State of Tennessee v. Kevvon Clark

02/24/2022
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs December 7, 2021

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. KEVVON CLARK

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 18-00185 Paula Skahan, Judge

No. W2020-01036-CCA-R3-CD

The Defendant, Kevvon Clark, was convicted by a Shelby County Criminal Court jury of
first degree premeditated murder; first degree felony murder; two counts of especially
aggravated kidnapping, a Class A felony; aggravated rape, a Class A felony; and
aggravated robbery, a Class B felony, for which he is serving an effective life sentence.
See T.C.A. §§ 39-13-202 (2018) (subsequently amended) (first degree murder), 39-13-
305 (2018) (especially aggravated kidnapping), 39-13-502 (2018) (subsequently
amended) (aggravated rape), 39-13-402 (2018) (aggravated robbery). On appeal, the
Defendant contends that (1) the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for first
degree murder, one count of especially aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated rape, and
(2) this court should grant relief, as a matter of plain error, from the trial court’s failure to
give a jury instruction in accord with State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559 (Tenn. 2012). We
affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES
CURWOOD WITT, JR., and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.

Michael E. Scholl (on appeal); Monica Timmerman (at trial); and James Jones (at trial),
Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kevvon Clark.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Ronald L. Coleman, Assistant
Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; Eric Christanson and Dru
Carpenter, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
 OPINION

The Defendant’s convictions relate to crimes that he and his codefendant,
Jermarcus Thomas, perpetrated against Luis Santiago, to whom we will refer as the
homicide victim, and another victim, to whom we will refer as the rape victim, in accord
with this court’s policy not to identify by name the victims of sexual offenses. At the
Defendant’s trial, Mr. Thomas testified for the State.

At the trial, Mace Ellison testified that on March 30, 2017, she was outside her
place of employment, which was near a parking lot, an empty lot, and an abandoned
building. She identified photographs of the area, which were received as exhibits. She
said that she heard a man scream and that seconds later, she heard a sound she thought
was a gunshot. She said that she called 9-1-1, that the dispatcher told her to call a non-
emergency number because Ms. Ellison did not know the address of the abandoned
building, and that she called the number. She said a police officer interviewed her a day
or two later.

Memphis Police Detective Christopher Parker testified that on March 31, 2017, he
and other officers searched for the Defendant, who was a criminal suspect, in the area
where the Defendant had last been seen. Detective Parker said that the homicide victim
was missing at the time. Detective Parker said that he drove up a hill on a curvy road and
saw a man’s body next to a truck. Photographs of the body and the truck were received
as exhibits. He noticed dried blood on the back of the head of the body and said the
hands were bound in the front.

Memphis Police Crime Scene Investigator Tristan Brown testified that he
responded to the scene where the body was found on March 31, 2017. He identified a
diagram he drew of the scene, which was received as an exhibit. He identified
photographs he took at the scene, and the photographs were received as exhibits.

Acting Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Marco Ross, an expert in forensic pathology,
testified that Dr. Zachary O’Neal performed the autopsy of the homicide victim’s body.
Dr. Ross said he had reviewed the records created by Dr. O’Neal. Dr. Ross said the
homicide cause of death was a gunshot wound to the head and that the manner of death
was homicide. Dr. Ross identified photographs of the wound, which were received as
exhibits. He said that the homicide victim had a gunshot wound on the upper back of the
head that perforated the brain and that bullet fragments were recovered from inside the
head. He said that the bullet had been fired from an indeterminate range and that the
wound was a “non-contact wound.” He said the bullet had traveled at a downward
trajectory that was consistent with the homicide victim’s having knelt with his head

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bowed with the shooter having been positioned in front of the homicide victim and
having shot downward. He thought the on-scene investigator had noted gravel and dirt
on the homicide victim’s knees.

Dr. Ross identified a photograph of the homicide victim’s personal effects
collected during the autopsy. Dr. Ross said the items were a wallet, “miscellaneous cards
and papers,” $0.76 in United States currency, a Mexican peso, and a lighter. He said the
homicide victim’s blood alcohol level was .041 percent.

Lavonda Jones testified that on March 30, 2017, around 2:30 or 3:00 p.m., she was
driving when she saw an erratically driven white truck turn in front of her. She said the
truck had an enclosed back with a vertical door, which opened. She said that she saw a
person’s hand “waving and flagging” and that she called 9-1-1. Ms. Jones said that she
followed the truck to try to get the license plate number. She said that when the truck and
her car were stopped at a red light, a young woman, whom other evidence showed was
the rape victim, dashed from the back of the truck. Ms. Jones said the rape victim
screamed, appeared “terrified,” and begged Ms. Jones to open her car door. Ms. Jones
said the rape victim stated, “[I]f you don’t let me in, they’re going to kill me.” Ms. Jones
identified photographs of the truck and the rape victim, and the photographs were
received as exhibits.

Ms. Jones testified that she allowed the rape victim to get into her car, that she
tried to calm the rape victim, and that she asked the rape victim questions and relayed the
information to the 9-1-1 operator. Ms. Jones said she noticed red coloration on the rape
victim’s arms and wrists, which “looked as if, at some point, [the rape victim] was
bound.”

Ms. Jones testified that the rape victim said she and a male relative had been
abducted from the rape victim’s home. Ms. Jones said the rape victim stated that the
male relative was still in the truck with “two young men,” whom she said planned to take
the male relative to the bank. Ms. Jones said the rape victim stated that she knew the men
who had abducted her and the male relative and that the abductors were related to a man
who lived in the boarding house where the rape victim lived. Ms. Jones said the rape
victim identified one of the abductors as “Tavaris.”

Ms. Jones testified that she stopped following the truck, in accord with instructions
from the 9-1-1 operator, and that she drove to a police precinct. She said she spoke with
officers and left the rape victim there.

