[Cite as State v. Pardon, 2022-Ohio-663.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 20AP-206
(C.P.C. No. 18CR-769)
v. :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Anthony Pardon, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on March 8, 2022
On brief: G. Gary Tyack, Prosecuting Attorney, and Seth L.
Gilbert, for appellee. Argued: Seth L. Gilbert.
On brief: Yeura Venters, Franklin County Public Defender,
and Robert Essex, for appellant. Argued: Robert Essex.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
SADLER, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Anthony Pardon, appeals from a judgment of the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas convicting him of aggravated murder, kidnapping,
rape, aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and associated specifications. For the
following reasons, we affirm the trial court judgment.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} In January 2018, Rachael Anderson was found deceased inside of the closet
of her Columbus area apartment. In February 2018, a Franklin County jury indicted
appellant on charges associated with Rachael's murder, including five counts of aggravated
murder pursuant to R.C. 2903.01, one count of kidnapping pursuant to R.C. 2905.01, one
count of rape pursuant to R.C. 2907.02, one count of aggravated burglary pursuant to
No. 20AP-206 2
R.C. 2911.11, and one count of aggravated robbery pursuant to R.C. 2911.01. The counts
included multiple repeat murder specifications, felony murder specifications, and repeat
violent offender ("RVO") specifications, and one sexually violent predator specification.
The specifications attached to the aggravated murder counts made appellant, if convicted,
eligible for the death penalty.
{¶ 3} Appellant entered a plea of not guilty, and the case proceeded to a jury trial
held in February 2020. After voir dire but prior to opening statements, appellant's defense
counsel brought to the trial court's attention that a witness subpoenaed by the defense,
Anthony Sleet, had passed away. (Feb. 3, 2020 Tr. Vol. 1 at 235.) Defense counsel indicated
that it would seek to admit, under exceptions to hearsay, an interview Sleet gave to
detectives and videotapes of him using the victim's credit card. Defense counsel stated it
would file a motion with the court to support its position and explained that Sleet's
statement and videos would show Sleet was the first person to use the victim's credit card,
he did not pick appellant out of the photo array as being the person who gave him her credit
card, his description of the person who gave him the credit card did not fit appellant's
appearance, and his description of the vehicle involved did not match the victim's vehicle.
Id. at 239-40.
{¶ 4} Appellee confirmed Sleet was deceased and remarked, "[t]he State would
have called him if he's alive but since he's deceased we don't believe we can admit his
statement because it would be hearsay not within the exception," but that defense counsel
had indicated an intent to use Sleet's video. Id. at 238. Both parties stated they would
further attempt to reach an agreement on the matter prior to opening statements.
{¶ 5} The jury trial commenced February 4, 2020. Appellant appeared and was
represented by counsel. Following opening statements, appellee proceeded with its case in
chief, which is summarized as follows.
{¶ 6} Rachael Anderson moved from Warren, Ohio to Columbus in 2017 and was
employed with a funeral home. In January 2018, she lived alone in a two-story apartment
on Allegheny Street on the east side of Columbus. Rachael was set to turn 24 at the end of
the month, on Sunday, January 28, and her brother and some of her friends planned a
birthday party for her. Rachael's friend Jonathan Kennedy and his then-wife, Tina,
volunteered to host the party at their home on the west side of Columbus the evening before
No. 20AP-206 3
her birthday, Saturday, January 27. Rachael knew Jonathan from high school, and she was
friends with his sister. Jonathan, Tina, and Rachael would see each other often and were
"very good" friends. (Feb. 4, 2020 Tr. Vol. 2 at 367.)
{¶ 7} Rachael's younger brother, John Anderson, still lived in Warren and drove to
Columbus to attend the birthday party and stay with Rachael for the weekend. He arrived
on Friday, January 26. That evening, Jonathan and Tina came to Rachael's apartment to
hang out. The next day, Rachael gave her brother her primary key to her apartment since
she had to work during the day, and her only spare key was kept by Tina. After Rachael
returned from work, her birthday party at the Kennedy's residence took place on Saturday
night as planned. About eight people attended, including Rachael, John, Jonathan, and
Tina. At the party, the group drank alcohol and smoked marijuana. Part of the group,
including Rachael, John, and Tina, went to a dance club while others in the group stayed
behind. At the end of the evening, Rachael and her brother stayed overnight at the
Kennedy's residence.
{¶ 8} The next morning, Sunday, January 28, Rachael and her brother returned to
her apartment. John testified that he stayed about 30 to 45 minutes before leaving at about
1:00 p.m. to drive back to Warren and sometime later communicated with Rachael about
the key to her apartment, which he had not returned to her. Jonathan Kennedy likewise
testified that Rachael called and texted him on Sunday asking to retrieve her spare
apartment key since her brother had returned home without giving her primary key back.
