By the Court.
Lumpkin,J. delivering the opinion.
On the 27th of August, 1833, Hardy Durham, by deed of indenture, conveyed in fee, to Joel Lofton, certain real estate therein described. The vendor covenanted, “for himself, his heirs, executors and administrators, the bargained premises unto the ven-dee, his heirs and assigns, to warrant, and forever defend, the right and title thereof, against himself and against the claim of all other persons whomsoever.” On the 16th day of April, 1836 Joel Lofton sold and conveyed, in fee, said land to Calvin Leary, the plaintiff in error, with similar warranty. In 1843, Duke W.. Braswell, and Caroline, his wife, formerly Caroline Beall, widow and relict of Robert A. Beall, deceased, the foeffor of Durham *600applied for dower in the premises, which was admeasured and set off to them. The return of the commissioners appointed to lay off dower, was made the judgment of the Court at its adjourned term in December, 1844; and a writ of possession directed to be issued by the Clerk, upon the application of the de-mandants. It was in proof, that the injury done the land, amounted to some four or five hundred dollars; and that Durham had notice of the pendency of the proceeding, to obtain dower. Leary brought an action of covenant against Hardy Durham, in Twiggs county, which came on for trial before Judge Scarborough,, Spring term, 1848. The Court ordered a non-suit on the follow-grounds, to-wit:
1st. There was no eviction.
2d. There was no breach of the warranty of title in fee, the fee being stil! in the plaintiff, with a mere incumbrance of dower, for life.
3d. There was no warranty in Durham’s deed, against incum-brance, and dower is an incumbrance.
4th. The testimony showed nothing but an incumbrance, and covenants against incumbrances do not run with the land; and consequently, the action could not be maintained by Leary, as assignee.
To this decision, and to the refusal of the Court to reinstate the case, counsel for the plaintiff excepted.
[1.] The covenants in these deeds, are of very general use, in conveyances of land in this State, where almost every man is his own scrivener. It is important, therefore, that their meaning be properly defined and fixed by this Court, that all may understand their nature ; that is, the liability of the grantor thereon, and the security of the grantee. No question which has yet come before us, has elicited more learning from the bench and bar of this country. The single case of Foote vs. Burnet, 10 Ohio R. 317, with the very able note appended by the Reporter, has almost exhausted the subject. I shall not attempt, on the present occasion, to become even a gleaner in this wide-spread and inviting field. It will be my object, as the organ of this tribunal, simply to announce what the law is respecting this doctrine, as understood and long practised upon by the people and profession in Georgia, and from which we do not feel at liberty to depart. We hold with the Supreme Court of one of our most enlightened sis*601ter States, in reference to this very matter, that in questions of property certainty is of incalculable importance. And that where a rule of law has been firmly established for half a century, at least, though originally, perhaps, on mistaken or erroneous principles, and no greater evil is to be apprehended from an adherence to it, than may be expected from a departure from it, that stare decisis ought to be our motto. Furman vs. Elmore, 2 Nott and McCord, 189.
The covenants in these deeds, like most others in use in this State, are drawn in literal accordance with the form prescribed by the Legislature in 1819. Geo. Jus. 401. The question, then, first and mainly to be determined, is, whatisthe construction of covenants couched in terms like these ? Their language is exceedingly broad and comprehensive, and contains, in the opinion of this Court, every thing which is necessary to protect the purchaser, in the full, free and uninterupted enjoyment of his property, from all lawful claims, of whatever kind or character, whether they interfere with the fee, or suspend, or disturb the present possession only. Such, we believe to be the universal understanding and intention of the parties to these covenants. It is the duty of all Courts, not only to construe deeds most strongly against the grantor, but to incline to that construction which is most obviously just, and in fulfilment of the meaning of the parties. 1 Peters, 465.
To restrict or limit, then, the effect of these general covenants of warranty, short of an assurance against the consequences of a defective title or of any disturbance in the enjoyment of the land conveyed, would create alarm throughout the community. I am fully apprised that the English cases, at least the more ancient of them, and the decisions in many of the States, do not go to this extent. But the contrary doctrine is admitted to be of feudal extraction, and never was received with peculiar favor in this country. Chief Justice Parsons, in Gore vs. Brazier, 3 Mass. 544, states the rule had been so far relaxed, before the settlement of the colonies, as to allow the tenant ousted by title paramount, to maintain a personal action of covenant broken, on a real covenant of warranty. For myself, I can say with truth, after a practice of more than a quarter of a century, that I never saw a deed containing in so many words, definite and precise covenants of sei-sin-right to convey — for quiet enjoyment — against incumbrances, *602—and for farther assurance. These are all designed to be included in the general covenant of warranty of title against all claims. And to subject our citizens to the technical rules of conveyancing, established and observed in older communities, where real estate is infinitely more valuable, and where conveyancing is a profession, demanding the most profound study and preparation, would be an intolerable hardship. For myself, I am free to confess, that 1 lack the nerve to attempt it, persuaded, too, as I am, that there is more benefit, every way, to be derived from adhering to the present practice of our Courts, than by seeking to overturn it, and that, too, upon mere technical scruples. The nations of the earth are clamoring for bread, they will be put off no longer with a stone. They ask for reasons, they will-not be satisfied by mere precedents, however hoary with antiquity. It is quite too late in the age of the world, to substitute words for things, sound for sense, the shadow for the substance.