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 Shelby County Crime Victims and Rape Crisis Center Nursing Coordinator
Kristine Gable testified that her employment duties included serving as a records
custodian. She said the rape victim was examined by another employee, Sally D’Senza,
on March 30, 2017, at 5:45 p.m. Ms. Gable had reviewed Ms. D’Sensa’s records related
to the rape victim’s examination. Ms. Gable said the rape victim reported the following:
Two men came into her home. One of the men was Tavaris, the landlord’s seventeen-
year-old nephew, and the other was “an unknown 17 year old.” James Kenney, Tavaris’s
uncle, came in and asked “[W]hat’s going on?” Tavaris told the rape victim and her male
relative not to say anything and threatened them with a gun. The intruders forced the
victims into the homicide victim’s truck. The unknown seventeen-year-old drove the
truck around the corner, and Tavaris told the driver to stop. The driver said he wanted
oral sex and forced the rape victim to fellate him. The abductors tied the rape victim’s
hands behind her and made her get into the back of the truck. She repeatedly opened the
back of the truck in order to draw attention and get help. When the truck stopped, she
jumped out and ran. The rape victim cried and stated the abductors still had her male
relative. The incident happened around 1:00 p.m. that day.

Ms. Gable testified that the rape victim had an irregular red abrasion on her right
second finger. Ms. Gable said the rape victim’s mouth was swabbed to collect any DNA
evidence.

James Kenney testified that the Defendant was his “nephew step-son,” and he
identified the Defendant in the courtroom. Mr. Kenney said that the rape victim had
rented a room from him and that he knew the homicide victim as a relative of the rape
victim. He said the homicide victim visited the rape victim frequently and that the
homicide victim usually gave him money for the rape victim’s rent.

Mr. Kenney testified that on March 30, 2017, the rape victim was home and that
the homicide victim came to visit the rape victim and to pay her rent. Mr. Kenney
identified photographs of the exterior and interior of his house, which were received as
exhibits. The exhibits included photographs of the rape victim’s room. Mr. Keeney said
that the Defendant asked him whether the rape victim was home and that the Defendant
went to her room, where she and the homicide victim were. Mr. Kenney said the
Defendant had a friend with him, who waited on the house’s porch while the Defendant
went to the rape victim’s room. Mr. Kenney said the Defendant was in the room with the
victims for ten to fifteen minutes. Mr. Kenney said he did not hear sounds from the room
or notice anything. He said that while the Defendant was in the rape victim’s room, Mr.
Kenney sat on the couch watching a television show that began airing at noon. He said
that the Defendant and the victims left the house together and that he never saw the
victims again. Mr. Kenney did not see a gun and said it did not appear that the victims

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were being forced out of the house at gunpoint. Mr. Kenney did not recall giving a
previous statement in which he said he heard the homicide victim’s truck start, and Mr.
Kenney said he did not see the Defendant get into the homicide victim’s truck. Mr.
Kenney did not recall if the Defendant tried to contact him later that day.

Mr. Kenney testified that before March 30, 2017, the Defendant came to his house
about every other day. Mr. Kenney said he had “not really” seen the Defendant interact
with the rape victim before that day. He later said that he had seen the Defendant talk to
the rape victim before March 30 and that it had not been unusual for the Defendant to
have asked where she was on March 30.

The rape victim testified that the homicide victim had provided her with financial
support. She said she had been using crack cocaine at the time. She acknowledged that
she had theft convictions and that she had recently pleaded guilty to a “car jacking
charge” but was now in a drug treatment program.

The rape victim testified that she used to buy drugs from the Defendant, whom she
identified in the courtroom and whom she knew as Mr. Kenney’s nephew. She said she
had known him for about four or five months before March 30, 2017. She said the
homicide victim always worked and had cash. She said that on March 30, she owed $100
to $200 to the Defendant and had told him she would repay him when she received an
income tax refund. She said she and the Defendant had spoken about the debt but that
“he wasn’t really . . . sweating” her about it.

The rape victim testified that on the morning of March 30, 2017, she was in bed
with bronchitis and had recently been hospitalized. She said the homicide victim came
to pick her up to get medicine and food around “lunch time” and that they ran errands for
thirty minutes to an hour before returning to her room at Mr. Kenney’s house. She said
that after thirty to forty-five minutes, the Defendant came into her room and demanded
the homicide victim’s wallet. She said he demanded money and did not say, “[W]here’s
the money you owe me?” She said the Defendant did not ask about the money for the
drug debt and explained that he demanded money, “Not as in . . . where’s the money you
owe me, but as in where’s the money you got.” She said the Defendant held a flashlight
and a long-barrel revolver, the latter of which he pointed at her and the homicide victim.
She said she was caught off guard and was surprised. She said the homicide victim asked
if she owed the Defendant money and that the homicide victim stated, “No problem, I’ll
pay you if she owes you money.” She said the homicide victim, who had just cashed a
check and had around $500, took out his wallet and gave it to the Defendant.

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 The rape victim testified that the Defendant put the gun under his shirt and
“ushered” her and the homicide victim to the front of the house, where another “guy” she
had seen once before was at the front door. She said they walked out in front of Mr.
Kenney. She said that the abductors ushered the victims into the homicide victim’s truck
and that the abductor who had been on the porch drove the truck after the homicide
victim surrendered his keys at gunpoint. She said the homicide victim had told Mr.
Kenney that he did not want the abductor to drive the truck but that the homicide victim
did not say they were being robbed and abducted because the Defendant had the gun
under his shirt. She said that the homicide victim sat next to the driver, that the
Defendant sat by the passenger door, and that she sat between the homicide victim and
the Defendant. She said the abductors had bound her hands with tape but that it did not
stick because the weather was rainy.

The rape victim testified that the driver pulled around the corner and stopped the
truck. She said that when he noticed her hands were not bound by the tape, he tied her
hands with a blue extension cord. She said the driver was about to take her out of the
truck and put her in the back when he said, “F this, I want some head.” She said she
performed felatio on the driver. She said the Defendant placed her in the back of the
truck. She said that the homicide victim had continued to say he would pay any money
she owed the Defendant and that she did not see the abductors bind the homicide victim’s
hands. She said that she whispered to the homicide victim to run and that she did not
know if the abductors planned to take the homicide victim to an automated teller
machine. She said that neither she nor the homicide victim were “free to go” and that she
had not wanted to perform oral sex on the driver. She said that the Defendant never
verbally threatened her or the homicide victim but that he “had the gun on” them. She
said the Defendant “wasn’t saying much” but that he said, “Give me the money.”