Jonathan stated that he and Tina arranged for Rachael to come pick the key up later that
evening, after they returned from driving a party-attendee back to his home in Athens,
Ohio. Cell phone data analyzed by a Columbus police department digital forensic analyst
showed Rachael called her brother John at 1:58 p.m., texted Jonathan Kennedy a minute
later concerning her brother taking the key, and texted Jonathan again at 6:17 p.m.
indicating that she would be heading over to pick up the spare key in twenty minutes.
Jonathan testified that Rachael came to their house between 5:30 and 6:30 p.m., stayed a
little less than 15 minutes, and left with the spare key.
{¶ 9} Cell phone records analyzed by a BCI criminal intelligence analyst and the
phone data reviewed by the Columbus police department digital forensic analyst indicated
Rachael's cell phone communications ceased on the evening of Sunday, January 28th. Her
No. 20AP-206 4
last incoming call, from her mother, occurred at 6:30 p.m. and lasted nearly ten minutes.
Rachael did not communicate through her phone thereafter.
{¶ 10} On Monday, January 29, Rachael did not show up for work at the funeral
home. Rachael's manager asked another employee, Trent Snider, to go to Rachael's
apartment to check on her. Snider arrived a little after 12:00 p.m. After knocking on her
door and receiving no answer, Snider asked the property manager to look inside of the
apartment. The manager initially refused to enter the apartment, and Snider called the
police. While waiting for the police, he looked through the windows of the apartment and
saw a candle burning on a coffee table. Snider also observed Rachael's car in the parking
lot, but parked around the corner from where she lived, not in front of her unit.
{¶ 11} The property manager eventually obtained permission to enter the
apartment from Shawn Griggs, Rachael's former roommate who remained on the lease but
no longer lived there. The manager testified that she used a key to open the locked
apartment door, briefly looked around both floors of the two-story apartment, and blew out
the candle. She did not see Rachael, broken glass, or anything out of the ordinary, but she
testified that she had not looked in the bedroom closet. After the property manager
returned without further information, Snider and the police left.
{¶ 12} Still concerned, Rachael's work manager then called Jonathan Kennedy.
Jonathan testified that he went to Rachael's apartment, attempted to look in the windows,
and tried both doors to the apartment, which were locked. Jonathan noted that Rachael's
car was not parked in her usual spot in front of the apartment unit, but instead was around
the corner. According to Jonathan, he tried unsuccessfully to reach Rachael on her cell
phone, called Griggs (who Jonathan described as Rachael's former boyfriend), and then
waived to a passing police officer for help. With Jonathan and the police present, the
property manager again allowed access to the apartment. According to the property
manager, she stood in the living room while Jonathan went upstairs; Jonathan testified he
checked the first floor before heading upstairs. The property manager then heard Jonathan
scream. Jonathan exited the apartment and told the police Rachael was in the upstairs
bedroom closet.
{¶ 13} The Columbus police officer on the scene, Frank Sclafani, testified that
Jonathan exited the apartment looking pale and "freaked out." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 448.) Officer
No. 20AP-206 5
Sclafani entered the apartment and located Rachael's body in the bedroom closet. She
appeared to him to be deceased and was "bound and gagged and there was something over
her head as well as around her neck which was attached to the doorknob." Id. at 451.
Columbus police detectives then arrived and called the Ohio Bureau of Criminal
Investigation ("BCI") for assistance in processing the scene. BCI agents responded that
evening.
{¶ 14} According to BCI agent Joshua Durst, there were no signs of forced entry at
either the front or back doors. On the first floor, no blood was observed. In the living room,
a purse was lying on the floor and appeared to have been dumped out. An Arby's receipt
from January 28 at 7:32 (a.m. or p.m. was illegible) was recovered, as well as Rachael's
driver's license. A cup from Arby's, a french fry box, and an opened ketchup packet were
also recovered from the living room, as well as a cell phone, a laptop computer, water bottle,
cigarette and cigar butts, and a glass smoking pipe. No cash or credit cards were recovered.
{¶ 15} Durst proceeded upstairs and located Rachael lying by a pillow in the upstairs
bedroom closet. In the bedroom, Durst observed and documented a blood saturation stain
at the foot of the bed, a cut and knotted steam iron cord with what appeared to be hair and
blood on it, and a cord to a heating blanket and some black leggings wrapped around the
exterior knobs of the bedroom closet. The heating blanket cord extended into the closet
and was wrapped tightly around Rachael's neck and knotted. Rachael was in a "hog-tie[d]"
position with her ankles and wrists intricately bound with a hair dryer cord, a curling iron
cord, and window blind cords determined to come from the bedroom blinds. (Feb. 5, 2020
Tr. Vol. 3 at 584.) She had black material stuffed into her mouth, a t-shirt covering her
head like a hood, and a blanket wrapped around her. She wore a tank top, but no clothes
were present from her waist down. Black underwear was recovered underneath her body.
