Bethel v. Rodriguez

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LARRY BETHEL, :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 20-1940 (RC)
:
v. : Re Document Nos.: 26, 38
:
JOSE RODRIGUEZ, et al., :
:
Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT RODRIGUEZ’S MOTION TO DISMISS;
GRANTING DEFENDANT BENTON’S PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS

I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Larry Bethel states in his complaint that, one month after purchasing an air

conditioning unit from Home Depot, he learned that a warrant for his arrest had been issued for

stealing the product. Bethel turned himself in to the Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”)

and the warrant was never served. He then filed this suit against Defendants Jose Rodriguez, the

police officer that secured the warrant for his arrest, the MPD, Nelson Benton, an asset

protection specialist for Home Depot, and Home Depot U.S.A. alleging violations of his Fourth

Amendment rights, among other claims. Additionally, he claims that “as a direct and proximate

result of Defendants’ wrongful conduct, [he] suffered significant emotional pain, suffering, fear

and shame.” See 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 39, ECF No. 11-2.

Now pending before the Court are two motions to dismiss. Rodriguez moves to dismiss

Bethel’s amended complaint for failure to timely serve. In the alternative, Rodriguez asks this

Court to dismiss Counts Seven (Malicious Prosecution), Eight (Assault), Ten (Negligent

Infliction of Emotional Distress (“NIED”)), and Eleven (Intentional Infliction of Emotional
Distress (“IIED”)) of Bethel’s Second Amended Complaint against him arguing that Bethel

failed to state a cause of action for these claims. Additionally, Benton moves for Counts Three

(Fourth Amendment via 42 U.S.C. § 1983—Searches, Seizures and Arrests), Four (Fourth

Amendment via 42 U.S.C. § 1983—Malicious Prosecution), Seven (Malicious Prosecution), and

Eleven (Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress) of Bethel’s Second Amended Complaint

against him to be dismissed for failure to state a cause of action. For the reasons given below,

the Court denies Rodriguez’s motion to dismiss for failure to timely serve, instead granting

Bethel a retroactive extension for service of process. In the alternative, the Court grants

Rodriguez’s partial motion to dismiss Counts Seven, Ten, and Eleven, and denies the motion to

dismiss Count Eight. The Court also grants Benton’s partial motion to dismiss. See Def.

Rodriguez Mot. Dismiss Am. Compl. (“Rodriguez Mot.”), ECF No. 38; Def. Benton’s Mot.

Partial Dismissal Pl.’s Second Am. Compl. (“Benton Mot.”), ECF No. 26.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

As alleged in the Second Amended Complaint, this case stems from an incident that

occurred on July 19, 2019, after Plaintiff purchased an air conditioning unit at a Home Depot

retail store in Northeast Washington, D.C. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 16. On this day, Defendant

Benton was working as an Asset Protection Specialist at this Home Depot location. Once

Plaintiff entered the store, “he was brought under electronic surveillance by Defendant Benton,”

and he “was monitored by Defendant Benton from a location inside the Home Depot.” Id. ¶ 17.

Plaintiff claims that he brought an air conditioning unit to the register, and after paying for it,

noticed that the product was damaged. Id. ¶ 18. The cashier instructed him to pick out another

unit. Plaintiff complied and, because the original unit had already been paid for, he was told he

was free to leave with the new product. Id. At this point, Defendant Benton made no attempt to

2
stop Plaintiff from leaving the store, and Plaintiff drove away in his gold-colored Toyota. Id. ¶¶

21, 23.

The next day, Benton reported the incident to Rodriguez, an officer with the

Metropolitan Police Department, and claimed “that Plaintiff Bethel had stolen the air

conditioner.” Id. ¶ 24. Benton conveyed the Toyota’s license plate number to Defendant

Rodriguez. Id. ¶ 23. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Benton knew that he was falsely claiming

the air conditioner was stolen because he had access to video footage that showed Plaintiff

purchasing the unit. Id. ¶ 24.

