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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-13367
____________________
In Re: 1:09-md-02036-JLK
CHECKING ACCOUNT OVERDRAFT LITIGATION
__________________________________________________
MICHAEL DASHER, 1:10-cv-22190-JLK
Plaintiff-Appellee,
STEPHANIE AVERY,
Interested Party-Appellant,
versus
RBC BANK (USA),
d.b.a. RBC Bank,
Defendant-Appellee.
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2 Opinion of the Court 20-13367
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket Nos. 1:09-md-02036-JLK,
1:10-cv-22190-JLK
____________________
Before JORDAN, NEWSOM, Circuit Judges, and BURKE,* District
Judge.
BURKE, District Judge:
Stephanie Avery appeals the district court’s certification of
a class and the approval of a settlement with PNC Bank. Avery
contends that the court abused its discretion by finding that the
settlement class’s representative, Michael Dasher, adequately rep-
resented her (and her proposed subclass’s) interests and that the
settlement class’s claims were typical of hers (and her proposed
subclass’s). After careful review, and with the benefit of oral ar-
gument, we affirm the district court’s rulings.
I. Background
This matter is the latest appeal spurred from RBC Bank’s
alleged improper assessment and collection of overdraft fees. This
practice, known as “high-to-low posting,” occurs when financial
*The Honorable Liles C. Burke, United States District Judge for the North-
ern District of Alabama, sitting by designation.
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20-13367 Opinion of the Court 3
institutions restructure their customers’ debit transactions by
placing more costly transactions on their accounts before less
costly ones. Restructuring transactions this way makes it more
likely that a customer’s account balance will drop below $0.00 so
that the financial institution can charge overdraft fees against eve-
ry transaction posted after the account balance drops to nothing.
Avery is one of several thousand customers allegedly harmed by
RBC’s scheme.
Dasher and Avery’s consolidated class actions are before
this Court following settlement and class certification in the Dis-
trict Court for the Southern District of Florida. Dasher filed his
action in that court on July 2, 2010. Avery filed in North Carolina
state court one week later. The cases were consolidated into
MDL 2036 in the Southern District of Florida in 2010 and 2011,
respectively.
This Court has twice decided matters concerning Dasher’s
class action due to its factual peculiarities. This matter is now be-
fore the Court a third time. Back in 2008, Dasher was simply an
RBC customer. His account agreement with RBC—at that time—
contained an arbitration clause that covered overdraft fee dis-
putes. See Dasher v. RBC Bank (USA) (Dasher I), 645 F.3d 1111,
1113–14 (11th Cir. 2014). However, when RBC merged with
PNC Bank in 2012–and after Dasher had filed suit against RBC–
PNC issued Dasher a new account agreement that didn’t contain
an arbitration clause. Id. at 1114.
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4 Opinion of the Court 20-13367
PNC moved to compel Dasher to arbitrate his claims after
it merged with RBC. The district court denied that motion in
2013. Almost immediately after the district court issued that rul-
ing, PNC issued its customers an amended agreement that con-
tained an arbitration provision. See Dasher v. RBC Bank (USA)
(Dasher II), 882 F.3d 1017, 1019 (11th Cir. 2018). Those provisions
took effect on February 1, 2013. Id. That agreement also provided
that account holders accepted the new terms if they failed to opt-
out and continued using their accounts. Id.
In February 2014, this Court held that the 2012 PNC
agreement without an arbitration clause superseded the 2008
RBC agreement that had required Dasher and plaintiffs like him
to arbitrate his claims. Dasher I, 645 F.3d at 1127. Nine months
after that decision, PNC moved to compel Dasher to arbitrate his
claims based on the February 2013 amended agreement. See
Dasher II, 882 F.3d at 1020. The district court denied that motion.
In February of 2018, this Court affirmed the district court’s denial
concluding there was no meeting of the minds between Dasher
and PNC on the February 2013 amended customer agreement.
This was because PNC communicated the amendment directly to
Dasher while he was represented by counsel and actively engaged
in litigation against PNC “forcefully and consistently resisting ar-
bitration.” Dasher II, 882 F.3d at 1021.
By 2014, class counsel recognized that some plaintiffs
would likely be subject to the February 2013 arbitration clause
and class-action waiver. Customers who held RBC accounts that
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20-13367 Opinion of the Court 5
were converted into PNC accounts but closed their accounts be-
fore February 1, 2013, likely couldn’t be compelled to arbitrate
given Dasher I’s reasoning. Customers who kept their accounts
after February 1, 2013, likely could be compelled to arbitrate.