Once the cord bindings and head coverings were removed, BCI agents and the coroner's
investigator observed a stab wound at the back of her neck at the base of her skull.
According to the coroner's report and testimony, the cause of Rachael's death was a stab
wound to the head and neck and ligature strangulation. (Feb. 11, 2020 Tr. Vol. 6 at 1407-
08; State's Ex. V, Coroner's Report at 1.)
{¶ 16} BCI agents dusted the scene for fingerprints, and took swabs of Rachael's
body, the cords used, and various surfaces and items in the apartment and Rachael's car in
No. 20AP-206 6
an attempt to find "touch DNA." (Tr. Vol. 3 at 570.) Agents also discovered a blood stain
leading from the bottom of the bed to the closet. Rachael's mother, while cleaning out boxes
of items taken from Rachael's apartment, discovered and turned over to police a 9-inch
knife covered in blood and hair. Agent Durst testified the knife is consistent with and the
same manufacturer as knives observed in Rachael's apartment. Neither the key to
Rachael's apartment nor her car keys were ever recovered.
{¶ 17} Because Rachael's debit card was missing, detective Hughes contacted her
bank and was able to pinpoint locations her debit card was used on and after Sunday,
January 28th and obtain surveillance footage from those locations. Bank records indicated
Rachael's debit card was used on January 28th at 9:43 p.m. at Food Mart on East Main
Street, which is within a mile or two from her apartment. Surveillance video footage from
Food Mart shows Rachael's car in the parking lot and a man exit the passenger side of the
car, go inside to an ATM, and then return. Another person's hand can be viewed in the
driver's side of the car, but that person never exits. Rachael's debit card is used several
more times that evening with the same pattern: a man exiting the car from the passenger
side of Rachael's car, using either an ATM or making a purchase, and the driver never
exiting the car.
{¶ 18} According to detective Hughes, a store clerk identified the man exiting the
passenger side of the vehicle as Anthony Sleet, a vagrant who frequented the store's parking
lot. When Sleet next appeared in the store's lot, the clerk called the detective, and patrol
officers brought Sleet in for questioning at police headquarters on February 6, 2018.
Detective Hughes conducted the interview with Sleet, which was recorded. The parties'
stipulation regarding the interview and defense counsel's decision to not object to the
playing of a portion of the interview was stated for the record, as follows:
[APPELLEE]: Your Honor, at this time, we would ask that you
read the stipulation for the jury.
THE COURT: All right. Thank you. Again, ladies and
gentlemen, this is a stipulation by the parties. The stipulation
reads: The parties agree and stipulate that State's Exhibit X,
the video recording of Anthony Sleet's interview with Detective
Hughes has been edited for time purposes only.
***
No. 20AP-206 7
[APPELLEE]: Your Honor, at this time we would ask
permission to play the portion of Mr. Sleet's interview which
the parties have agreed on.
THE COURT: Any objection?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No objection, Your Honor.
(Feb. 6, 2020 Tr. [Vol. 4] at 780-82. See also Stips. at 2.)
{¶ 19} The interview was then played in open court. Id. at 782-833. In the
interview, Sleet stated that on the night of Sunday, January 28, 2018 he was panhandling
outside of a store on Main Street on the east side of Columbus when a man came out of the
store, engaged with him, and proposed he help access money from a debit card. Sleet
asserted he had never met the man before. Sleet estimated the man was in his mid-30s or
early 40s, or perhaps younger, stood 5'7 or 5'8 tall, and had dark-skin, slanted eyes, fat
cheeks, short hair, a stocky frame, and a slightly southern accent. Sleet described the car
the man was driving as a little, green, four-door station wagon-type of car. According to
Sleet, the man explained he had a falling out with his girlfriend, who was trying to take his
money, and that Sleet could help him by getting money from her debit card. The man knew
the debit card pin. The man promised Sleet a hotel room for the night if he helped him, and
Sleet, who was homeless, agreed. Sleet told detectives that he attempted to get $2000 from
an ATM using the debit card but was only successful in getting $40. The man suggested
they try again at other locations, and Sleet said they then tried a nearby Food Mart. In all,
Sleet believed he was successful in getting around $400 and some cigarettes and other
items using the debit card. The man never got Sleet a hotel room, but instead dropped him
back off at the original store where he had been panhandling. Sleet denied he went
anywhere with the man other than stores or banks. He was cooperative with police and
agreed to submit his own DNA.
{¶ 20} During the interview, Sleet was shown a photo array administered by another
detective unassociated with the case, and Sleet selected a photo that he thought "looks like
him." Id. at 821. The form preceding the photo array signed by Sleet states, "#1 appears to
be the person that drove the car." (State's Ex. P at 1.) Appellant's photo was not included
in the array. Detective Hughes testified that once appellant was identified as a suspect, he
tried to track down Sleet to administer another photo array, but Sleet could not be found.
