Authority of Acting FBI Officials to
Sign National Security Letters
Under the statutes authorizing the FBI to issue national security letters, the Director of the
FBI may designate Acting Deputy Assistant Directors and Acting Special Agents in
Charge to sign national security letters.
January 16, 2009
MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE GENERAL COUNSEL
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
You have asked whether an official acting temporarily in the position
of Deputy Assistant Director at the headquarters of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (“FBI”) or Special Agent in Charge of an FBI field office
may sign national security letters (“NSLs”). By statute, NSLs may be
issued by “[t]he Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or his
designee in a position not lower than Deputy Assistant Director at Bureau
headquarters or a Special Agent in Charge in a Bureau field office desig-
nated by the Director.” E.g., 18 U.S.C. § 2709(b) (2006). 1 We conclude
that, under the NSL statutes, the Director of the FBI (“Director”) may
designate Acting Deputy Assistant Directors and Acting Special Agents in
Charge to sign NSLs. 2
1 Memorandum for the Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal
Counsel, from Valerie E. Caproni, General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(Mar. 27, 2008) (“FBI Memorandum”).
2 You also raise the question whether the conferral of authority to sign NSLs on Acting
Deputy Assistant Directors and Acting Special Agents in Charge would square with the
Appointments Clause; your memorandum assumes that the authority to sign NSLs impli-
cates the Appointments Clause and that employees who sign NSLs must be appointed in
accordance with that Clause. See FBI Memorandum at 6. We understand that the Director
selects Acting Deputy Assistant Directors and Special Agents in Charge from among
special agents and members of ‘the FBI Senior Executive Service, and that the authority
to appoint these officials has been delegated (and, in some cases, redelegated) from the
Attorney General to subordinate officials of the FBI. See id. at 1, 6–7. As our Office
previously has stated, the “question whether [the head of a department may] delegate
appointment authority to an officer below the head of the department is a difficult one,
and we cannot provide a definitive answer at this time.” Assignment of Certain Functions
Related to Certain Military Appointments, 29 Op. O.L.C. 133, 135 (2005). We noted in
particular that “[t]he Clause was designed to ‘limit[] the universe of eligible recipients of
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Authority of Acting FBI Officials to Sign National Security Letters
I.
Under 18 U.S.C. § 2709 (2006), 12 U.S.C. § 3414 (2006), and 15 U.S.C.
§ 1681u (2006), the FBI may issue NSLs seeking information relevant to
national security investigations. 3 In particular, 18 U.S.C. § 2709(b) allows
the FBI to obtain from a wire or electronic communications service pro-
vider the name, address, length of service, and billing records of a sub-
scriber, while 12 U.S.C. § 3414 deals with customer records from finan-
cial institutions, and 15 U.S.C. § 1681u with certain information from
consumer reporting agencies. To issue an NSL under these statutes, the
FBI must certify in writing that the information requested “is sought for
the conduct of an authorized investigation to protect against international
terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities.” 18 U.S.C. § 2709(b); 12
U.S.C. § 3414(a)(5); 15 U.S.C. § 1681u(a). If the FBI further certifies that
“otherwise there may result a danger to the national security of the United
States, interference with a criminal, counterterrorism, or counterintelli-
gence investigation, interference with diplomatic relations, or danger to
the life or physical safety of any person,” the recipient of the NSL will be
prohibited from disclosing the NSL’s existence or content, except as
necessary to comply with the NSL or to seek legal advice about it. 18
U.S.C. § 2709(c); 12 U.S.C. § 3414(a)(5)(D); 15 U.S.C. § 1681u(d). Both
of these statutory certifications must be made by “[t]he Director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, or his designee in a position not lower
than Deputy Assistant Director at Bureau headquarters or a Special Agent
in Charge in a Bureau field office designated by the Director.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 2709(b), (c); 12 U.S.C. § 3414(a)(5); 15 U.S.C. § 1681u(a), (d). You
have asked whether this language permits Acting Deputy Assistant Direc-
the power to appoint’ in order to ensure that such actors were readily identifiable and
politically accountable.” Id. at 4 (quoting Freytag v. Comm’r, 501 U.S. 868, 885 (1991)).