So, plaintiffs’ amended complaint proposed subclasses based on
the likelihood that members of each subclass could be compelled
to arbitrate. The proposed “Avery National Class” would include
RBC customers who incurred allegedly improper overdraft fees,
became PNC customers, and closed their accounts before Febru-
ary 1, 2013. The proposed “Dasher National Class” would include
the customers whose accounts remained open after February 1,
2013. According to plaintiffs’ expert, the “Avery class” would in-
clude about 17,412 class members, while the “Dasher class”
would include the remainder of the 152,000 accounts that were
affected by RBC’s overdraft practices.
Settlement discussions began in 2018; Dasher’s counsel was
lead counsel. The district court preliminarily approved a settle-
ment agreement certifying a single settlement class. The court
granted conditional certification in accordance with Rule 23(b),
finding that “based on the record before [it], the predominance
requirement [was] satisfied here for settlement purposes because
common questions present[ed] a significant aspect of the case and
[could] be resolved for all Settlement Class members in a single
common judgment.” The class would include “[a]ll holders of an
RBC Account who, from October 10, 2007 through March 1,
2012, incurred one or more overdraft fees as a result of RBC’s
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6 Opinion of the Court 20-13367
High-to-Low Posting.” PNC would pay $7.5 million in exchange
for plaintiffs’ release of all claims. Class members would receive a
pro rata distribution based on the number of overdraft fees
charged due to high-to-low posting. Dasher was the proposed
class representative. Avery was not a party to the settlement
agreement.
Avery objected to the settlement and class certification in
accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a). She ar-
gued that (1) the putative Avery subclass hadn’t been “adequately
and fairly represented as required by Rule 23(a)(4)” because their
interests, as plaintiffs not subject to arbitration or a class-action
waiver, were opposed to the Dasher subclass’s interests; and (2)
Dasher did not meet Rule 23(a)(3)’s typicality requirement.
The district court overruled Avery’s objections, certified a
Rule 23(b)(3) class, and granted final approval to the settlement.
The court reasoned that no typicality or adequacy problem exist-
ed after RBC “waive[d] its arbitration defense for settlement pur-
poses.” On typicality, the court found that “everyone was sub-
jected to the same practice and suffered the same type of injury,”
and typicality “does not require identical claims or defenses.” On
adequacy, the court found that Dasher’s interests were “coexten-
sive with” the settlement class’s interests, and that only a “funda-
mental conflict” between the “economic interests and objectives”
of the class representatives and the unnamed class members
would defeat adequacy.
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II. Standard of Review
This Court reviews a district court’s class-certification rul-
ings and settlement approvals for abuse of discretion. In re
Equifax Inc. Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 999 F.3d at 1273,
1275 (11th Cir. 2021). “[W]hether, in reviewing the record de no-
vo, we would certify the class is of no consequence.” Hines v.
Widnall, 334 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2003) (citing Shroder v.
Suburban Coastal Corp., 729 F.2d 1371, 1374 (11th Cir. 1984)).
The district court is permitted a “range of choice” when deter-
mining the appropriateness of certification. Hines, 334 F.3d at
1257. And as long the district court didn’t apply an incorrect legal
standard, follow improper procedures when reaching its decision,
or make clearly erroneous findings of fact, this Court won’t find
an abuse of discretion. Johnson v. NPAS Solutions, LLC, 975 F.3d
1244, 1251 n.2 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting Fitzpatrick v. Gen. Mills,
Inc., 635 F.3d 1279, 1282 (11th Cir. 2011)).
III. Discussion
Rule 23 sets forth several requirements that a class action
must meet prior to certification. “First, all four requirements in
Rule 23(a) must be satisfied[.]” In re Equifax, 999 F.3d at 1274.
Those requirements are: (1) the class must be so numerous that
joinder of all members is impracticable (numerosity); (2) there are
questions of law or fact common to the class (commonality); (3)
the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of
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8 Opinion of the Court 20-13367
the claims or defenses of the class (typicality); and (4) the repre-
sentative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of
the class (adequacy). See id.
To satisfy Rule 23(a)(3)’s typicality requirement, there must
be a “nexus between the class representative’s claims or defenses
and the common questions of fact or law which unite the class.”
Kornberg v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 741 F.2d 1332, 1337 (11th
Cir. 1984). “A sufficient nexus is established if the claims or de-
fenses of the class and the class representative arise from the same
event or pattern or practice and are based on the same legal theo-
ry.” Id. Typicality “does not require identical claims or defens-
es,” and factual variations will render a class representative’s
claim atypical only if the representative’s position differs “marked-
ly” from other class members. Id. Neither a difference in the
amount of damages suffered by the class representative and class
members nor the fact that the defendant may have a stronger de-
fense against some class members renders a class representative
atypical. Id. Rather, the named plaintiffs’ claims must share “the
same essential characteristics as the claims of the class at large.”