The rape victim testified that she opened the camper door on the back of the truck
and “started flagging at people to call the police” when the truck made stops. She said
that at one of the stops, she got out of the truck and got into a woman’s car. She said that
she was panicked and told the woman to follow the truck but that the 9-1-1 dispatcher
told the woman to drive to a police precinct. The rape victim did not recall the name of
one of the abductors that she told to the woman. She later acknowledged that she had
told the woman that the driver’s name was Tavaris and did not know why she had said
this. She said she had been panicked. She said she had not known the driver’s name.
She said she had known the Defendant as “Key” at the time and learned his full name
later. She thought she might have been trying to “figure out” the name when she was at
the Rape Crisis Center. She acknowledged that she “probably” told people at the police
precinct that the Defendant’s name was “Anthony” and stated that she “was probably
trying to figure it out.” She said she had been confused about which abductor she

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thought was named Tavaris because she had been in shock. She said, however, that she
had no doubt about the Defendant’s identity as the person who came to her room, walked
her out of the house, and held her at gunpoint when she was forced to have oral sex with
the truck’s driver.

The rape victim testified that later, after she had been to the Rape Crisis Center,
she started “to get her bearings” and that on the evening of March 30, 2017, she told the
police the Defendant’s name. She said she was afraid of the Defendant and that she had
been through a “horrible thing,” about which she still had nightmares. She said that the
next day, she identified the Defendant in a photograph lineup. She agreed that she had
misidentified the driver from a photograph lineup.

Memphis Police Detective Jesus Perea testified that, as part of an initial
investigation by the Sex Crimes Unit, a black male known as “Key” and an unknown
black male were identified as suspects. Detective Perea said the Defendant was identified
as Key. Detective Perea said that he spoke with Mr. Kenney when Detective Perea took
the rape victim to Mr. Kenney’s house to retrieve some clothing and that Mr. Kenney
gave him Key’s cell phone number.

Detective Perea testified that Antavise White was developed as a suspect when the
rape victim viewed a photograph lineup and identified the person as the abductor upon
whom she was forced to perform oral sex. Detective Perea said the rape victim had been
90 to 95% confident in her identification and had stated the person she selected from the
lineup “looked like” the person who raped her. Detective Perea said Mr. White was
eliminated as a suspect after other officers interviewed him. Detective Perea said the
rape victim viewed a second photograph lineup and identified the Defendant as the
gunman.

The homicide victim’s nephew testified that in March 2017, the homicide victim
was employed in the construction trade and had an eight-year-old son. The homicide
victim’s nephew identified a photograph of the homicide victim, which was received as
an exhibit.

The homicide victim’s nephew testified that he first knew that something was
wrong when the child’s babysitter called him on “Thursday”1 around 10:00 p.m., after the
homicide victim had not picked up the child. The homicide victim’s nephew said the

1
This court knows that March 30, 2017 was a Thursday. See Tenn. R. Evid. 201 (judicial notice).

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babysitter told him “what was happening.” He said he drove around all night looking for
the homicide victim.

Antavise White testified that the Defendant, whom he identified in the courtroom,
was his best friend. Mr. White agreed that he did not want to testify and that he was
present because he had been served with a subpoena. He agreed that he knew
codefendant Jermarcus Thomas and that he and Mr. Thomas “look, kind of, alike.” Mr.
White said he did not know the victims.

Mr. White testified that on March 30, 2017, the Defendant and the codefendant
came to Mr. White’s house, which he said was within walking distance of Mr. Kenney’s
house. Mr. White said the Defendant and the codefendant “were just chilling” with him
and that they did not discuss with him what they planned to do.

Mr. White agreed that he had given a statement to Sergeant Buford, in which he
had said, “I was sitting in the car with myself and then Little Key came,” and “Jermarcus
got in the car with a gun.” Other evidence showed that the Defendant was known as
Little Key and that Jermarcus was codefendant Thomas. Mr. White agreed that he had
said, “Little Key started talking about the lady that owed him,” and “Jermarcus and Little
Key talked about going to get the money.” Mr. White agreed that he had told Sergeant
Buford that the Defendant and the codefendant were planning to rob the “white lady” and
her male relative. Mr. White agreed that he told Sergeant Buford that the Defendant and
the codefendant got out of the car and walked to the Defendant’s uncle’s house. Mr.
White agreed that he did not go with them. Mr. White acknowledged he told Sergeant
Buford that the Defendant and the codefendant returned about one hour later, that they
told him they robbed a white woman and a Mexican man, and that the codefendant had
stated he “got some head from the white lady.” Mr. White agreed that he told Sergeant
Buford the codefendant had said he had put the woman in the back of “the white truck
thing,” but Mr. White said the codefendant had not said this and that Mr. White had
learned the information from a news report. Mr. White agreed that the codefendant had
stated that the woman was gone when the codefendant looked back, that the codefendant
and the Defendant drove off with the man, and that the codefendant and the Defendant
took the man behind a building and killed him. Mr. White said the Defendant and the
codefendant stated that the Defendant had been the shooter. Mr. White agreed that he
had told Sergeant Buford that the gun used had been a revolver with a brownish and
white handle, but Mr. White stated he did not know if the gun had been a revolver and
that he had not seen it. Mr. White acknowledged that he told Sergeant Buford the woman
had owed $600 to the Defendant and that he had said to Sergeant Buford that the
Defendant and the codefendant said they each had $100 “and some change” when they
returned. Mr. White identified a photograph lineup he had been shown by the police and

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from which he had identified the Defendant. He said the photograph he identified was of
the Defendant. Mr. White identified a photograph lineup, from which he had identified
the codefendant. The photograph lineups, both of which were signed by Mr. White, were
received as exhibits.

Mr. White acknowledged that he had been accused of being involved in the
crimes. He agreed that the police had told him he “could do [himself] a favor” by giving
them information. He said that the Defendant had been like a brother to him and that he
did not want to testify but that his mother told him he would be arrested if he failed to
testify. He agreed that he gave his statement about one week after the crimes and that he
had heard talk about the incident during this time. Mr. White agreed that he “would have
said anything . . . to get out of that murder charge.” He said, though, that he told the
truth.

Perry Hall, Antavise White’s brother, testified that he and the codefendant were
friends. Mr. Hall agreed that at the time of the offenses in the present case, his brother
“look[ed] a lot like” the codefendant. Mr. Hall agreed that in March 2017, he lived with
Mr. White and their mother in a house within walking distance of Mr. Kenney’s house.