We are not in a position in the present opinion to resolve this difficult question about the
delegability of a department head’s authority to appoint inferior officers.
3 The FBI Memorandum notes (at page 2) that 15 U.S.C. § 1681v (2006) similarly au-
thorizes the issuance of NSLs to consumer reporting agencies (to obtain full credit
reports), but that statute is different from the other NSL statutes insofar as it requires the
certifications to be made by a “supervisory official” designated by the head of an agency
or another official appointed by the President with the Senate’s advice and consent. Id.
§ 1681v(b). We understand that, despite this textual difference, the FBI’s policy is to
follow the same procedures for issuing NSLs under section 1681v as for other NSLs.
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33 Op. O.L.C. 146 (2009)
tors and Acting Special Agents in Charge to make these certifications. We
conclude that it does.
As a general rule, “[a]n acting officer is vested with the full authority
of the officer for whom he acts.” Acting Officers, 6 Op. O.L.C. 119, 120
(1982); see Keyser v. Hitz, 133 U.S. 138, 146 (1890); Ryan v. United
States, 136 U.S. 68, 81 (1890); Commissioners of Soldiers’ Home—
Vacancy, 23 Op. Att’y Gen. 473, 475–76 (1901); see, e.g., United States
v. McGee, 173 F.3d 952, 955–56 (6th Cir. 1999); United States v. Pellicci,
504 F.2d 1106, 1107 (1st Cir. 1974) (“There is no basis for concluding
that one ‘acting’ as Attorney General has fewer than all the powers of that
office.”). We assume that Congress legislates with an awareness of this
presumption, see Comm’r v. Keystone Consol. Indus., Inc., 508 U.S. 152,
159 (1993), and we therefore construe statutes that authorize officers to
perform specified functions as encompassing acting officers, even if the
statutes do not expressly name them. See Memorandum for Richard L.
Thornburgh, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, from Anto-
nin Scalia, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Re:
Designation of a Deputy Assistant Attorney General to Act as Assistant
Attorney General at 3–4 (Sept. 9, 1975) (“Designation of a Deputy Assis-
tant Attorney General ”); Memorandum for Stephen S. Trott, Assistant
Attorney General, Criminal Division, from Robert B. Shanks, Deputy
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Re: Authority of
Acting Assistant Attorney General to Authorize an Application for a Title
III Wiretap at 7 (July 10, 1984) (“Authority of Acting Assistant Attorney
General ”).
Applying this principle, a 1975 opinion of our Office concluded that
the federal wiretap statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2516 (1970), permitted an Acting
Assistant Attorney General to authorize wiretap applications, even though
the statute provided for authorization by the “[t]he Attorney General, or
any Assistant Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney
General.” See Designation of a Deputy Assistant Attorney General at 3, 6.
Our opinion was prompted by dicta in United States v. Acon, 513 F.2d
513, 516 (3d Cir. 1975), stating that Acting Assistant Attorneys General
could not authorize wiretap applications because the statute did not list
them. We disagreed with that view. We argued that Acon had erroneously
relied on United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S. 505 (1974), which had held
that the Attorney General’s Executive Assistant could not approve a
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Authority of Acting FBI Officials to Sign National Security Letters
wiretap application because the statute did not name the “Executive
Assistant” as among the officials to whom the Attorney General could
delegate his authority, and the statute’s legislative history revealed an
intent to restrict the delegation of authority to a small group of politically
responsive, senior Department of Justice officials. See Designation of a
Deputy Assistant Attorney General at 2. Giordano was not relevant to the
issue at hand, we explained, because whether a power may be delegated to
a particular official and whether an acting official may exercise that
power are two distinct issues; Acon erred by failing to distinguish between
an intent to limit delegation and the “extraordinary” intent “to reverse the
normal rule concerning authority of acting officers.” Id. at 4. We noted
that reading a delegation limitation to exclude acting officials from a
function would substantially expand the restriction with relatively small
benefits. Id. Any such exceptions to the general rule about acting officials,
we also noted, would impose a significant burden on acting officials by
making it difficult to determine which powers of the permanent office
they possess. Id. at 6 (citing Pellicci, 504 F.2d at 1107). Thus, although
we recognized that “congressional concern for the sensitivity of a function
could result in not merely the commitment of that function to particular
officials but also in a prohibition against exercise of the function by any
acting holders of the named offices,” we concluded that evidence of intent
to limit the delegability of a function alone would not show that Congress
also intended to preclude acting officials from performing that function.