Let us then examine separately, though not very minutely, each of the propositions submitted for our revision, without regard to the order in which they are presented in the record.
1st. Can Leary maintain this suit as assignee? The rule, that the assignee cannot maintain an action, depends upon the doctrine of the Common Law for the avoidance of maintenance, the good sense of which has been very properly questioned. Master vs. Miller, 4 B. and C. 320. Courts of Equity, from the earliest time, thought it too absurd for them to adopt. The modem tendency, both of legislation and judicial decision, is, to allow the party in interest to bring the suit, whoever that may be. At any rate, a rule of such questionable propriety, will not be stretched, to embrace a case not coming within its reason. We believe that the present is a case of that description.
Professor Greenleaf says, the object of covenant’s heal, is three-fold. First, To preserve the inheritance. Second, Tocon-tinue the relation of landlord and tenant. Third, To protect the tenant in the enjoyment of the land. Of this class is the covenant to warrant and defend the premises to him and his heirs and assigns, against all lawful claims, &c. When this covenant is broken, after the land has been conveyed to the assignee, the general rule is, that he alone has the right to sue for the damages. 2 Green. 'Ev. 240.
The Supreme Court of Massachusetts, in Sprague vs. Baker, *603(17 Mass. R. 588,) say, “ The actual damages accrued after the assignment. They were sustained by the assignee, and not by the assignor, who has no interest in them, except what arises from his covenant with the plaintiff. But suppose there had been no such covenant; or suppose the assignor to be insolvent; then, unless the assignee can maintain the present action, he is without remedy. This, certainly, would not be right, nor do we think that such is the law. It seems to us, that if the present case required a decision upon this point, we might well be warranted in saying, that the covenant against incumbrances passed to the as-signee, so as to entitle him to an action for any damages, which he might sustain after the assignment; because the breach continued, and the ground of damage has been materially enlarged since the assignment. So that the plaintiff’s right to sue, does not depend upon the assignment merely of a chose in action. He is principally interested in the covenant; and these covenants run with the land in which the owner is solely, or principally, interested, and are necessary for the maintenance of his rights Covenant lies by the assignee in every covenant, which concerns the land, “ citing, Com. Dig. Covenant B. 3 Mod. 242.”
[2.] “ But it is unnecessary,” continue the Court, “ to give a decided opinion upon this point, as we have no doubt the plaintiff is entitled to judgment upon the other covenant. And in the first place, it is observable, that the words of the covenant are, To warrant and defend the premises against the lawful claims and demands of all persons ; and it is agreed that at the time of the grant, there was a claim on the land, by way of mortgage; that after the assignment, the mortgagee demanded possession of the plaintiff, or the payment of the debt due on the mortgage; and thathe, to avoid a suit with which he was threatened, and against which he could not defend himself, paid the sum due on the mortgage. Against this claim, therefore, Baker (Durham) has not defended him according to the express words of the covenant’’
In the case under discussion, it will be observed, that Durham, the defendant, expressly covenants, not only to protect Lofton, but likewise his heirs and assigns, in the enjoyment of the land. How can it be contended, then, that the covenant was made for the benefit of the grantee only I Independent of the general doctrine, we might safely rest this decision upon the words of the covenant itself, which are extended to the assigns of Lofton. In *604sucli a case, it is just as much intended for the security of all subsequent grantees, as the immediate parties to the instrument. And the last, principally, because he is the first and greatest sufferer. By considering such a covenant as annexed to and running with the land, so long as it remains in the possession of the covenantee, it ceases to be a dead letter. It will constitute a valuable security to every subsequent grantee.
“If,” say the Supreme Court of Ohio, in Foote vs. Burnet, already quoted, “ the first grantee continued in possession of the land, while his title remains undisturbed, and conveys to a subsequent grantee, in whose time an outstanding incumbrance is enforced against the land, justice requires that this subsequent grantee should have the benefit of this covenant against incumbrances, to indemnify himself.”