Mr. Hall testified that on March 30, 2017, he was inside his mother’s house
watching television while Mr. White, the Defendant, and codefendant Thomas sat in a car
outside. Mr. Hall said that at some point, the Defendant and the codefendant left to “pick
up some money” from a woman who owed money to the Defendant for drugs. Mr. Hall
said he learned where the Defendant and the codefendant were going from the
codefendant, to whom he spoke when Mr. Hall stepped outside as the Defendant and the
codefendant were leaving. Mr. Hall said he did not see a gun, but he later said he did not
remember if he saw a gun. He said that when they returned, the Defendant, whom Mr.
Hall knew at the time as Little Key, stated that “they killed somebody.”

Mr. Hall agreed that in a prior statement, he had said that the Defendant stated the
woman did not have all of the money and that the Defendant and the codefendant “ended
up robbing” the woman and her male relative, killing someone, and hiding a car. Mr.
Hall said the Defendant stated that the woman jumped out of the car and that the
Defendant and the codefendant took the man to a back street and killed him. Mr. Hall
said the Defendant and the codefendant stated that the Defendant killed the man and that
the codefendant forced the woman to perform oral sex on the codefendant. Mr. Hall said
the gun used was codefendant Thomas’s gun, which Mr. Hall described as “an old-school
western revolver gun with a white handle.” Mr. Hall said he had seen the gun but did not
recall if it was on March 30, 2017, or another day. Mr. Hall said the Defendant and the
codefendant received about $200 in the robbery.

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 Mr. Hall testified that after the Defendant and the codefendant made these
statements to him, the codefendant went to Mississippi to stay with the mother of his
child, and the Defendant went to Atlanta. Mr. Hall identified a photograph lineup, from
which he had previously identified the codefendant. The photograph lineup was received
as an exhibit.

Mr. Hall testified that he made a statement to the police after learning that Mr.
White was a suspect. He said the police “had the wrong person.” Mr. Hall agreed that he
told the police the codefendant had said the rape victim “gave him oral sex.”

Unique White, who was Mr. White and Mr. Hall’s sister, testified that she had
known the Defendant as Mr. White’s close friend. Ms. White identified a photograph
lineup, which she agreed contained the Defendant’s photograph. Ms. White identified
the Defendant in the courtroom. Ms. White said she had known the Defendant as “Key”
and had not known the Defendant’s given name at the time of the offense.

Ms. White testified that the Defendant and the codefendant came to her house on
March 30, 2017, to talk to her brothers. She said the Defendant and the codefendant left
on foot together and did not recall at what time they were there but agreed it was
“between the hours of one and five” in the afternoon. She did not know if they returned
later that day. She agreed that Mr. White and Mr. Hall remained at home after the
Defendant and the codefendant left on foot.

Memphis Police Lieutenant Casinghino testified that the investigation in this case
began with the Sex Crimes Unit and that he became involved when it was transferred to
the Homicide Unit. He said he responded to the abandoned lot where the homicide
victim’s body and truck were found. He said that the homicide victim’s hands were
bound and that the body, which showed evidence of having been shot, lay on the ground
outside the truck. He said the police searched the area for witnesses. He said he spoke
with Ms. Ellison. He said that fingerprint evidence was collected but that they were “of
no value.” He said the Defendant was located about six months later. Lieutenant
Casinghino said the rape victim never identified anyone other than the Defendant as the
gunman. Lieutenant Casinghino said that he did not investigate anyone named Tavaris
and that no question existed as to the rape victim’s identification of the Defendant as “the
gunman.” Lieutenant Casinghino agreed that the police did not investigate anyone other
than the Defendant as the suspect who had a gun.

Jermarcus Thomas, the codefendant, testified that he was a jail inmate and that he
did not have any “deals” with the State but hoped to “get something out of” his testifying.

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He identified the Defendant in the courtroom. Codefendant Thomas said that he was
friends with Mr. White and Mr. Hall and that he did not know anyone named Tavaris.

Codefendant Thomas testified that on March 30, 2017, he went to Mr. White and
Mr. Hall’s house. Codefendant Thomas said the Defendant “came over” and told him
that a woman owed money to the Defendant. Codefendant Thomas said Mr. White had
been present when the Defendant made the statement about getting the money but that the
Defendant and codefendant Thomas did not tell Mr. White “what [they] were gonna do.”
Codefendant Thomas said he and the Defendant walked to the Defendant’s uncle’s house,
where they saw a truck belonging to the male relative of the woman who owed money to
the Defendant. Codefendant Thomas stated that the Defendant said, “I ain’t gonna kill
him.” Codefendant Thomas said that he waited outside while the Defendant went inside
the house for “about a minute or two.”

Codefendant Thomas testified that the rape victim and the homicide victim came
outside, that the Defendant gave codefendant Thomas some keys, and that codefendant
Thomas drove the truck with the victims seated between himself and the Defendant.
Codefendant Thomas said the Defendant had a gun and that codefendant Thomas had not
given him the gun. Codefendant Thomas stated that he did not know whether the victims
willingly left the house with the Defendant but acknowledged the victims did not appear
to codefendant Thomas to be “free to go.” Codefendant Thomas said the Defendant told
him to go to the nearest automated teller machine and then told him to pull over.
Codefendant Thomas said that after he pulled over, he asked the rape victim, “Can you
give me some head?” He said that he acted “out of the blue” and that he was sorry for his
actions. He said the rape victim was not “tied up” at this point. Codefendant Thomas
said the Defendant sat in the passenger seat by the door with a gun when he asked the
rape victim for oral sex. Codefendant Thomas acknowledged that the rape victim
probably did not think she had a choice. He said that after the rape, the Defendant
“made” him “tie her up” with a “[p]hone charger.” Codefendant Thomas said the
Defendant put the rape victim in the truck’s camper. Codefendant Thomas said the
Defendant also restrained the homicide victim with “[s]trings or something.”

Codefendant Thomas testified that he drove to another location and that he did not
notice the rape victim’s escape from the back of the truck until he and the Defendant got
out of the truck and noticed that the camper was open. Codefendant Thomas said the
Defendant became frustrated. Codefendant Thomas said the homicide victim, who was
intoxicated and appeared to be scared, got out of the truck and called for help.
Codefendant Thomas said the homicide victim “end[ed] up getting on the ground”
because “[h]e was in fear for his life.” Codefendant Thomas said the homicide victim
was on his knees begging for his life with the Defendant in front of the homicide victim.