A month later, at 7:30 A.M. on August 20, 2019, officers arrived at Plaintiff’s residence

with an arrest warrant. Id. ¶¶ 42–43. Plaintiff was not present when the officers arrived, but

family members later informed him of the warrant, and Plaintiff eventually agreed to turn

himself in, though he was never officially served with the arrest warrant. Id. ¶ 52–53. Plaintiff

claimed that he “was fearful and not free to leave the station.” Id. ¶ 55. Plaintiff was not held

overnight and was eventually told, “he could leave the police station but should be wary as

arrest[] warrants could remain in the system.” Id. ¶ 56. Since his interactions with the

Metropolitan Police Department and learning of the warrant for his arrest, Plaintiff claims to

have received professional treatment for both his mental and physical health and has been

diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Id. ¶ 57.

Based on the facts alleged in the complaint, Plaintiff filed a twenty-one-count complaint

against the four defendants. See id. ¶¶ 58–190. Six counts are directed at “Defendant District of

Columbia.” See id. ¶¶ 128–36 (false arrest); id. ¶¶ 137–44 (malicious prosecution); id. ¶¶ 145–

53 (negligence); id. ¶¶ 154–62 (negligent infliction of emotional distress); id. ¶¶ 163–70

(intentional infliction of emotional distress); id. ¶¶ 181–85 (defamation per se). Defendant

3
Rodriguez moved for dismissal of all claims against him for failure to timely serve and Counts

Seven, Eight, Ten, and Eleven for failure to state a claim, and Defendant Benton moved for

dismissal of Counts Three, Four, Seven, and Eleven for failure to state a claim.

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Timely Serve

Plaintiffs must effect proper service of process on defendants within 90 days of filing a

complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). And plaintiffs have the burden of proving proper service. Fed.

R. Civ. P. 4(l); accord Mann v. Castiel, 729 F. Supp. 2d 191, 194 (D.D.C. 2010), aff’d, 681 F.3d

368 (D.C. Cir. 2012). “If a defendant is not served within 90 days after the complaint is filed,

the court—on motion or on its own after notice to the plaintiff—must dismiss the action without

prejudice against that defendant or order that service be made within a specified time.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 4(m). “[I]f the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court must extend the time

for service for an appropriate period.” Id.

While Rule 4(m) mandates granting an extension when good cause is shown, the Court

also has discretion to grant an extension in the absence of such an explanation. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 4(m) (“If a defendant is not served within 90 days after the complaint is filed, the court—on

motion or on its own after notice to the plaintiff—must dismiss the action without prejudice

against that defendant or order that service be made within a specified time.” (emphasis added)).

There is “no hard list of considerable factors” to consider when deciding if a discretionary

extension is warranted. Mann, 729 F. Supp. 2d at 198. However, “[t]his court, in previous

cases, has attempted to balance the hardships that the plaintiff and defendants face.” Johnson v.

Ashcroft, No. 04-1158 (RMU), 2005 WL 2073752, at *3 (D.D.C. Aug. 17, 2005). “[I]n the

interests of judicial economy,” the court can decline to dismiss a case for improper service if “the

4
court has no indication that granting the plaintiff extra time to perfect service works great

prejudice on [the defendant].” Wilson v. Prudential Fin., 332 F. Supp. 2d 83, 89 (D.D.C. 2004).

B. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Cause of Action

To prevail on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a plaintiff need only provide

a “short and plain statement of the claim,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), that “give[s] the defendant fair

notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (second alteration in original) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41,

47 (1957)). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) does not test a plaintiff’s likelihood of

success on the merits, but rather “tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint” by asking whether

the plaintiff has properly stated a claim for which relief can be granted. Browning v. Clinton,

292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). In considering such a motion, the complaint must be

construed “liberally in the plaintiff’s favor with the benefit of all reasonable inferences derived

from the facts alleged.” Stewart v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 471 F.3d 169, 173 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citing

Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).

Nevertheless, “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). This means that a

plaintiff’s factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative

level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in

fact).” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56 (citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of

a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” are therefore insufficient to

withstand a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A court need not accept a plaintiff’s legal

conclusions as true, see id., nor must a court presume the veracity of the legal conclusions that

5
are couched as factual allegations. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. “In determining whether a

complaint fails to state a claim, [the Court] may consider only the facts alleged in the complaint,

any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which [the

Court] may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624

(D.C. Cir. 1997).