2d. It is insisted that there was no breach of the warranty of the title in fee, the fee being still in the plaintiff, with a mere in-cumbrance of dower for life. It may be true, that the fee is not molested; but is not the Hile disturbed when an estate for life is carved out of the premises ? Would a bond for titles be satisfied by the tender of a title incumbered with dower? The covenant of warranty in Durham’s deed is of the title. And what is title ? “ It is the means whereby the owner ofland hath the just possession of his property.” 2 B. Com. 196. If the owner be expelled from one third of his land during the life-time of the dowager, is this no breach of the warranty of title ? 1 should feel it to be such, were I the unfortunate purchaser; and highly as we respect the decisions of our brother Scarborough, and much as we regret now, and at all times, to differ from him as well as the rest of our brethren of the Circuit Bench, nevertheless, we arc constrained to take somewhat of a different view of this covenant.
3d. This ground has already been anticipated. It affirms that the deed from Durham to Lofton, contains no warranty against incumbrances, and that dower is an incumbrance. Our position is, that the covenant in this deed, is in effect, a covenant offreedom from incumbrances ; and that it is broken by any evidence showing that a third person has a right to or interest in the land granted, to the diminution of the value of the land, though consistent with the passing of the fee by the deed of conveyance. 2 Green. Ev. 242. Prescott vs. Furman, 4 Mass. 627, 629.
4th. It only remains to consider whether eviction be necessary *605to tbe maintenance of this action, and if so, does not the proof establish what is tantamount to an eviction 1
By the Act of 1824 authorizing tho Superior Courts of this State to assign and set off dower, (Prince, 459J the right of the' applicant is first ascertained. Next, commissioners are appointed to enter wpon the land and tenements, and with the assistance of a surveyor, if necessary, to admeasure and lay off the part or share to which, by the laws of this State, the applicant is entitled; the proceedings are returned to the next term of the Superior Court, after the writ issues, and are made by the judgment thereof final and conclusive, between all the parties concerned, unless some person interested shall show good and probable cause in bar, of the confirmation of such assignment. And a writ of possession is directed to be issued by the Clerk, upon the application of the person to whom dower is so assigned. All of this has been done in t he present Case, except that the record furnishes no evidence that a writ of possession has ever issued. The legal presumption is, that none was needed, and that the tenant surrendered voluntarily. The witnesses testify that Leary, the plaintiff, has been injured some four or five hundred dollars. We think that the case should have been submitted to the Jury. After the judgment of confirmation, by the Court, not only the actual, but the market value of the premises has diminished to the extent of the worth of the dower. The tenant would have subjected himself to the payment of rent, by holding over. The judgment of the Court had settled the fact, that there was an outstanding and better title than Durham’s, to a portion of this land. The existence of this claim was an incumbrance, ascertained and fixed by law, and was, in our opinion, such a breach of the warranty as to authorize a suit: not to recover nominal damages only, but indemnity for the actual injury incurred. If the formal entry of a mortgage for foreclosure, though made under a Statute which does not require that the possession of the mortgagee should be continued, is a breach, (3 Mit. 81. 2 lb. 510. 9 Mass. RASH. 16 Peck, 56,) the conclusion is irresistible, that the proceedings in this claim of dower, would sustain the present suit.
The case of MacKey vs. Ex’rs, of Collins, 2 Nott and McCord, 186, is very similar to that at bar. The defendant, by deed, sold to the plaintiff, a tract of land to hold in fee, and by said deed *606bound himself, his heirs, executors, &c., to warrant, and forever defend the premises to the plaintiff, his heirs, &c., against every person whomsoever, lawfully claiming, or to claim the same or any part thereof. The grantee brought an action of covenant upon this warranty, alleging, as the breach, that Collins, the grantor, was not the owner of the land ; but that the same belonged to one Jesse Baker, who then lawfully claimed the same. Mr. Justice Gantt, before whom the action was tried, ordered a nonsuit, on the ground, that an action could not be maintained until there had been a legal eviction by an action at law. A motion was made to set aside the nonsuit, on tlie ground that it was in effect a covenant of seisin, and not for quiet enjoyment, and therefore, an eviction was not necessary. And that even if it was to be considered a covenant for quiet enjoyment, still the action ought to have been supported.
Mr. Justice Nott, who delivered the opinion of the Court of Appeals, admitted that the covenant in the deed was not in express terms either a covenant of seisin or for quiet enjoyment. Still he considered it a covenant for good, title and for the whole quantity ; and that the action of covenant would lie without eviction. Indeed, he remarks that this doctrine, as to the liberal interpretation of these covenants, has become so deeply engrafted into the jurisprudence of that State, that to extirpate it, would be attended with mischief, little less than the abolition of the first rule of evidence.