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Codefendant Thomas said that the Defendant did not speak, that the Defendant pointed
the gun at the homicide victim’s bowed head, that the homicide victim cried out, and that
the Defendant fired one shot at the victim. Codefendant Thomas said he and the
Defendant fled on foot. Codefendant Thomas said that he did not know what the
Defendant did with the gun, that they “paid someone some gas money,” and that they
returned to Mr. White and Mr. Hall’s house. Codefendant Thomas testified that he fled
to Mississippi and that he was arrested in April. Codefendant Thomas said that the
Defendant left the house on foot and that he did not know where the Defendant went.

Codefendant Thomas identified a photograph lineup containing the Defendant’s
photograph. Codefendant Thomas said that after his arrest, he identified the Defendant
from the lineup. Codefendant Thomas said that after his arrest, he had not cooperated
with the police initially but that he began cooperating on April 10 after he learned that
Mr. White and Mr. Hall “told on” him. Codefendant Thomas said he gave a statement in
which he admitted the same information to which he was now testifying.

Codefendant Thomas denied that the gun the Defendant used during the offenses
belonged to codefendant Thomas. Codefendant Thomas said that if Mr. White and Mr.
Hall claimed to have seen codefendant Thomas with the gun before the date of the
offenses, they were lying.

The defense did not offer evidence.

After receiving the evidence, the jury found the Defendant guilty of first degree
premeditated murder, first degree felony murder committed in the perpetration of a
kidnapping, aggravated robbery, two counts of especially aggravated kidnapping, and
aggravated rape. The trial court merged the two first degree murder convictions and
imposed a life sentence for first degree murder. The court conducted a sentencing
hearing and imposed a ten-year sentence for aggravated robbery and twenty-year
sentences for each of the remaining offenses, to be served concurrently with each other
and with the first degree murder sentence. This appeal followed.

I

Sufficiency of the Evidence

The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions
for first degree premeditated murder, first degree felony murder, especially aggravated
kidnapping of the homicide victim, and aggravated rape. He does not challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions for especially aggravated

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kidnapping of the rape victim and aggravated robbery. The State counters that the
evidence is sufficient to support the convictions. We agree with the State.

In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of review is “whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see State v. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514,
521 (Tenn. 2007). The State is “afforded the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
and all reasonable inferences” from that evidence. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d at 521. The
appellate courts do not “reweigh or reevaluate the evidence,” and questions regarding
“the credibility of witnesses [and] the weight and value to be given the evidence . . . are
resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); see
State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984).

“A crime may be established by direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of the two.” State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998); see State v.
Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686, 691 (Tenn. 2005). “The standard of review ‘is the same whether
the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn.
2009)).

“Identity of the perpetrator is an essential element of any crime.” State v. Rice,
184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006). Circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to
establish the perpetrator’s identity. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002). The
identity of the perpetrator is a question of fact for the jury to determine. State v. Thomas,
158 S.W.3d 361, 388 (Tenn. 2005). “The jury decides the weight to be given to
circumstantial evidence, and ‘[t]he inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the
extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt[.]’” Rice, 184 S.W.3d at 662
(quoting Marable v. State, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457 (Tenn. 1958)).

A. First Degree Premeditated Murder

The Defendant argues that the State failed to prove that he premeditated the killing
of the homicide victim. He also argues that the evidence is insufficient because
codefendant Thomas was an accomplice whose testimony was not adequately
corroborated.

As relevant to this case, first degree murder is the unlawful, intentional, and
premeditated killing of another. T.C.A. §§ 39-13-201 (2018), 39-13-202(a)(1) (2014)
(subsequently amended). In the context of first degree murder, intent is shown if the
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codefendant has the conscious objective or desire to cause the victim’s death. T.C.A. §
39-11-302(a) (2018) (defining intentional as the “conscious objective or desire to engage
in the conduct or cause the result”); State v. Page, 81 S.W.3d 781, 790-91 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2002). A premeditated act is one which is

done after the exercise of reflection and judgment. “Premeditation” means
that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to the act itself. It is not
necessary that the purpose to kill preexist in the mind of the accused for any
definite period of time. The mental state of the accused at the time the
accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully considered in order to
determine whether the accused was sufficiently free from excitement and
passion as to be capable of premeditation.

T.C.A. § 39-13-202(d). The question of whether a defendant acted with premeditation is
a question of fact for the jury to be determined from all of the circumstances surrounding
the killing. State v. Davidson, 121 S.W.3d 600, 614 (Tenn. 2003). Proof of
premeditation may be shown by direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Brown, 836
S.W.2d 530, 541 (Tenn. 1992). As a result, the jury “may infer premeditation from the
manner and circumstances of the killing.” State v. Jackson, 173 S.W.3d 401, 408 (Tenn.
2005); see State v. Vaughn, 279 S.W.3d 584, 595 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008).

“An accomplice is defined as a person who knowingly, voluntarily and with
common intent unites with the principal offender in the commission of the crime.” State
v. Anderson, 985 S.W.2d 9, 16 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (citing State v. Perkinson, 867
S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992)). “[A] conviction may not be based solely upon the
uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice.” See, e.g., State v. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d 900,
903 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tenn. 1994); Monts v. State,
379 S.W.2d 34, 43 (Tenn. 1964), overruled on other grounds by State v. Collier, 411
S.W.3d 886 (Tenn. 2013). In order for accomplice testimony to be adequately
corroborated:

there must be some fact testified to, entirely independent of the
accomplice’s testimony, which, taken by itself, leads to the inference, not
only that a crime has been committed, but also that the defendant is
implicated in it; and this independent corroborative testimony must also
include some fact establishing the defendant’s identity. This corroborative
evidence may be direct or entirely circumstantial, and it need not be
adequate, in and of itself, to support a conviction; it is sufficient to meet the
requirements of the rule if it fairly and legitimately tends to connect the

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 defendant with the commission of the crime charged. It is not necessary
that the corroboration extend to every part of the accomplice’s evidence.

Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d at 803 (quoting State v. Gaylor, 862 S.W.2d 546, 552 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1992) (citations omitted)); see Shaw, 37 S.W.3d at 903.