Detective Hughes eventually learned Sleet had passed away in September or October 2018.
No. 20AP-206 8
{¶ 21} Defense counsel cross-examined detective Hughes about the Anthony Sleet
interview, drawing attention to Sleet's description of the man who gave him Rachael's debit
card, the extended amount of time Sleet and the driver of the vehicle were together during
the evening of Rachael's murder, and the detective not obtaining more video that may have
shown the man with Sleet. (Tr. [Vol. 4] at 922-927). Defense counsel also questioned
detective Hughes about not promptly getting in contact with Sleet after arresting appellant.
Id. at 939-40.
{¶ 22} After discussing the Sleet interview, detective Hughes testified that Rachael's
debit card continued to be used throughout Columbus in the days after Rachael was
discovered murdered. On the afternoon of Monday, January 29, her debit card was used
on the north side of Columbus at Fair Food Mart on Cleveland Avenue. According to
detective Hughes, the store is within walking distance of the residence of appellant's sister,
where appellant was known to stay. The surveillance video shows a man with his face
concealed using the debit card at an ATM. Rachael's debit card is used that same day a few
miles north on Cleveland Avenue at Citi Trends, at the DSW at Easton, on the west side of
Columbus at a Kroger, and at Hollywood Casino. The exterior and cashier surveillance
videos from each store location shows a man and a woman, or just a woman, at the stores
at times matching Rachael's bank records. Rachael's debit card was used two more days,
Tuesday, January 30th and Thursday, February 1st, at the Fine Fair Food Mart on
Cleveland Avenue near the residence of appellant's sister and at a market just east of
downtown Columbus. The surveillance videos show a man with his face partially concealed
accessing ATMs.
{¶ 23} Detective Hughes testified appellant's name was given to him as a possible
lead by the crime laboratory. Appellant was taken into custody as he was leaving his sister's
residence and getting into a car. Agent Durst was contacted to conduct a search of the
sister's residence, which yielded the recovery of clothing with tags from Citi Trends and two
casino receipts. The car appellant was in when he was arrested was also searched; agent
Durst documented a baseball hat and gloves that looked consistent with the hat and gloves
worn by the man in the store surveillance videos, clothing with tags, a cell phone, a knife,
and an air pistol that agent Durst explained is not technically a firearm although it looks
like one.
No. 20AP-206 9
{¶ 24} Appellant's sister, Deborah Pardon, cooperated with detectives and was
called to testify by appellee. Deborah verified that appellant would stay at her Linden area
residence from time to time and would occasionally drive her blue or green four door
Hyundai Accent or their mom's blue Toyota Corolla. Deborah testified that appellant would
also stay at the apartment of his girlfriend, Bernita Anderson, who lived on Allegheny Street
in the same complex as Rachael. As confirmed by detectives, the back door of Rachael's
apartment can be seen from the back of Bernita's apartment. Bernita's daughter, Allison
Gamble, had additionally lived in Rachael's complex in the unit directly next door to
Rachael until moving in December 2017.
{¶ 25} Deborah admitted to improperly using the debit card at Citi Trends, Easton,
Kroger, and the casino, and identified herself and appellant as the man and woman in the
store surveillance videos connected with the use of Rachael's debit card. According to
Deborah, appellant gave her the card and a pin number, and she saw the name "Anderson"
and assumed it was Bernita Anderson's card. (Feb. 10, 2020 Tr. Vol. 5 at 994.) Deborah
also admitted she had a lengthy criminal history and agreed that appellee advised her that
she would not be charged with crimes for using the debit card if she was truthful about what
had happened.
{¶ 26} Analysis of appellant's cell phone by BCI and the Columbus police
department digital forensics team showed appellant's cell phone was located in an area
encompassing Rachael's apartment on the evening of Sunday, January 28th and near the
locations where her debit card was used that night and the following days. From 7:45 until
9:14 p.m. on Sunday, January 28th, appellant's cell phone was "pinging off of" the cell
phone tower closest to Rachael's (and Bernita's) apartments. Id. at 1057. Geolocation
information obtained from Google likewise showed that, between 7:59 p.m. and 9:25 p.m.,
35 cell tower, Wi-Fi, and GPS "hits" place appellant's cell phone near Rachael's apartment.
Id. at 1143-45.