Id. at 4.
A 1984 opinion of our Office reaffirmed the conclusions of our 1975
opinion. Nonetheless, we observed that intervening court cases had ex-
tended Giordano’s analysis to preclude Acting Assistant Attorneys Gen-
eral from authorizing wiretap applications. See Authority of Acting Assis-
tant Attorney General at 1. We therefore advised caution in pursuing the
position that the wiretap statute permitted Acting Assistant Attorneys
General to approve wiretap applications. The wiretap statute, however,
presented a specialized concern that is not presented by the NSL statutes.
As described in Giordano, the legislative history of the wiretap statute
revealed congressional intent to limit authority to approve wiretap appli-
cations to officials who could be held accountable through the political
process, and it suggested that perhaps only Senate-confirmed presidential
appointees are politically responsive in the relevant sense. See id. at 2–3
149
33 Op. O.L.C. 146 (2009)
(citing Giordano, 416 U.S. at 520 & n.9). Thus, cases such as Acon stated
that “an acting assistant attorney general [does not] meet the Supreme
Court’s test of political responsiveness.” Acon, 513 F.2d at 516. The NSL
statutes, in contrast, expressly authorize the issuance of NSLs by officials
who are not Senate-confirmed and arguably are not politically responsive
according to Giordano, and the legislative history of the NSL statutes,
described in more detail below, does not reveal any special concern about
the political accountability of officials who issue NSLs.
If the NSL statutes simply named “Deputy Assistant Directors” and
“Special Agents in Charge” as among the officials whom the Director
could designate to issue NSLs, the presumption about acting officials and
our 1975 opinion would lead directly to the conclusion that Acting Depu-
ty Assistant Directors and Acting Special Agents in Charge could sign
NSLs. See Designation of Deputy Assistant Attorney General at 5 (“[T]he
naming of the office[] goes merely to the level of which delegation is
permitted and not to the issue of whether, for an interim period, a tempo-
rary holder of that office can perform the delegated function.”). The text
of these statutes, however, raises a substantial and difficult question
whether “congressional concern for the sensitivity of ” NSL functions has
resulted “in a prohibition against exercise of [such] function[s] by any
acting holders of the named offices.” Id. at 4. These statutes do not simply
name the officials whom the Director may designate to exercise NSL
authorities. Instead, they reserve the exercise of NSL functions to the
Director “or his designee in a position not lower than Deputy Assistant
Director at Bureau headquarters or a Special Agent in Charge in a Bureau
field office designated by the Director.” 18 U.S.C. § 2709(b); 12 U.S.C.
§ 3414(a)(5); 15 U.S.C. § 1681u(a) (emphasis added). This language is
unusual and might suggest a congressional intent to limit the exercise of
NSL authority to permanent appointees, who, unlike acting officials,
perhaps are more fittingly characterized as “in a position.” 4
4 We are aware of two other statutes that use the formulation “in a position not lower
than.” See 20 U.S.C. § 1232g( j ) (2006) (authorizing “the Attorney General (or any
Federal officer or employee, in a position not lower than an Assistant Attorney General,
designated.by the Attorney General),” to seek an ex parte court order allowing access to
educational records in connection with terrorism investigations or prosecutions (emphasis
added)); id. § 9573(e) (similar). Neither our Office nor any court has considered the
meaning of these provisions.
