarly within the knowledge of the adverse party. Third. Litigations in which a defense, unanswered and established, would destroy the plaintiff’s cause of action. But in cases of this third class the examination was limited properly to avoidance and was not extended to disclosure.
Illustrations may be found in the judgments of Carter v. Good (57 Hun, 116); Skinner v. Steele (88 id. 307); Holmes v. Crane (167 N. Y. Supp. 735); Griffen v. Davis (99 App. Div. 65); Kastner v. Kastner (53 id. 293); and in Whitman v. Keiley (58 id. 92); Schweinburg v. Altman (131 id. 795); Berg v. Horne Co. (146 id. 412) and Clark v. Wilcklow (75 Hun, 290).
This classification is not inclusive of all exceptions possible. When the judge to whom the application is made, in the exercise of sound discretion decides to apply an exception not the rule, the examination ordered should militate as *25little as possible against the principle that underlies the rule, namely, that such examination is to aid him who has the affirmative to bear his burden, not to inform him of the burden that rests upon his adversary. (See Adams v. Cavanaugh, 37 Hun, 232, 237.)
We think that the case at bar is without the rule, and for that reason that the order must be reversed, but without costs, and the motion to vacate order granted, without costs.
Mills, Blackmar and Jaycox, JJ., concurred; Rich, J., not voting.-
Order reversed, without costs, and motion to vacate order granted, without costs.