Regarding the question of whether a person is an accomplice, the term
“accomplice” does not include a person who has guilty knowledge, or is morally
delinquent, or who was even an admitted participant in a related but distinct offense. To
be an accomplice, a person must perform some act or take some part in the commission
of the crime or owe some duty to the person in danger that makes incumbent on him to
prevent its commission. An accomplice is “one culpably implicated in, or who
unlawfully co-operates, aids, abets, or assists in, the commission of the crime charged.”
The generally accepted test as to whether a witness is an accomplice is whether he
himself could have been convicted for the offense, either as principal or accessory.
Pennington v. State, 478 S.W.2d 892, 898 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1971) (quoting 2 Wharton’s
Criminal Evidence § 448 (12th ed. 1955)). A person is not deemed an accomplice simply
because he or she was present at the crime scene. Letner v. State, 512 S.W.2d 643, 647
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1974); Hicks v. State, 149 S.W. 1055, 1056 (Tenn. 1912).

The Defendant’s argument that the State offered insufficient evidence to prove
premeditation discounts the evidence that he used a gun to shoot a bound and unarmed
victim in the head while the homicide victim was crouched on his knees in fear and
begging for his life, that the Defendant callously disregarded the homicide victim’s pleas,
that the Defendant shot the homicide victim after committing other crimes against the
two victims and after the rape victim’s escape, and that the Defendant fled the scene and
later fled the state after the killing. The Defendant’s argument overlooks the evidence
that he planned to go to the rape victim’s home to collect money he was owed, that he
ushered the victims out of the home at gunpoint, that he directed codefendant Thomas
regarding where to drive, and that he bound the homicide victim’s hands to restrain him.

Regarding the corroboration of accomplice testimony, we agree with the
Defendant that codefendant Thomas was an accomplice. Indeed, the State does not
contend otherwise. The evidence which corroborates the codefendant’s testimony
includes the following: The medical examiner testified that the homicide victim’s
gunshot wound was consistent with the homicide victim’s having been in a kneeling
position and the bullet having followed a downward trajectory. Investigator Brown
identified the cloth used to bind the homicide victim’s hands. The rape victim testified
that her and the homicide victim’s hands were bound, and Ms. Jones testified that she
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observed marks on the rape victim’s arms and wrists that appeared to be from bindings.
The rape victim testified about the robbery and abduction at Mr. Keeney’s house and the
events in the homicide victim’s truck until her escape, and her account corroborated the
codefendant’s testimony. Mr. Kenney identified the Defendant as the person with whom
the victims left Mr. Kenney’s house. Mr. White acknowledged that the Defendant and
the codefendant told him before the crimes that they were going to rob the victims and
that the Defendant and the codefendant admitted to him shortly after the crimes that they
had completed the robbery and a rape. Mr. Hall testified that the Defendant and the
codefendant discussed a plan to “pick up some money” from a woman who owed the
Defendant for drugs and that shortly after the crimes, the Defendant admitted that the
rape victim had jumped out of the truck and that the Defendant said he and the
codefendant took the homicide victim behind a building and killed the homicide victim.

Notwithstanding the wealth of evidence to corroborate the codefendant’s
testimony, the defense argues that no corroboration exists to show premeditation. As we
have stated, every component of an accomplice’s testimony need not be corroborated.
See Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d at 803. Corroboration is sufficient if it fairly and legitimately
connects a defendant to the commission of the crime. Id. In any event, much of the
evidence which tended to show premeditation was proof other than the codefendant’s
testimony.

The evidence is sufficient to support the Defendant’s conviction of first degree
premeditated murder.

B. & C. First Degree Felony Murder in the Perpetration of Kidnapping and
Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of the Homicide Victim

In related arguments, the Defendant theorizes that the evidence is insufficient to
support his especially aggravated kidnapping conviction of the homicide victim because
the kidnapping was incidental to the robbery and was not a separate crime. As a result,
he posits, his felony murder conviction must fail because it was based upon the predicate
felony of kidnapping.

As relevant to this appeal, first degree felony murder is “[a] killing of another
committed in the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate any . . . kidnapping[.]” T.C.A. §
39-13-202(a)(2) (2018) (subsequently amended). “Kidnapping is false imprisonment as
defined in § 39-13-302, under circumstances exposing the other person to substantial risk
of bodily injury.” Id. § 39-13-303(a) (2018). False imprisonment occurs when a person
“knowingly removes or confines another unlawfully so as to interfere with the other’s
liberty.” Id. § 39-13-302(a) (2018).
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 “Especially aggravated kidnapping is false imprisonment, as defined in § 39-13-
302 . . . [a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon or by the display of any article used or
fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon[.]” Id. § 39-
13-305(a) (2018).

The Defendant’s argument regarding the kidnapping being incidental to, and not a
separate crime from, the robbery is premised upon State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559, 562
(Tenn. 2012). In White, our supreme court delineated a new method for determining
whether dual convictions for a kidnapping-related offense and another felony offense are
permissible pursuant to due process principles. The court determined that a separate due
process inquiry was unnecessary and concluded that a proper jury instruction in
conjunction with appellate review of sufficiency of the evidence satisfied due process
principles. White, 362 S.W.3d. at 577-78; see State v. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d 599, 609 (Tenn.
2013) (“Only when the jury is properly instructed can appellate review of the sufficiency
of the convicting evidence satisfy the due process safeguard.”). The White instruction
requires a trial court to provide a jury instruction “defin[ing] the key element [of the
kidnapping-related offense] – the substantial interference with the victim’s liberty – as
requiring a finding by the jury that the victim’s removal or confinement was not
essentially incidental to the accompanying felony offense.” White, 362 S.W.3d at 580.
The White jury instruction was not given in the present case, and we will consider in
Section II below whether the Defendant, who did not request the instruction or object to
its absence at the trial level, is entitled to relief as a matter of plain error. Nevertheless,
the principles in White remain relevant to our consideration of the sufficiency of the
evidence for the especially aggravated kidnapping conviction.