IV. ANALYSIS

Rodriguez moved for the case against him to be dismissed for failure to timely serve, or

in the alternative, for Counts Seven, Eight, Ten, and Eleven to be dismissed for failure to state a

claim. Benton moved to dismiss Counts Three, Four, Seven, and Eleven for failure to state a

claim. The Court denies Rodriguez’s motion to dismiss on service grounds and instead grants

both motions to dismiss the particular claims for failure to state a claim, except for the claim

against Rodriguez for assault.

A. Rodriguez’s Motions to Dismiss

1. Failure to Timely Serve

Plaintiff failed to timely serve Defendant Rodriguez in accordance with the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure. Rule 4(m) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states that “[i]f a

defendant is not served within 90 days after the complaint is filed, the court—on motion or on its

own after notice to the plaintiff—must dismiss the action without prejudice against that

defendant or order that service be made within a specified time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). The rule,

however, allows for an exception, “if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure.” Id. Once

good cause is established, the court is required to extend the period of time allowed for service of

process. Id. In the District of Columbia, “[g]ood cause exists ‘when some outside factor . . .

rather than inadvertence or negligence, prevented service.” Mann, 681 F.3d at 374 (quoting

6
Lepone-Dempsey v. Carroll Cnty. Comm’rs, 476 F.3d 1277, 1281 (11th Cir. 2007)). Rule 4(m)

does allow the court to grant a discretionary extension even when a plaintiff fails to establish

good cause for the delay. Factors that a court may consider when deciding to grant an extension

in the absence of good cause include “whether the defendants show any actual harm on the

merits of the suit caused by the delay in service.” Johnson, 2005 WL 2073752, at *3. This is

consistent with the “clear preference of the Federal Rules to resolve disputes on their merits,”

rather than technicalities such as delayed service. Cohen v. Bd. of Trs. of the Univ. of the D.C.,

819 F. 3d 476, 482 (D.C. Cir. 2016).

Rule 4(m) states that the time limit for service ends “90 days after the complaint is filed.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). The rule does not specify if this applies only to the initial complaint or if

the timeline is affected by the filing of an amended complaint. However, it has been interpreted

to refer only to the date of the initial filing. See Bolden v. City of Topeka, Kan., 441 F.3d 1129,

1148 (10th Cir. 2006) (holding that the filing of an amended complaint does not reset the time

limit for service established by Rule 4(m) “except as to those defendants newly added in the

amended complaint”); accord Bozgoz v. Haynes, 2020 WL 4462980, at *2 (D.D.C. Aug. 4,

2020).

Here, Plaintiff filed his initial complaint on July 17, 2020, meaning the window for

proper service closed on October 15, 2020. See Compl., ECF No. 1. Yet, by Plaintiff’s own

admission, the Office of Counsel for the Metropolitan Police Department did not acknowledge

receipt of the summons and complaint on Rodriguez’s behalf until July 23, 2021. See Pl.’s

Reply to Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss (“Rodriguez Opp’n”) at 1, ECF No. 39. This far exceeds the

90-day time period outlined in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m).

Rodriguez alleges that Plaintiff did not make an effort to serve him until almost ten months after

7
the complaint was filed. Rodriguez Mot. at 1. Bethel does not argue that the timeline for service

of process should be revised based on the filing date of his amended complaint. But, regardless,

Bethel did not even properly serve Rodriguez within 90 days of the filing of the amended

complaint.

While Plaintiff does not make explicit reference to Rule 4’s good cause exception, he

does assert that “efforts of Plaintiff to serve Defendant Rodriguez were thwarted by the

Pandemic and the evasive tactics taken by Defendant Rodriguez and members of the

Metropolitan Police Department.” Rodriguez Opp’n at 1. For instance, Plaintiff claims that the

Office of the Attorney General was closed, “presumably due to the Covid 19 pandemic,” and that

Defendant Rodriguez was off duty for an unspecified length of time for the same reason. Id. at

9. This argument is insufficient because any complications caused by the ongoing pandemic or

trouble locating the defendant could have been addressed if Plaintiff had asked for an extension

to serve Defendant Rodriguez, which he failed to do. Plaintiff explains that he did not seek an

extension “because he believed that he had clearly given Defendant Rodriguez notice of the law

suit.” Id. at 16. This belief was based on the fact that the Office of the Attorney General filed a

motion to dismiss Bethel’s complaint on September 4, 2020. Id. ¶ 61. But, as Rodriguez points

out, “[p]laintiff cites no authority supporting his position, and his ‘belief’ appears to have been

based on nothing more than a misunderstanding of the rules governing service of process.” Def.