{¶ 27} Google geolocation data then places appellant's phone near James Road and
East Broad Street at 9:30 p.m. Sunday evening and near several of the locations—Food
Mart, two banks on East Main Street, a carry out, Kroger, Fine Fair Food Mart, Citi Trends,
DSW, the east-side market—where Rachael's debit card was used during the next several
hours and days. Appellant's cell phone records show outgoing phone calls on Monday,
No. 20AP-206 10
January 29 near Citi Trends and DSW at the times Rachael's debit card was used at those
locations, and his cell phone can be traced to the towers located in those areas at those
times. On Tuesday, January 30th, appellant's cell phone is associated with the cell phone
tower nearest to the Fine Fair Food Mart and his sister's home. On Thursday, February 1st,
appellant's phone is associated with the tower near Rachael's apartment in the morning
hours and later pings off a tower near the near east side market where Rachael's debit card
was utilized. On cross-examination, the BCI analyst agreed that the data did not show who
was in possession of the cell phone analyzed and agreed that if appellant was staying with
Bernita, his cell phone may have used the same cell tower shown in the data.
{¶ 28} A forensic scientist at the Columbus Police Crime Laboratory testified that
appellant's DNA was included on swabs taken from Rachael's body and certain cords used
to constrain her. (Feb. 11, 2020 Tr. Vol. 6 at 1303-04.) Specifically, for both factions of the
vaginal swab, the DNA analysis revealed a "Y-STR" profile, from a single-source, which was
consistent with appellant's DNA profile. Id. at 1280, 1283. The forensic scientist explained
that in the context of reviewing Y-STR profiles, which focuses on the Y (male) chromosome,
her statement that the DNA profile found on the vaginal swab was "consistent" with
appellant's DNA meant the group of people "is Anthony Pardon, his brother from the same
father, his father, paternal grandfather" and did not extend to "a group of random men."
Id. at 1360. For the swab of Rachael's inner thighs and pelvic area, the Y-STR profile was
consistent with a mixture of at least two individuals, and appellant could not be excluded
as the major contributor. Id. at 1272-74. Appellant likewise could not be excluded as the
major contributor regarding the Y-STR profile from the right wrist swab, which was
determined to be consistent with a mixture of at least three individuals. Id. at 1283-84.
{¶ 29} The DNA profile obtained from the swabs from the curling iron and cord was
interpreted as being a mixture of three individuals, with it being "at least 20.5 billion times
more likely if the evidentiary profile originated from Rachael Anderson, Anthony Pardon
and one unknown unrelated individual than if it originated from Rachael Anderson and
two unknown unrelated individuals." Id. at 1255-57. Similarly, for the hair dryer and cord,
it "is at least 14.5 billion times more likely if the evidentiary profile originated from Rachael
Anderson, Anthony Pardon and one unknown, unrelated individual than if it originated
from Rachael Anderson and two unknown, unrelated individuals." Id. at 1261. Appellant's
No. 20AP-206 11
DNA was not found in the swabs taken from the heating blanket cord and a steam iron cord.
Anthony Sleet's DNA was not found on any of the swabs, Jonathan's DNA was found on a
Pepsi can and a pipe taken from the first floor of the apartment, and John's DNA was found
on a bathrobe and in the upstairs bathroom. The swabs taken from Rachael's car did not
evidence either appellant's or Sleet's DNA.
{¶ 30} As a part of the investigation, police detectives interviewed Rachael's brother,
John. John testified to giving the detectives Jonathan Kennedy's name as a possible suspect
due to a conversation he had with Rachael about two weeks prior to her birthday party
where Rachael discussed a falling-out between her and Jonathan, her feeling "sexual vibes"
from him during an LSD trip, Jonathan calling her a "virus," and Rachael being afraid of
him. (Tr. Vol. 3 at 523-26.) John testified that Rachael did not mention her concerns about
Jonathan again to him, and that she acted like "nothing ever happened" during the birthday
party weekend and everything seemed friendly and fine between them. Id. at 537.
Detective Hughes testified that both Jonathan and John were swabbed for DNA and that
neither of the men's DNA was found on Rachael's body or the bindings. Jonathan provided
an alibi, asserting he was with Tina the evening Rachael was murdered. Rachael's brother
John also provided the detectives with the name of Rachael's ex-boyfriend and a man in the
apartment complex that she had complained about as possible suspects. Both men were
determined to not have been in Columbus when Rachael was murdered.
{¶ 31} The state's exhibits, including Sleet's photo array selection and the "agreed
upon" portions of the Sleet interview, were admitted without objection by defense counsel,
and the state rested its case in chief. (Tr. Vol. 6 at 1440.) Defense counsel moved the court
for acquittal on all counts and specifications under Crim.R. 29; the trial court denied the
motion. The defense then rested its case, and the parties proceeded to closing arguments.
During closing arguments, defense counsel referenced Sleet's interview and called the jury's
attention to Sleet's insistence that the initial conversation with the man who gave him the
credit card was on video and the detective's failure to obtain that video, which "would [have]
be[en] helpful" to appellant. (Feb. 12-13, 2020 Tr. Vol. 7 at 1512.)