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Authority of Acting FBI Officials to Sign National Security Letters
II.
Statutes about the designation of acting officials typically do not refer
to such officials as being “in a position.” The Vacancies Reform Act
(“VRA”), for example, says that an acting officer “shall perform the
functions and duties” of the vacant office. 5 U.S.C. § 3345(a) (2006).
Other statutes use similar language or provide that the acting official shall
“serve as” or shall “be” “Acting [Title]” in the event of a vacancy, ab-
sence, or disability. See, e.g., 10 U.S.C. § 154(d) (2006) (providing that
“the Vice Chairman [of the Joint Chiefs of Staff] acts as Chairman and
performs the duties of the Chairman until a successor is appointed or the
absence or disability ceases”); 12 U.S.C. § 1462a(c)(3)(B) (2006) (“In the
event of a vacancy in the position of Director [of the Office of Thrift
Supervision] or during the absence or disability of the Director, the Depu-
ty Director shall serve as Acting Director.”); 18 U.S.C. § 508 (2006) (“In
case of a vacancy in the office of Attorney General, or, of his absence or
disability, the Deputy Attorney General may exercise all the duties of that
office.”) (emphases added).
The existence of these formulations, however, does not demonstrate
that by using the language “in a position not lower than,” Congress sought
to preclude Acting Deputy Assistant Directors from exercising NSL
functions. Nothing in the statutes speaks directly to the issue of acting
officials, and the phrase “in a position not lower than” easily could refer
to the level to which the function may be delegated. In light of the distinc-
tion we drew in our 1975 opinion between provisions that restrict dele-
gability and those that exclude acting officials from performing a func-
tion, and in light of the well-established presumption that acting officials
may exercise the same authorities as permanent officeholders, the NSL
statutes are best read as placing a limit on delegation, not overturning the
ordinary presumption about acting officials. We believe Congress would
have spoken more clearly had it intended to preclude acting officials from
issuing NSLs. See Designation of a Deputy Assistant Attorney General at
6; Authority of Acting Assistant Attorney General at 7.
The legislative history of the NSL statutes generally supports the view
that Congress sought to limit the delegation of NSL functions to FBI
officials at the level of Deputy Assistant Director or above, rather than
to preclude Acting Deputy Assistant Directors from issuing NSLs. As
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33 Op. O.L.C. 146 (2009)
originally enacted, 18 U.S.C. § 2709, 12 U.S.C. § 3414, and 15 U.S.C.
§ 1681u did not expressly limit the class of officials whom the Director
could designate to sign NSLs. Instead, 18 U.S.C. § 2709 authorized
“[t]he Director . . . (or an individual within the Federal Bureau of Invest-
igation designated for this purpose by the Director)” to make the certi-
fications required for NSLs (Electronic Communications Privacy Act,
Pub. L. No. 99-508, § 201, 100 Stat. 1848, 1867 (1986)), and 12 U.S.C.
§ 3414 and 15 U.S.C. § 1681u provided that “the Director . . . (or the
Director’s designee)” could make NSL certifications (Intelligence Author-
ization Act for Fiscal Year 1987, Pub. L. No. 99-569, § 404, 100 Stat.
3190, 3197 (1986); Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996,
Pub. L. No. 104-93, § 601(a), 109 Stat. 961, 975 (1996)). In the confer-
ence reports accompanying 12 U.S.C. § 3414 and 15 U.S.C. § 1681u,
however, the conferees stated that the Director should not delegate NSL
authority below the level of Deputy Assistant Director. See H.R. Rep. No.