Rodriguez’s Reply Pl.’s Opp’n Def. Mot. Dismiss (“Rodriguez Reply”) at 1, ECF No. 40.

While Bethel has failed to establish a good cause reason for delayed service, the Court

can use its discretion to grant an extension and deny Rodriguez’s motion to dismiss on this

ground. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Rodriguez has not shown how the late service prejudiced him in

any way or had a substantial impact on the merits of the case. Dismissing the case without

8
prejudice to allow Bethel to effectuate proper service after Rodriguez already accepted service

via MPD’s Office of Counsel would cause an unnecessary delay in the case and would not be in

the interest of “judicial economy.” Wilson, 332 F. Supp. 2d at 89. As such, the Court denies

Rodriguez’s motion to dismiss for failure to timely serve, and instead retroactively grants Bethel

an extension for service of process sua sponte.

2. Failure to State a Claim

Because Rodriguez’s motion to dismiss for failure to timely serve is denied, the Court

will instead consider his partial motion to dismiss Counts Seven, Eight, Ten, and Eleven on the

merits. Rodriguez argues that Bethel failed to state a claim for malicious prosecution, negligent

infliction of emotional distress (NIED), and intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED),

and argues that these counts should be dismissed for the same reasons they were dismissed

against MPD. Rodriguez Mot. at 6. Rodriguez also argues that Bethel failed to state a claim for

assault and that Rodriguez is entitled to a qualified privilege. Id. at 6–7. In his opposition,

Bethel does not put forth any arguments supporting Counts Seven, Ten, and Eleven. See

Rodriguez Opp’n. In dismissing the malicious prosecution claim against MPD, this Court found

that Bethel could not succeed because there was no underlying prosecution of suit. Bethel v.

Rodriguez, No. CV 20-1940 (RC), 2021 WL 1340961, at *4 (D.D.C. Apr. 9, 2021). This Court

also dismissed the NIED claim against MPD because Bethel failed to establish that he was ever

at risk of physical injury, and the IIED claim because Bethel could not show that the police

department’s conduct was sufficiently outrageous. Id. at *6–7. Bethel alleges that Rodriguez

“was a state actor acting under the color of law, custom or usage of the District of Columbia”

“[a]t all relevant times,” 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 60, and the facts alleged against Rodriguez are nearly

identical to those alleged against MPD, see generally 2d. Am. Compl. As such, this Court agrees

9
that Counts Seven, Ten, and Eleven can be dismissed against Rodriguez just as they were

dismissed against MPD.

However, Bethel does present argument opposing dismissal of Count Eight, which

alleges that the threat of arrest in this case constituted assault. Despite the seemingly simple

analysis proposed by Rodriguez, the issues here appear somewhat complex and would require

further analysis to justify dismissal. Bethel’s theory of assault takes a domino-effect approach—

or “‘cat’s paw’ theory of assault liability,” according to Rodriguez. Rodriguez Mot. at 6. Bethel

alleges that Rodriguez is culpable for assault because (1) Rodriguez “negligently failed to

investigate the [surveillance tape] evidence provided by Defendant Benton with reference to the

false allegation that Plaintiff Bethel stole merchandise,” 2d. Am. Compl. ¶ 31; (2) “[a]fter that

review Defendant Rodriguez knew, or should have known, that the video did not corroborate the

allegations,” id. ¶ 40; (3) an arrest warrant was issued based on Rodriguez’s investigation and his

“false statements,” id. ¶¶ 41–42; (4) officers went to Bethel’s home to arrest him, but, finding

only one of Bethel’s relatives and another individual, the officers told them that they had an

arrest warrant for Bethel and left one officer’s business card for him, id. ¶¶ 43–51; (5) the

relative later told Bethel “that he was wanted by the police, who had a warrant for his arrest,” id.