In White, the supreme court delineated several non-exclusive factors which inform
the inquiry into whether kidnapping has occurred, separately from another felony:

• the nature and duration of the victim’s removal or confinement by the
defendant;

• whether the removal or confinement occurred during the commission of
the separate offense;

• whether the interference with the victim’s liberty was inherent in the
nature of the separate offense;

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 • whether the removal or confinement prevented the victim from
summoning assistance, although the defendant need not have succeeded in
preventing the victim from doing so;

• whether the removal or confinement reduced the defendant’s risk of
detection, although the defendant need not have succeeded in this objective;
and

• whether the removal or confinement created a significant danger or
increased the victim’s risk of harm independent of that posed by the
separate offense.

White, 362 S.W.3d at 580-81.

The Defendant argues that the robbery was still in progress, despite his having
taken money from the homicide victim in the rape victim’s room at Mr. Kenney’s house,
because he and the codefendant were taking the victims to an automated teller machine in
order for the homicide victim to obtain more money. Thus, he contends that the
kidnapping was incidental to the ongoing robbery.

The evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the State shows that the armed
Defendant took money from the homicide victim while in the rape victim’s room, that he
obtained the homicide victim’s truck keys and gave them to the codefendant, and that he
forced the victims out of the house and into the homicide victim’s truck. The victims
were seated in the center of the truck, with the Defendant and the codefendant blocking
the doors and the Defendant continuing to hold a gun. The codefendant bound the rape
victim’s hands, and the Defendant bound the homicide victim’s hands. After the
codefendant forced the rape victim to perform oral sex while the Defendant continued to
hold the gun and after she eventually escaped from the back of the truck, the Defendant
and the codefendant took the homicide victim to a vacant lot behind a building, where the
Defendant executed the homicide victim as he begged for his life.

Our supreme court considered similar facts in State v. Alston, 465 S.W.3d 555
(Tenn. 2015). In Alston, the defendants robbed the victim of her purse at gunpoint as she
attempted to get into a car outside her home. Alston, 465 S.W.3d at 566. The defendants
then demanded that the victim go into her house, where they confined her as they
ransacked her home. Id. The defendants were charged with, and convicted of,
aggravated robbery related to their taking of the purse. Id. at 567. For the events inside
the house, they were charged with, and convicted of, especially aggravated kidnapping,
aggravated burglary, and firearms offenses, but they were not charged with an additional

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robbery offense. See id. The trial court did not give the White instruction, and
defendants argued on appeal that the robbery had been ongoing from the taking of the
purse through the events inside the house, meaning that the confinement of the victim had
been incidental to the ongoing robbery. Id. Rejecting this theory, the supreme court
reasoned that the aggravated robbery was completed upon the defendants’ taking the
victim’s purse. See id. The court noted that the indictment specified that the robbery
related “only to ‘the tak[ing] . . . of [the victim’s] . . . purse and its contents.’” See id.
Thus, the court reasoned that the kidnapping had been beyond the conduct necessary to
accomplish the robbery. See id.

In the present case, the facts show that the removal and confinement continued
long after the Defendant robbed the homicide victim of money and the truck, the events
specified in the aggravated robbery count of the indictment. The facts also show that the
events in the truck included the especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated rape of
the rape victim, which were separate offenses from the robbery and kidnapping of the
homicide victim and which did not require a kidnapping of the homicide victim in order
for the Defendant to have accomplished. Confinement of the homicide victim, beyond
the events in the rape victim’s room at Mr. Kenney’s house, was not necessary to
accomplish the robbery involving the money and the truck. The removal from Mr.
Kenney’s house and the confinement in the truck prevented the homicide victim from
summoning help, reduced the Defendant’s risk of detection, and increased the danger and
risk of harm to the homicide victim. See id. The evidence is sufficient to show that the
Defendant committed especially aggravated kidnapping of the homicide victim and that
his removal or confinement was not essentially incidental to the robbery. See id. at 580.

Thus, we turn to the question of sufficiency of the evidence to support the
conviction for felony murder in the perpetration of kidnapping. Viewed in the light most
favorable to the State, the evidence shows that the Defendant armed himself with a gun
and went to the rape victim’s home to take money. Once there, he demanded money
from the homicide victim, who surrendered his wallet and truck keys. The armed
Defendant forced the victims into the homicide victim’s truck, which the codefendant
drove, stopping long enough for the codefendant to demand oral sex from the rape victim,
restraining the victims by binding their hands, and eventually taking the homicide victim
to an isolated area and fatally shooting him after the rape victim had escaped from the
truck’s camper compartment. The evidence is sufficient to support the Defendant’s
felony murder conviction.

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 D. Aggravated Rape

The Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his aggravated
rape conviction because the proof failed to show that he was criminally responsible for
codefendant Thomas’s actions.

At the time of the offense, aggravated rape was defined, in relevant part, as
follows:

(a) Aggravated rape is unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the
defendant or the defendant by a victim accompanied by any of the
following circumstances:

(1) Force or coercion is used to accomplish the act and the
defendant is armed with a weapon or any article used or
fashioned in a manner to lead the victim reasonably to believe
it to be a weapon;

(2) The defendant causes bodily injury to the victim;

(3) The defendant is aided or abetted by one (1) or more other
persons; and

(A) Force or coercion is used to accomplish the act[.]

T.C.A. § 39-13-502(a) (2018) (subsequently amended). Sexual penetration is defined as
“sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other intrusion,
however slight, of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital . . .
openings of the victim’s . . . body, but emission of semen is not required[.]’’ Id. § 39-13-
501(7) (2018).

“Criminal responsibility, while not a separate crime, is an alternative theory under
which the State may establish guilt based upon the conduct of another.” Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d at 386 (quoting State v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999)).

A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct
of another, if:

...

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 (2) Acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, or
to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the person solicits,
directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense[.]

T.C.A. § 39-11-402 (2018). For a defendant to be convicted of a crime under the theory
of criminal responsibility, the “evidence must establish that the defendant in some way
knowingly and voluntarily shared in the criminal intent of the crime and promoted its
commission.” Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 386; see State v. Maxey, 898 S.W.2d 756, 757
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).

Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence shows that the
Defendant and the codefendant confined the victims inside the truck, with the Defendant
and the codefendant seated by the doors. The Defendant held a gun. The codefendant
asked the rape victim for oral sex, and he acknowledged the rape victim probably did not
think she had a choice. After the rape, the Defendant told the codefendant to bind the
rape victim’s hands, and the Defendant confined the rape victim in the camper in the back
of the truck. These actions show that the Defendant intended to assist or promote the
codefendant’s commission of a rape and that the Defendant aided and directed the
codefendant in the crime. See T.C.A. § 39-11-402. Thus, the Defendant “knowingly and
voluntarily shared in the criminal intent of the crime and promoted its commission.” See
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 386. The evidence is sufficient to support the Defendant’s
aggravated rape conviction under a theory of criminal responsibility.

II

Failure to Give the State v. White Jury Instruction

The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to give the State v.
White instruction referenced in section I above. He acknowledges that the issue was not
raised at the trial or in the motion for a new trial but seeks relief as a matter of plain error.
The State responds that the Defendant has waived the issue and that relief is not required
to do substantial justice.

A criminal defendant has “a right to a correct and complete charge of the law.”
Hanson, 279 S.W.3d at 280 (citing State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000)).
As a result, a trial court has a duty “to give proper jury instructions as to the law
governing the issues raised by the nature of the proceeding and the evidence introduced at
trial.” State v. Hawkins, 406 S.W.3d 121, 129 (Tenn. 2013) (citing Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d at 390); see State v. Thompson, 519 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tenn. 1975).

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 The pattern jury instruction modeled after White provides as follows:

To find the defendant guilty of this offense, you must also find beyond a
reasonable doubt that the removal or confinement was to a greater degree
than that necessary to commit the offense(s) of as charged [or included] in
count(s). In making this determination, you may consider all the relevant
facts and circumstances of the case, including, but not limited to, the
following factors:

(a) the nature and duration of the alleged victim’s removal or
confinement by the defendant;

(b) whether the removal or confinement occurred during the
commission of the separate offense;

(c) whether the interference with the alleged victim’s liberty was
inherent in the nature of the separate offense;

(d) whether the removal or confinement prevented the alleged victim
from summoning assistance, although the defendant need not have
succeeded in preventing the alleged victim from doing so;

(e) whether the removal or confinement reduced the defendant’s risk of
detection, although the defendant need not have succeeded in this
objective; and

(f) whether the removal or confinement created a significant danger or
increased the alleged victim's risk of harm independent of that posed by
the separate offense.

Unless you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the alleged victim’s
removal or confinement exceeded that which was necessary to accomplish
the alleged and was not essentially incidental to it, you must find the
defendant not guilty of especially aggravated kidnapping.

T.P.I.—Crim. 8.03 (25th ed. 2021) (Especially aggravated kidnapping) (footnotes
omitted).

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 Five factors are relevant

when deciding whether an error constitutes “plain error” in the absence of
an objection at trial: “(a) the record must clearly establish what occurred in
the trial court; (b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been
breached; (c) a substantial right of the accused must have been adversely
affected; (d) the accused did not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and (e)
consideration of the error is ‘necessary to do substantial justice.’”

State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 282 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d
626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)); see also State v. Minor, 546 S.W.3d 59, 70 (Tenn.
2018). All five factors must exist in order for plain error to be recognized. Smith, 24
S.W.3d at 283. “[C]omplete consideration of all the factors is not necessary when it is
clear from the record that at least one of the factors cannot be established.” Id. In order
for this court to reverse the judgment of a trial court, the error must be “of such a great
magnitude that it probably changed the outcome of the trial.” Id.; Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d
at 642.

Our analysis begins with the Defendant’s argument that the State has the burden to
show that the failure to give the instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, to
which the State counters that the Defendant bears the burden to show that the alleged
error was of a magnitude that it probably changed the outcome of the trial. To support
his position, the Defendant argues that the White instruction is fundamental; thus, the
relevant inquiry is whether the State has shown that the trial court’s error in failing to
give the instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. He relies upon Cecil, 409
S.W.3d at 610, and Alston, 465 S.W.3d at 565, both of which involved plenary review,
not plain error review, of the lack of the White instruction. The State, on the other hand,
relies upon the well-settled principle that when a defendant seeks relief as a matter plain
error, “the defendant bears the burden of persuading the appellate court that the trial court
committed plain error and that the error was of sufficient magnitude that it probably
changed the outcome of the trial.” See State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 56 (Tenn. 2010).
Thus, plenary review involves analysis of whether the absence of the White instruction
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, whereas review for plain error regarding the
absence of a White instruction places the burden on the Defendant to show that all of the
Adkisson factors exist relative to the absence of the instruction at his trial. See State v.
Antoine Hinton, No. W2018-01931-CCA-R3-CD, 2020 WL 1426683, at *10-11 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Mar. 19, 2020) (conducting plain error review where the trial court did not
give the White instruction and the defendant failed to raise the issue in the trial court but
raised it on appeal), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 21, 2020); State v. Gary S. Holman,
No. E2012-01143-CCA-R3-CD, 214 WL 295610, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 27,

-23-
2014) (conducting plain error review of the lack of a White instruction in a case in which
the issue had not be raised in the trial court or on appeal), perm. app. denied (Tenn. July
29, 2015).

In the present case, the record clearly establishes that the White instruction was not
given and that the failure to give the instruction was a breach of a clear and unequivocal
rule of law. See Smith, 24 S.W.3d at 282; Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d at 641-42; see also
White, 362 S.W.3d at 562. The record does not show that the Defendant waived the issue
for tactical reasons. See Smith, 24 S.W.3d at 282; Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d at 641-42. The
facts showed that the Defendant robbed the homicide victim of money and a truck, after
which he confined the homicide victim to the truck and engaged in further criminal
activity. The evidence shows unequivocally that the removal of the homicide victim
from the rape victim’s room and subsequent confinement in the truck were unnecessary
to accomplish the robbery. Cf. White, 362 S.W.3d at 579 (focusing on whether the proof
could be interpreted in different ways regarding whether the removal or confinement of a
victim was a substantial interference with the victim’s liberty and therefore a question of
fact for the jury’s consideration). Given the strength of the evidence presented at the trial
regarding the separate offense of especially aggravated kidnapping of the homicide
victim, we conclude that, although the trial court erred in failing to give the White
instruction, no substantial right of the Defendant was adversely affected and that
consideration of the error is not necessary to do substantial justice. See Smith, 24 S.W.3d
at 282; Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d at 641-42. Plain error relief is not required.

In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgments of the
trial court are affirmed.

_____________________________________
ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JUDGE

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