99-952, at 23–24 (1986) (Conf. Rep.) (noting that the conferees had
“concluded that, should the Director of the FBI decide to delegate his
authority [under 12 U.S.C. § 3414], . . . he should delegate it no further
down the FBI chain-of-command than the level of Deputy Assistant Direc-
tor” (emphasis added)); H.R. Rep. No. 104-427, at 37–38 (1995) (Conf.
Rep.) (“As is the case with the FBI’s existing National Security Letter
authority . . . , the conferees expect, that if the Director of the FBI dele-
gates th[ese] function[s] under [15 U.S.C. § 1681u], the Director will
delegate [them] no further than the level of FBI Deputy Assistant Direc-
tor.”); see also H.R. Rep. No. 99-690, pt. 1, at 17 (1986) (“The Commit-
tee urges that, if the Director of the FBI delegates his function under [12
U.S.C. § 3414], he will delegate it no further down the FBI chain of
command than the level of Assistant Director.”). The conference report
that accompanied 18 U.S.C. § 2709 does not as clearly reveal a concern
about delegability, but it seems likely that Congress viewed this statute
and the other NSL statutes as similar. See S. Rep. No. 99-541, at 44–45
(1986) (“It is intended that the [certification] requirement will be deter-
mined by a senior FBI official at the level of Deputy Assistant Director or
above.”). 5 There is no indication in the legislative history of 18 U.S.C.
5 Congress subsequently codified these restrictions by amending 18 U.S.C. § 2709(b)
to provide that the “Director of the [FBI], or his designee in a position not lower than
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Authority of Acting FBI Officials to Sign National Security Letters
§ 2709, 12 U.S.C. § 3414, or 15 U.S.C. § 1681u that Congress intended to
preclude acting officials from issuing NSLs.
The legislative history of the NSL statutes does not reveal anything
more than intent to restrict the delegability of NSL functions. That intent
does not support a conclusion that Congress meant to preclude Acting
Deputy Assistant Directors from exercising NSL functions. In the ab-
sence of any evidence in the statutory text or legislative history of “ex-
traordinary” congressional intent to “reverse the normal rule concerning
authority of acting officers,” Designation of a Deputy Assistant Attorney
General at 4, we conclude that 18 U.S.C. § 2709, 12 U.S.C. § 3414, and
15 U.S.C. § 1681u permit Acting Deputy Assistant Directors at FBI
headquarters to exercise NSL functions.
III.
We also conclude that the NSL statutes permit Acting Special Agents
in Charge to exercise NSL functions. As a preliminary matter, we note
that the language in the NSL statutes, “in a position not lower than,” may
not apply to Special Agents in Charge of FBI field offices. It would be
awkward and redundant for the NSL statutes to permit NSLs to be signed
by the Director’s “designee in a position not lower than . . . a Special
Agent in Charge in a Bureau field office designated by the Director.”
(Emphasis added.) To avoid surplusage, we could read these statutes as
authorizing the exercise of NSL authorities by the director’s (1) “designee
in a position not lower than Deputy Assistant Director at Bureau head-
quarters” or (2) “a Special Agent in Charge in a Bureau field office desig-
nated by the Director.” See TRW Inc. v. Andrews, 534 U.S. 19, 31 (2001).
On this reading, because the “in a position not lower than” language
would not apply to Special Agents in Charge, they would simply be
named among the officials whom the Director could designate to exercise
NSL authorities. Under the ordinary presumption about acting officials,
therefore, the NSL statutes would authorize Acting Special Agents in
Deputy Assistant Director,” may sign an NSL. Pub. L. No.103-142, § 1, 107 Stat. 1491,
1491 (1993). Section 3414 of title 12 and 15 U.S.C. § 1681u were later amended to
conform to 18 U.S.C. § 2709. See Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing
Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No.
107-56, § 505, 115 Stat. 272, 365–66 (2001).