{¶ 32} Following closing arguments and instructions from the court, the jury
returned guilty verdicts on all counts in the indictment and the related specifications. As a
capital case, the matter was scheduled for a hearing on the penalty phase. In the penalty
No. 20AP-206 12
phase, the jury indicated it was deadlocked as to whether the aggravating circumstances
outweighed the mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt to impose the death penalty,
but unanimously found appellant should be sentenced to life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole on the aggravated murder counts. A sentencing hearing was then held
in March 2020. The trial court merged the aggravated murder counts for the purposes of
sentencing, and the state elected to proceed on the first count of aggravated murder. The
trial court sentenced appellant to life without the possibility of parole on both the
aggravated murder count and the rape count (with a sexually violent predator finding), and
11 years on each of the remaining counts of aggravated burglary, kidnapping, aggravated
robbery plus mandatory consecutive ten years imprisonment for the RVO specifications
attached to those counts. The trial court ran the sentences consecutively to each other,
resulting in a combined total sentence of two life sentences plus an additional 63 years.
{¶ 33} Appellant filed a timely appeal.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶ 34} Appellant submits two assignments of error for our review:
First Assignment of Error: The trial court committed reversible
error by permitting the prosecution to play, without objection,
the statement of Anthony Sleet who was deceased at the time
of trial in violation of Ohio Evid.R. 804(B)(5) and the
appellant's right to confrontation as guaranteed by the United
States and Ohio Constitutions.
Second Assignment of Error: The appellant was denied the
effective assistance of counsel based on failure to object to
Anthony Sleet's highly prejudicial statement in violation of the
Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution and Article I, Sections 10 and 16 of the Ohio
Constitution.
III. ANALYSIS
{¶ 35} With his two assignments of error, appellant asserts his defense counsel was
ineffective by failing to object to the Anthony Sleet interview being played, and the trial
court committed reversible error in permitting that interview to be played regardless of the
lack of objection. Having reviewed each of these matters, we find appellant's contentions
to lack merit on the record of this case.
No. 20AP-206 13
A. Defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the
admission of the Sleet interview
{¶ 36} For clarity of discussion and analysis, we begin by reviewing appellant's
assertion of ineffective assistance of counsel before proceeding to review whether the trial
court erred in admitting Sleet's interview. "In order to prevail on an ineffective-assistance-
of-counsel claim, a defendant must prove that counsel's performance was deficient and that
the defendant was prejudiced by counsel's deficient performance." State v. Davis, 159 Ohio
St.3d 31, 2020-Ohio-309, ¶ 10, citing State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 141-42 (1989)
and Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). "Thus, the defendant must
demonstrate that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
and that there exists a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's error, the result of the
proceeding would have been different." Davis at ¶ 10, citing Bradley at paragraphs two and
three of the syllabus. " 'A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.' " Bradley at 142, quoting Strickland at 694. See also Davis at
¶ 15 (noting the prejudice prong is not met when "the defendant was simply harmed by
counsel's alleged deficient performance.")
{¶ 37} In his assigned error, appellant contends his defense counsel was ineffective
for failing to object to the admission of the interview between detectives and Sleet, who
passed away prior to trial. In appellant's view, "[t]here can be no valid reason for not
objecting, much less agreeing" to admit the Sleet interview. (Appellant's Brief at 35.)
Appellant believes Sleet's statement was highly prejudicial as it corroborated cell phone and
geolocation evidence presented by appellee that showed appellant "was driving Rachael
Anderson's car shortly after her murder" and that the value of admitting the interview was
"minimal" and largely unexplored by defense counsel. (Appellant's Brief at 36.)
{¶ 38} Appellee, quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011) and
Strickland at 689-90, cautions that the Strickland standard must be applied "with
scrupulous care" when an appellant's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is based on
the lack of an objection. (Appellee's Brief at 27.) Appellee contends defense counsel had
legitimate strategic reasons for not objecting to, and even agreeing to, the admission of
Sleet's interview and that admission of the interview did not add more to what had already
been established by the geolocation data and other evidence.
No. 20AP-206 14
{¶ 39} We agree with appellee. To establish deficient performance, appellant must
"show that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the counsel
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment." State v. Lee, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-908, 2018-Ohio-
3957, ¶ 34. A claim of deficient performance "must overcome the strong presumption that
counsel's performance was adequate or that counsel's actions might be considered sound
trial strategy." Id. "Debatable trial tactics generally do not constitute ineffective assistance
of counsel." State v. Elmore, 111 Ohio St.3d 515, 2006-Ohio-6207, ¶ 116.
{¶ 40} Here, the record shows defense counsel deliberately, as a trial strategy, did
not object to admission of the Sleet interview. Defense counsel's questioning of appellee's
witnesses and closing argument sought to erode certainty in the detectives' investigatory
process and frame their conclusions as hasty and incomplete in an attempt to place
reasonable doubt in the minds of the jurors. The Sleet interview added value to this
strategy. In the interview, Sleet described the man who gave him Rachael's debit card and
drove her car to the various ATM locations as younger than appellant. Likewise, in the
photo array presented by detectives, Sleet identified another person as the driver of the car.