¶ 52; (6) “[h]ad Plaintiff Bethel been home he would have most assuredly been touched by the

police, frisked, . . . and handcuffed,” id. ¶ 55, which would cause discomfort, lack of blood flow,

pain, and numbness, Rodriguez Opp’n at 19; and (7) “Defendant Rodriguez knew or should have

known that Plaintiff Bethel would be pursued by the warrant squad,” 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 55. The

parties agree that an assault is “an intentional and unlawful attempt or threat, either by words or

10
acts, to do physical harm to the plaintiff.” 1 Rodriguez Opp’n at 19 (quoting Holder v. District of

Columbia, 700 A.2d 738, 741 (D.C. 1997)); accord Rodriguez Mot. at 7.

Rodriguez makes only two brief arguments for dismissal of the assault claim. First, he

argues that “Plaintiff has failed to allege that he was assaulted at all, let alone by Defendant

Rodriguez.” Rodriguez Mot. at 7. Second, he argues that even if there were an assault, “the

officers are entitled to a qualified privilege” because Plaintiff does not allege that they “were

aware of any deficiency in the warrant for Plaintiff’s arrest, and their actions . . . were reasonably

necessary.” Id. Neither argument is sufficiently fleshed out to justify dismissal.

On the first argument, Rodriguez does not explain why Bethel has failed to allege an

assault. Rodriguez’s statement that Bethel “has failed to allege that he was assaulted at all” is

devoid of any factual detail or case law support. See Rodriguez Mot. at 7. The only cases

Rodriguez cites are for general statements of the law of assault and qualified privilege. See id.

Rodriguez may be arguing that because he himself made no threat directly to Bethel, he cannot

be liable for assault. 2 Or perhaps Rodriguez is arguing that a mere threat of arrest, without more,

cannot constitute assault as a matter of law. Or perhaps that the intent requirement has not been

alleged. Some of these theories, or others, may ultimately justify dismissal. But Rodriguez does

not sufficiently build out any of these arguments. See Johnson v. Panetta, 953 F. Supp. 2d 244,

1
There appears to also be an imminence requirement for assault claims in the District of
Columbia, but the parties do not address it and it is not necessary to resolve these claims. See
Sherrod v. McHugh, 334 F. Supp. 3d 219, 253 (D.D.C. 2018) (“[T]o successfully plead assault, a
plaintiff must plausibly show that the defendant intentionally created an imminent apprehension
of a harmful or offensive contact, and that the plaintiff did indeed experience such an
apprehension.” (cleaned up)).
2
Although this was not specifically briefed, this appears to be incorrect. See Sherrod v.
McHugh, No. CV 16-0816 (RC), 2017 WL 627377, at *5 (D.D.C. Feb. 15, 2017) (“[I]f a
defendant acts knowing with substantial certainty that his actions will cause a third party to
create the apprehension of imminent harmful or offensive contact in another, he is liable for
assault.”).

11
250 (D.D.C. 2013) (“It is not the obligation of this Court to research and construct the legal

arguments available to the parties. To the contrary, perfunctory and undeveloped arguments, and

arguments that are unsupported by pertinent authority, are deemed waived.” (cleaned up)).

Rodriguez’s reply brief is no better, merely asserting again, without supporting authority, that

Bethel fails to state a claim for assault and “fails to cite to any case upholding an assault claim of

the type he has alleged.” Rodriguez Reply at 3. But it is Rodriguez’s burden to explain his

purported grounds for dismissal, and he has not done so. Bethel’s theory is certainly attenuated,

but Rodriguez has not demonstrated that it cannot possibly succeed.

On the second argument, regarding qualified privilege, Rodriguez again leaves too many

questions unanswered to justify dismissal at this time. Rodriguez argues that “the officers” of

“the warrant squad” are entitled to “a qualified privilege to use reasonable force to effect an

arrest,” which in the context of an assault means asking “whether the officer’s conduct was

reasonably necessary.” Rodriguez Mot. at 7 (quoting Scales v. District of Columbia, 973 A.2d

722, 730 (D.C. 2009); Kotsch v. District of Columbia, 924 A.2d 1040, 1048 (D.C. 2007)). Even

if this is true, Rodriguez does not explain how the warrant squad officers’ entitlement to

qualified privilege would extend to Rodriguez. Rodriguez specifically points to the lack of

allegations that the warrant squad officers “were aware of any deficiency in the warrant” to

justify qualified privilege, Rodriguez Mot. at 7, but, as discussed above, there are indeed

allegations that Rodriguez acted improperly, which Rodriguez leaves unaddressed. This is

sufficient to reject the motion on qualified privilege grounds, at least at this time.