Cooper v. Southern Co., 390 F.3d 695, 714 (11th Cir. 2004).
When assessing the adequacy requirement captured in Fed.
R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4), we must ask: “(1) whether any substantial con-
flicts of interest exist between the representatives and the class;
and (2) whether the representative will adequately prosecute the
action.” Equifax, 999 F.3d at 1275 (quoting Valley Drug Co. v.
Geneva Pharms., LLC, 350 F.3d 1181, 1189 (11th Cir. 2003)).
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A class action must satisfy one of Rule 23(b)’s three parts.
Id. at 1275. For purposes of this action, Rule 23(b)(3) requires that
“questions of law or fact common to class members predominate
over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a
class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and
efficiently adjudicating the controversy.”
A fundamental conflict precluding class certification exists
“where some party members claim to have been harmed by the
same conduct that benefitted other members of the class,” where
“class members have opposing interests[,] or where the economic
interests and objectives of the named representatives differ signif-
icantly from the economic interests and objectives of unnamed
class members.” Equifax, 999 F.3d at 1275 (cleaned up). This
Court has found no fundamental conflict of interest precluding
certification where the plaintiffs’ claims arose out of the same uni-
fying event and each sought redress for the same type of injury,
some claim variations notwithstanding. Id. at 1275–76.
A. RBC’s arbitration waiver didn’t cure the adequacy or
typicality issues presented.
The district court found, and Dasher contends, that Rule
23’s adequacy and typicality requirements were met because RBC
waived its right to arbitrate. The argument is that because RBC
didn’t assert an arbitration defense to settle the case, the differ-
ences among the plaintiffs concerning the applicability of that de-
fense are moot. We’re unpersuaded.
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A court assessing the adequacy of class representation must
determine whether an intra-class conflict existed prior to and in-
dependent of the settlement agreement. See Amchem Prods., Inc.
v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 626 (1997) (holding that Rule 23(a)(4)’s
adequacy inquiry requires a “structural assurance of fair and ade-
quate representation” when class members have conflicts of in-
terest). If subgroups have adverse interests, “the members of each
cannot be bound to a settlement except by consents given by
those who understand that their role is to represent solely the
members of their respective subgroups.” Id. (quoting In re Joint
E. and S. Dist. Asbestos Litig., 982 F.2d 721, 742–43 (2d Cir.
1992)). In a later case, the Court repeatedly cited Amchem and
held that conflicts of interest among class members cannot be ig-
nored even if “the settlement makes no disparate allocation of re-
sources as between the conflicting classes.” Ortiz v. Fibreboard
Corp., 527 U.S. 815, 858 (1999). Such is the case here with respect
to the approved settlement.
RBC’s waiver of its arbitration defense for settlement pur-
poses didn’t cure the conflicts that may have existed among class
members before they sat down to negotiate. As noted throughout
this opinion, the Avery subclass contended–regardless of that
conditional waiver–that a fundamental conflict remained due to
the valuations of their respective claims as opposed to the Dasher
subclasses’ claims.
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B. The district court didn’t abuse its discretion: it’s not
clear that the proposed subclasses have a fundamen-
tal conflict related to the specific issues in controver-
sy.
Avery and her subclass contend that a fundamental conflict
existed between the Dasher and Avery subclasses because the
Avery subclass’s claims were worth more as they weren’t subject
to an arbitration defense and class-action waiver, while Dasher’s
were. Two cases seem to support Avery’s inadequate representa-
tion position.
In Amchem, the Court found class certification in accord-
ance with Rule 23(b)(3) inappropriate because the class plaintiffs
had suffered different injuries. The class included members who’d
already suffered asbestos-related injuries and those who were
merely exposed to it and were awaiting the consequences of that
exposure. The Court found this difference constituted a funda-
mental conflict because the plaintiffs suffered diametrically differ-
ent injuries which demanded different compensation structures:
some plaintiffs wanted immediate compensation while others
wanted payment in the future. Amchem, 521 U.S. at 626.
The Court found the class in the second case, Ortiz, suf-
fered from the same defect plaguing the Amchem class: they
hadn’t received adequate representation because the class was
composed of plaintiffs who’d already suffered asbestos-related in-
juries and those who were awaiting the consequences of their ex-
posure. Ortiz, 527 U.S. at 856. Thus, their different injuries creat-
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ed a conflict over whether to prioritize “generous immediate
payments” (as the currently injured wanted) or “an ample, infla-
tion-protected fund for the future” (as the exposure-only plaintiffs
wanted). Id. (quoting Amchem, 521 U.S. at 626). Id. The Ortiz
Court also found it significant that some plaintiffs had more valu-
able claims than others based on the availability of insurance pro-
ceeds. Id. at 857.