The old rule of requiring the subsequent purchaser to hold on till ousted by judgment of a Court, is now exploded. It went upon the presumption that alegal investigation was necessary to determine in whom the legal estate was. But this doctrine is now repudiated as being at war with the principles of justice. The honest purchaser might in thisway see hisvendor wasting all his effects, or going beyond his reach, without the power of securing himself against that loss, which, sooner or later, he must inevitably suffer. Chief Justice Parsons seems to have stated the law very accurately in Hamilton vs. Cutts, et al. Ex’rs. 4 Mass. R. 349, he says : “ It is true that if the tenant consents to an unlawful ouster, he cannot afterwards be entitled to a remedy for such ouster. But an ouster maybe lawful; and in that case, the tenant may yield toa dispossession without losing his remedy on the covenant of warranty, which, in this State, is a personal action of covenant broken. There is no necessity for him to involve himself in a *607law-suit to defend himself against a title, which he is satisfied must ultimately prevail. But he consents at his own peril. If d'e title to which he has yielded, be not good, he must abide the loss ; and in a suit against the warrantor, the burthen of proof will be on the plaintiff, although it would be otherwise in case of an eviction, by force of a judgment at law, with notice of the suit, to the warrantor. For in such a case, unless it be obtained by fraud, the judgment itself will be plenary evidence.”
In Loomis vs. Bedel, 11 New Hampshire R. 82, C. J. Parker, in delivering the opinion of the Court, says : “ It seems to be generally settled, that in order to support an action, upon a covenant of warranty, there must be something more than evidence of an outstanding paramount title. There must be an assertion of that title and an ouster or disturbance by means of it. But no technical action by judgment oflaw is necessary, nor is any resistance of the paramount title, legal or otherwise, required, to the maintenance of an action upon the covenant. It is well settled that an entry under the paramount title, amounts to a breach of a covenant of warranty. And the grantee may, upon demand, surrender the land to a claimant, having a good title, and resort to his action.
The learned Judge notices, with disapprobation, Waldron vs. McCarty, 3 Johns. R. 464, and then proceeds — “If the claimant holding paramount title, should enter upon the land, and the grantee should thereupon yield up possession, he would immediately have a right of action upon the covenant of warranty in his deed ; and this right would not be barred or forfeited, should he forthwith purchase the premises from the claimant, to whose superior title he had thus yielded the possession. He might, on such purchase, immediately re-enter into the possession, and still maintain his action on the covenant. If, instead of this formality, he yields to the claims of a paramount title, and purchases, without any actual entry of the claimant under it, where is the substantial difference 1 For all practical purposes, his title under the grant, to which the covenant is attached, and under which he originally entered, is as much defeated in the one case as the other. He is, in fact, dispossessed, so far as that title is concerned. He is still in possession, but he is so under another title, adverse and paramount to his former one ; and his purchase is, therefore, equivalent to an entry by the claimant. It is an ouster by his *608consent, and a re-entry by himself under the superior title, without going through with what would be, at best, a mere formality, where, conscious of the defect of the title under which he originally entered, he chooses to yield peaceably to the asscr ion of a better title, and to purchase it.
The grantor who conveys a defective title, with a covenant of warranty, has no reason to complain of this. No action can be maintained against him upon his covenant in such a case, except upon proof of the actual existence of a title superior to the one he conveyed, arid which his grantee could not withstand at law ; and if that proof is made out with evidence that the title was asserted and yielded to, why should he be permitted to insist there must be a formal surrender of the possession, or actual entry, and that if this was not done, there could be no breach of his covenant. How would his interest bo benefited by the going out and going back again 1”
These cases, so convincing in their logic wil, shed light upon many a dark passage in the law of warranty. In some of the States, the authorities go so far as to rule that to show paramount title in another person, without eviction, legal or actual, is sufficient, either to defend against the payment of the purchase money, or to receive damages for covenant broken. But we forbear. If there were no such precedents as those relied on in this decision, still we should be inclined to abide by the doctrines which we have now established, believing them, as we do, to be in accordance with the soundest views of right and justice. They are the doctrines, so far as we know, and are informed, which have been heretofore entertained, and enforced by our predecessors- of the Circuit Bench. And I am well assured that in following their “ via trita,” in relation to them, we shall find it, I doubt not, a *’ via tuta,” not to the present case only, but likewise to our future adjudications.
Let the judgment below be reversed, the nonsuit set aside, and the case re-instated.