Additionally, although Bethel’s argument on qualified privilege goes a bit off topic and

he does not appear to cite cases on point, he essentially argues that qualified privilege should not

apply because of Rodriguez’s conduct in procuring the arrest warrant, i.e., failing to investigate

12
before applying for the warrant, resulting in a warrant application that lacked probable cause.

Rodriguez Opp’n at 20–21. The standard quoted by Rodriguez merely requires “reasonably

necessary” conduct by officers or “means” that “are not in excess of those which the actor

reasonably believes to be necessary,” Rodriguez Mot. at 7 (quoting Kotsch, 924 A.2d at 1048;

Scales, 973 A.2d at 730), so the relationship between Bethel’s argument and Rodriguez’s

argument is not immediately clear. However, there does appear to be case law suggesting that

the standard proffered by Rodriguez may not be applicable to assault claims if an arrest is

unlawful. A 1980 D.C. Court of Appeals case states: “Even though the arrest was lawful, a

claim for assault and battery may be established if excessive force was used to maintain the

arrest.” 3 Jackson v. District of Columbia, 412 A.2d 948, 955 (D.C. 1980) (emphasis added); see

also Sherrod v. McHugh, 334 F. Supp. 3d 219 (D.D.C. 2018) (“[E]ven if the warrant authorizing

the search . . . was supported by an accurate affidavit indicating probable cause, the officers

involved in that search . . . still could have committed an assault.” (citing Jackson, 412 A.2d at

955)). It therefore appears that Rodriguez’s motion fails to address what standard applies to an

alleged assault by an officer during an arrest that is not lawful. And Bethel does appear to allege

that Rodriguez had no probable cause and, therefore, the threat of arrest was unlawful. He states

that “Defendant Rodriguez and police officers acting on his behalf . . . without provocation or a

reasonable or valid basis to do so, engaged in harmful and offensive conduct . . . when they

demanded that Plaintiff surrender himself on an arrest warrant that Defendant Rodriguez knew,

or should have known, was invalid.” 2d. Am. Compl. ¶ 100. Given that Rodriguez does not

3
For “assault claims arising from arrests,” the court concluded that “unless the threatened
use of force is clearly excessive, an officer is protected against liability for assault.” Jackson,
412 A.2d at 956. A judge of this Court has stated that “use of the ‘clearly excessive’ standard is
appropriate only where the arrest was lawfully made.” Dingle v. District of Columbia, 571 F.
Supp. 2d 87, 98 (D.D.C. 2008).

13
attempt to demonstrate in this motion that the arrest would have been lawful, for this motion to

succeed he would have needed to demonstrate that even an unlawful arrest could not state a

claim for assault under the facts alleged.

Bethel’s theory that—because Rodriguez failed to consider the surveillance video—

Rodriguez allegedly assaulted Bethel may have some gaps. But, at this stage, Rodriguez has not

presented sufficient arguments to demonstrate that Bethel cannot succeed on this count. Thus,

the Court denies Rodriguez’s motion to dismiss Count Eight for assault.

B. Benton’s Partial Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim

Benton has moved to dismiss Counts Three, Four, Seven, and Eleven of Bethel’s second

amended complaint as applied to him for failure to state a claim. The motion is granted for the

reasons given below.

1. Plaintiff Fails to State a Fourth Amendment Claim Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Count Three)

Benton argues that this claim fails because Bethel does not allege that Benton was a state

actor as required under Section 1983. Section 1983 states that “[e]very person who, under color

of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of . . . the District of Columbia,

subjects . . . any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or

immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. For a claim to succeed under § 1983, “a plaintiff must allege the violation of a right

secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and must show that the alleged

deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S.