While Amchem and Ortiz lend some support to Avery’s
position, they don’t demand a finding that the district court
abused its discretion. This is so for two reasons.
First, the Dasher and Avery classes suffered identical inju-
ries: they allege harm based on RBC’s alleged high-to-low restruc-
turing practices. And both seek compensation based on those in-
juries. Thus, unlike the Ortiz and Amchem classes, the Dasher
and Avery classes haven’t suffered different injuries and don’t
seek redress for those different injuries. See Equifax, 999 F.3d at
1277.
Second, we aren’t convinced that Amchem or Ortiz created
a bright-line rule requiring separate representation in all cases
where claims have different likely settlement values. Instead, it
appears–particularly in Ortiz–that the Court’s analysis was fact-
intensive. This is supported by the Court’s decision that decertifi-
cation was appropriate based on “[those] two instances of con-
flict” present in that case. Ortiz 527 U.S. at 857. Without a clear
rule on this matter, we won’t conclude that the district court ap-
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20-13367 Opinion of the Court 13
plied an incorrect legal standard. See Johnson, 975 F.3d at 1251
n.2.
Considering the district court didn’t commit legal error, we
must determine whether its decision to certify a single class was
within its permissible “range of choice.” Hines, 334 F.3d at 1257.
It was. The district court could reasonably conclude that any dif-
ference in the value of the plaintiffs’ claims was too speculative or
too small to create a fundamental conflict of interest. The district
court endorsed another court’s reasoning that “any assessment of
how the lack of mandatory arbitration might influence a different
settlement in this or any other case is unduly speculative.” The
court further questioned whether “RBC would have settled with
some but not all of the RBC Account Holders.”
Unlike Ortiz, where the Court could be certain that the de-
fendant’s insurance expired in 1959—rendering some claims more
valuable than others—the factors cited by the district court lead to
more uncertainty about whether and to what extent some plain-
tiffs’ claims were more valuable than others. Even if we assume,
as Avery has argued, that class actions where arbitration isn’t in-
voked settle, on average, for 46% of damages compared to 20%
where arbitration is invoked, the court could reasonably find that
the likely difference in value in this case insufficient to create a
fundamental conflict. And, as other cases show, litigants like
Avery who are arguably not subject to an arbitration provision
are willing to settle for much less than 46% of damages sustained.
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14 Opinion of the Court 20-13367
See In re Checking Acct. Overdraft Litig., 830 F. Supp. 2d 1330,
1336, 1346, 1348 (S.D. Fla. 2011).
In sum, the district court didn’t abuse its discretion by find-
ing that single-class representation was fair and adequate. There’s
enough uncertainty about the difference in the value of the plain-
tiffs’ claims that the district court could find dispositive the fact
that the plaintiffs were all injured in the same way by the same
conduct and had an overriding shared interest in obtaining the
largest cash settlement possible.
C. The district court didn’t abuse its discretion by find-
ing Dasher’s claims were typical of those of the class.
Avery contends that Dasher lacks the typicality needed for
Rule 23(a)(3) because he has a unique defense to arbitration: he’s
not subject to PNC’s 2013 amended agreement, so he can't be
compelled to arbitrate and lacks standing to assert defenses to ar-
bitration on behalf of class members who'd be subject to the 2013
amendment. We disagree.
This Court broadly construes Rule 23(a)(3)’s typicality re-
quirement. And, in accordance with that broad construction, we
can’t conclude that the district court abused its discretion. Dasher,
like all class members, was “subjected to the same practice and
suffered the same type of injury”: RBC’s high-to-low posting re-
sulting in excessive overdraft fees. Thus, Dasher’s claims arise
from the same “pattern or practice” and are based on the same
legal theory as the rest of the class. Kornberg, 741 F.2d at 1337.
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Even if an arbitration defense would be dispositive as to most
class members if they attempted to sue individually, there is still a
“sufficient nexus” under Kornberg between Dasher’s claims and
the class’s claims to render Dasher typical under Rule 23(a)(3). 1
AFFIRMED.
1 The district court approved a $10,000 incentive award for Dasher. Alt-
hough this Court held in Johnson v. NPAS Solutions, LLC, 975 F.3d 1244
(11th Cir. 2020), that such awards are unlawful, Avery neither objected to
Dasher’s award before the district court nor properly presented to us any
argument that Dasher’s award was invalid. Accordingly, we decline to va-
cate the award. See United States v. Willis, 649 F.3d 1248, 1254 (11th Cir.
2011) (“A party seeking to raise a claim or issue on appeal must plainly and
prominently so indicate. . . . Where a party fails to abide by this simple re-
quirement, he has waived his right to have the court consider that argu-
ment.”).