Furthermore, Sleet insisted the man who gave him the debit card could likely be seen during
their initial conversation, and defense counsel drew attention to the detective's failure to
obtain video of this encounter. Sleet also admitted to having a recent run-in with the law
and to being the person in the video using Rachael's debit card shortly after her murder,
possibly raising questions about Sleet's involvement in the murder himself and his motive
to lie about how he obtained the debit card. Moreover, defense counsel could have
reasonably believed the Sleet interview would not significantly hurt appellant, since other
evidence—the cell phone records, Wi-Fi, and geolocation data as well as his sister's
testimony—connected appellant to the use of Rachael's debit card. On this record,
appellant has not shown his defense counsel's performance was deficient in failing to object
to the admission of the Sleet interview.
{¶ 41} Even if defense counsel's failure to object to the admission of the Sleet
interview constituted a deficient performance, appellant has additionally not demonstrated
a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's error, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. Even without the Sleet interview, the record in this case still showed
appellant often stayed at Rachael's apartment complex in a unit near to Rachael's residence,
No. 20AP-206 15
appellant's cell phone was located near Rachael's apartment during the time of her murder
and near locations Rachael's debit card was used during the evening of her murder, that
appellant and his sister used Rachael's debit card in the days following her murder, and
DNA evidence from certain bindings and body swabs implicated appellant. On this record,
appellant has not established that he would have been prejudiced by counsel's alleged
deficient performance. As a result, neither prong of Strickland is met in this case.
{¶ 42} Accordingly, the second assignment of error is overruled.
B. The trial court did not err by permitting the Sleet interview to be
admitted
{¶ 43} Appellant additionally contends the trial court committed reversible error by
permitting the prosecution to play the police detective's interview with Sleet. He asserts
doing so violated both Evid.R. 804(B)(5), which states a hearsay exception for statements
made by a deceased person, and his constitutional confrontation clause rights.
{¶ 44} " 'Hearsay' is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
asserted" and is generally inadmissible. Evid.R. 801(C); Evid.R. 802. The hearsay
exception specific to statements of a deceased person, Evid.R. 804(B)(5), generally pertains
to cases where a deceased person's estate is involved.1
{¶ 45} "Although the hearsay rule (along with its exceptions) and the Confrontation
Clause protect similar values, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly noted that
the two are not coextensive." State v. Dever, 64 Ohio St.3d 401, 415 (1992). The
Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made
applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment provides, "[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses
against him * * *." Likewise, Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution states that "[i]n
any trial, in any court, the party accused shall be allowed * * * to meet the witnesses face to
face * * *."
{¶ 46} The Confrontation Clause applies only to "testimonial statements," which
"includes statements made under circumstances that would lead an objective witness to
1 Under Evid.R. 804(B)(5), statements made by a deceased person may be admitted where the estate or
personal representative of the decedent's estate is a party; the statement was made before the death; and the
statement is offered to rebut testimony by an adverse party on a matter within the knowledge of the decedent.
No. 20AP-206 16
reasonably believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial." State v.
Tench, 156 Ohio St.3d 85, 2018-Ohio-5205, ¶ 212. See also State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d
497, 2018-Ohio-493, ¶ 181 (stating a statement is testimonial "if it is made with a primary
purpose of creating an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.") " '[A]dmission of an
out-of-court statement of a witness who does not appear at trial is prohibited * * * if the
statement is testimonial unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant has had a prior
opportunity to cross-examine the witness.' " Tench at ¶ 210, quoting State v. Maxwell, 139
Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-1019, ¶ 34, citing Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54
(2004).
{¶ 47} In this case, appellant argues: the Sleet interview is inadmissible hearsay,
which appellee acknowledged at trial; the interview is inadmissible testimonial evidence
under the confrontation clause; and the trial court lacked discretion to admit the interview
in these circumstances. In appellant's view, this court should review these issues de novo
since the trial court "violat[ed] a clear legal rule (the admission of hearsay evidence)."
(Appellant's Brief at 26.) Appellant cites to State v. Wright, 4th Dist. No. 16CA24, 2017-
Ohio-9041, ¶ 25; State v. Phillips, 4th Dist. No. 18CA3832, 2018-Ohio-5432, ¶ 45; and State
v. Abdussatar, 8th Dist. No. 86406, 2006-Ohio-803, ¶ 12 in support of his standard of
review argument.