42, 48 (1988). To be considered action under the color of state law, “the deprivation must be

caused by the exercise of some right or privilege created by the State or by a rule of conduct

imposed by the state or by a person for whom the State is responsible,” and “the party charged

14
with the deprivation must be a person who may fairly be said to be a state actor . . . because he

has acted together with or has obtained significant aid from state officials.” Lugar v. Edmondson

Oil Co., Inc., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982); see also id. at 935 n.18 (explaining that “state

employment is generally sufficient” for the court to consider the defendant a state actor).

Bethel asserts that his Fourth Amendment rights under § 1983 were violated as a result of

“searches, seizures, and arrests made without probable cause.” 2d. Am. Compl. ¶ 71. Yet, the

complaint only alleges that Rodriguez and the officers acting under his direction were

responsible for Bethel’s detention. See id. ¶ 73. In fact, Benton is not mentioned at all in

Bethel’s description of the allegations made in Count 3. See id. ¶¶ 70–75. Bethel’s claim under

42 U.S.C. § 1983 rests on whether he sufficiently demonstrated that Benton was “acting under

color of state law” in his role as an asset protection specialist. West, 487 U.S. at 48. In his

complaint, Bethel only alleges that “[a]t all relevant times, Defendant Rodriguez was a state actor

acting under the color of law, custom, or usage of the District of Columbia.” See 2d. Am.

Compl. ¶ 72 (emphasis added). He fails to allege any factual basis for the assertion that Benton,

a Home Depot employee, was a state actor rather than a private citizen acting within the scope of

his employment. See id.

Bethel later argues that Benton was responsible for his eventual detention because he “set

in motion a series of events that harmed Plaintiff Bethel.” See Pl.’s Opp’n Def. Benton’s Mot.

Partial Dismissal (“Benton Opp’n”) at 13, ECF No. 29. Yet, Bethel did not address this argument

in his amended complaint and only made this accusation in his opposition to Benton’s Motion

for Partial Dismissal. Id. Bethel further argues in his opposition that Benton was not simply a

private citizen making a police report because he was commissioned as a special police officer

and had the authority to “stop and detain and arrest on company property,” making him a state

15
actor. Id. at 13. However, the Court may “consider only the facts alleged in the complaint,” and

Bethel’s complaint contains no facts to support that Benton was a special police officer. EEOC,

117 F.3d at 624. As such, the Court finds that Bethel’s Fourth Amendment claim for unlawful

search and seizure against Benton is not sufficiently pleaded and Count Three will be dismissed.

2. Plaintiff Fails to State a Claim for Malicious Prosecution (Counts Four and Seven)

Benton argues that Counts Four and Seven for Malicious Prosecution should be

dismissed because “Plaintiff has failed to allege that an underlying criminal suit or information

was filed against him.” Benton Mem. P. & A. Supp. Def. Benton’s Mot. (“Benton Mem.”) at 7,

ECF No. 26-1. In Count Four, Bethel specifically alleges that Benton violated his Fourth

Amendment rights protecting individuals from malicious prosecution under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 76–81. However, Bethel does not provide a separate legal standard for

proving malicious prosecution under the Fourth Amendment, as opposed to the malicious

prosecution claim addressed in Count Seven. The D.C. Circuit established that “malicious

prosecution is actionable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to the extent that the defendant’s actions cause

the plaintiff to be unreasonably ‘seized’ without probable cause, in violation of the Fourth

Amendment.” Pitt v. District of Columbia, 491 F.3d 494, 511 (D.C. Cir. 2007). But it is

unnecessary to evaluate this Fourth Amendment standard for malicious prosecution because the

same argument regarding action under the color of state law for Section 1983 claims applies as

discussed above for Count Three. See Benton Mem. at 5–6 (“Plaintiff has failed to plead facts

sufficient to state this claim because, as argued above [regarding Count Three], the Second

Amended Complaint does not allege, beyond bare conclusory allegations, that Benton took any

action under color of state law required for a finding of liability under Section 1983.”). It is

therefore only necessary to address the malicious prosecution claim in Count Seven.

16
 To establish a case of malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must show:

(a) a criminal proceeding instituted or continued by the defendant against the
plaintiff, (b) termination of the proceeding in favor of the accused, (c) absence of
probable cause for the proceeding, and (d) ‘Malice,’ or a primary purpose in
instituting the proceeding other than that of bringing an offender to justice.