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33 Op. O.L.C. 146 (2009)
Charge to sign NSLs. See Designation of a Deputy Assistant Attorney
General at 3–4 (“[T]he description of the class of officials who are au-
thorized to perform certain acts also includes acting officials, even if they
are not specifically mentioned[.]”); see also McGee, 173 F.3d at 955–56;
Pellicci, 504 F.2d at 1107; Commissioners of Soldiers’ Home—Vacancy,
23 Op. Att’y Gen. 473, 475–76 (1901).
Even if the phrase “in a position not lower than” applies to Special
Agents in Charge, however, we would still read the statute as limiting
delegation only, rather than overturning the presumption that acting
officers may exercise the full powers of the offices in which they tempo-
rarily serve. Like the legislative history discussed above, the legislative
record behind the addition of Special Agents in Charge to the NSL stat-
utes does not show any congressional concern about the issuance of NSLs
by acting officials. When Congress added Special Agents in Charge to the
NSL statutes, it sought to expand, not restrict, the class of officials who
may be authorized to issue NSLs. In 2001, Congress amended the NSL
statutes to permit the Director to designate a “Special Agent in Charge in
a Bureau field office,” in addition to headquarters officials at the level of
Deputy Assistant Director or above. Pub. L. No. 107-56, § 505, 115 Stat.
at 365–66. In hearings on the proposed legislation, a Department of Jus-
tice official explained that the proposed amendment would “allow special
agents in charge—that is, the top-ranking FBI field agent in each of the
FBI’s 56 field offices—to issue one of these letters rather than requiring
the letter to be sent out by an Assistant Director at headquarters.” S. 1448,
The Intelligence to Prevent Terrorism Act of 2001 and Other Legislative
Proposals in the Wake of the September 11, 2001 Attacks: Hearing Before
the S. Select Comm. on Intelligence, 107th Cong. 24 (2001) (statement of
David Kris, Associate Deputy Attorney General). A section-by-section
analysis similarly explained that, “because [NSLs] require the signature of
a high-ranking official at FBI headquarters, they often take months to be
issued. . . . In many cases, counterintelligence and counterterrorism inves-
tigations suffer substantial delays while waiting for NSLs to be prepared,
returned from headquarters, and served. The section would streamline the
process of obtaining NSL authority.” Administration’s Draft Anti-
Terrorism Act of 2001: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary,
107th Cong. 57–58 (2001). In view of the statutory presumption about
acting officials and this indication of congressional intent to expand the
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Authority of Acting FBI Officials to Sign National Security Letters
class of officials who may issue NSLs, we think that 18 U.S.C. § 2709, 12
U.S.C. § 3414, and 15 U.S.C. § 1681u permit Acting Special Agents in
Charge to sign NSLs. 6
DANIEL L. KOFFSKY
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
6 It might be argued that Acting Deputy Assistant Directors and Acting Special Agents
in Charge should not be permitted to issue NSLs under the NSL statutes because the
Director could designate relatively low-level employees to serve in these roles. See 136
Cong. Rec. 35,806, 35,817 (Oct. 26, 1990) (statement of Sen. Boren) (introducing
amendment to NSL statutes that “adds the requirement that the Director’s designee be of
at least the rank of Deputy Assistant Director . . . due, in part, to the finding that critical
decisions [concerning NSLs] were made at low levels at FBI Headquarters”). We do not
think this possibility undermines our interpretation of the NSL statutes. Congress vested
the authority to issue NSLs in Deputy Assistant Directors and Special Agents in Charge
designated by the Director, and there is no indication of congressional intent to preclude
issuance of NSLs by officials acting in these positions. Moreover, as the FBI Memoran-
dum notes (at pages 1 and 7), the Director selects permanent and acting Deputy Assistant
Directors and Special Agents in Charge from the same pool of FBI employees (special
agents and members of the FBI Senior Executive Service). This practice further supports
the view that the issuance of NSLs by Acting Deputy Assistant Directors and Special
Agents in Charge should not raise any special concern under the NSL statutes.
155