{¶ 48} Appellee counters that the invited-error doctrine precludes any review of this
assigned error since defense counsel advocated for the admission of the Sleet interview and
"affirmatively consented" to the admission of the interview, and the record shows the
parties agreed to admit certain portions of the interview. (Appellee's Brief at 19.) Even if
review of the alleged error is not precluded under the invited-error doctrine, appellee
contends the lack of an objection to the admission of the interview requires plain error
review, which appellant cannot demonstrate on this record.
{¶ 49} We agree with appellee that the trial court's admission of the Sleet interview
does not warrant reversal in this case. Initially, we note appellant concedes defense counsel
did not object to appellee playing the Sleet interview and at one point states defense counsel
"agree[ed] to" admit the Sleet interview. (Appellant's Brief at 35.) For reasons already
explained in addressing the second assignment of error, defense counsel had legitimate
strategic reasons to deliberately not challenge, or even to agree to, the admission of the Sleet
No. 20AP-206 17
interview. However, such a strategy—at minimum—precludes all but plain error review of
the instant hearsay and confrontation clause issue on appeal. Tench at ¶ 217 (finding the
appellant waived all but plain error of the confrontation clause issue where he failed to
object to the statements at trial); State v. McKelton, 148 Ohio St.3d 261, 2016-Ohio-5735,
¶ 191 ("Because McKelton did not raise hearsay and confrontation-clause objections at trial,
he has waived all but plain error.") See Crim.R. 52(B) ("Plain errors or defects affecting
substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the
court.") Appellant's argument that de novo review applies is unconvincing: in addition to
appellant's cited cases not being from this district, those cases did not involve the possible
application of the plain error analysis due to the lack of an objection.
{¶ 50} To demonstrate plain error, an appellant "must show that (1) there was an
error, (2) the error was 'plain,' i.e., obvious, and (3) the error affected substantial rights,"
meaning a reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice—the same deferential
standard for reviewing ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Tench at ¶ 217-18, citing
State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 2002-Ohio-68, and State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d
385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 22. " ' A court recognizes plain error with the utmost caution, under
exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a miscarriage of justice." State v. Pilgrim,
184 Ohio App.3d 675, 2009-Ohio-5357, ¶ 58 (10th Dist.). In the instant case, appellant has
not established plain error regarding the admission of the Sleet interview for two reasons.
{¶ 51} First, "[a]n assertion upon appeal, pursuant to Crim. R. 52(B), that evidence
admitted without objection at trial was prejudicial to the defendant and should have been
excluded, will not be entertained where the defendant had adequate legal representation at
trial, and where it is apparent from the record that the failure to object was a deliberate
tactic of counsel." State v. Wolery, 46 Ohio St.2d 316, 316 (1976). Here, as explained in
reference to the second assignment of error, it is apparent from the record that defense
counsel's failure to object was a deliberate tactic. Sleet was subpoenaed by both parties.
Defense counsel initially expressed interest in admitting Sleet's interview despite Sleet
having passed away and explained to the trial court how it could aid appellant's defense. At
trial, defense counsel did not object when appellee requested to play for the jury the portion
of the interview "which the parties have agreed on" and again did not object to the
admission of Sleet's photo array selection and the "agreed upon" portions of the Sleet
No. 20AP-206 18
interview as part of appellee's exhibits. (Tr. Vol. 5 at 780-82, Tr., Vol. 6 at 1440.) Defense
counsel further attempted to use points of the interview in favor of the defense during
closing argument. Pursuant to Wolery, appellant cannot establish plain error on this
record.
{¶ 52} Second, appellant has not demonstrated a reasonable probability the
admission of Sleet's interview resulted in prejudice. The evidence connecting appellant to
the charged crimes was overwhelming. As provided in more detail in the facts, the forensic
scientist testified that appellant's DNA was included on swabs taken from Rachael's body
and certain cords used to constrain her. (Tr. Vol. 6 at 1303-04.) The record also established
that appellant often stayed at Rachael's apartment complex in a unit near to, and within
view of, Rachael's residence. Cell phone and geolocation data placed appellant's cell phone
near Rachael's apartment during the time of her murder, near locations Rachael's debit
card was used during the evening of her murder, and near locations the debit card was used
in the days following Rachael's murder. Appellant's sister confirmed appellant used
Rachael's debit card and gave her the card to use as well. Viewing the record of the case as
a whole, even had the trial court erred in admitting the Sleet interview, appellant has not
demonstrated that error would have affected his substantial rights.
{¶ 53} Considering all the above, appellant has not demonstrated plain error due to
the admission of the Sleet interview. Therefore, appellant's first assignment of error lacks
merit.
{¶ 54} Accordingly, appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.
IV. CONCLUSION
{¶ 55} Having overruled appellant's two assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
Judgment affirmed.
JAMISON and NELSON, JJ., concur.
NELSON, J., retired, of the Tenth Appellate District, assigned
to active duty under the authority of the Ohio Constitution,
Article IV, Section 6(C).
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