DeWitt v. Dist. of Columbia, 43 A.3d 291, 296 (D.C. 2012) (quoting Jarrett v. Walker, 201 A.2d

523, 526 (D.C. 1964)). The key “issue in a malicious prosecution case is not whether there was

probable cause for the initial arrest, but whether there was probable cause for the underlying

suit.” Amobi v. Dist. of Columbia Dep’t of Corr., 755 F.3d 980, 992 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting

Pitt v. Dist. of Columbia, 491 F.3d 494, 502 (D.C. Cir. 2007)). The D.C. Circuit has recognized,

analyzing D.C. law, that in the criminal context “the critical event triggering liability for

malicious prosecution is the filing of an information.” Dellums v. Powell, 566 F.2d 216, 220

(D.C. Cir. 1977).

Bethel has alleged that Benton “initiated, procured, and advanced a criminal proceeding

against Plaintiff Larry Bethel in the absence of probable cause” and that the defendants acted

with “malicious intent.” 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 93. However, Bethel fails to state any fact supporting

his assertion that there was an underlying criminal proceeding or filing of an information against

him. Id. In fact, “no copy of the arrest warrant was ever located or served on Plaintiff Bethel.”

Id. ¶ 56. Bethel does not even allege that any kind of prosecution or suit was ever initiated

against him. See 2d. Am. Compl. The existence of an underlying criminal proceeding is an

essential element of malicious prosecution. DeWitt, 43 A.3d at 296. This Court has already

dismissed a claim for malicious prosecution against MPD for Plaintiff’s failure to establish this

element. Bethel v. Rodriguez, No. CV 20-1940 (RC), 2021 WL 1340961, at *5 (D.D.C. Apr. 9,

2021). Here, Bethel has not alleged any facts to establish that Benton was acting under color of

state law, nor that there was an underlying criminal proceeding serving as the basis for a

17
malicious prosecution claim. As such, the Court will dismiss both Counts Four and Seven

against Defendant Benton.

3. Plaintiff Fails to State a Claim for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (Count Eleven)

Benton argues that Bethel fails to state a claim for IIED because the conduct he alleges is

not sufficiently outrageous. Bethel alleges that “[a]s a direct and proximate result of Defendants’

wrongful conduct . . . [he] suffered significant and enduring emotional pain and suffering,

anxiety, fear and shame.” 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 124. He asserts that this “constitutes the intentional

infliction of emotional distress in violation of the common law of the District of Columbia.” Id.

¶ 122. “To establish a prima facie case of intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff

must show ‘(1) extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the defendant[], which (2)

intentionally or recklessly (3) causes the plaintiff severe emotional distress.” Competitive Enter.

Inst. v. Mann, 150 A.3d 1213, 1260 (D.C. 2016) (quoting Williams v. Dist. of Columbia, 9 A.3d

484, 493–94 (D.C. 2010)). The alleged conduct must be “so outrageous in character, and so

extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as

atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Williams, 9 A.3d at 494 (quoting

Bernstein v. Fernandez, 649 A.2d 1064, 1075 (D.C. 1991)).

Here, the Court agrees with Benton that Bethel has not described conduct on the part of

the defendant that would rise to the level of “extreme and outrageous” and support a claim of

IIED. Bethel vaguely alludes to Benton’s “continuous and relentless use of the legal system to

harass and persecute Plaintiff Bethel in bad faith and without probable cause.” 2d Am. Compl.

¶ 124. However, the only action that Bethel accuses Benton of is notifying the Metropolitan

Police Department of the alleged theft without “review[ing] all of the evidence.” 2d Am. Compl.

¶ 29. Benton’s actions do not compare to cases where courts have sustained IIED claims against

18
police officers. See, e.g., Drejza v. Vaccaro, 650 A.2d 1308, 1316 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (holding that

IIED claim should survive summary judgment where police officer allegedly “continuously

laughed,” “snickered,” “treated [] with derision,” and “bullied” woman who had been raped an

hour earlier). This court has already dismissed an IIED claim against MPD, which was focused

on Rodriguez’s conduct. Bethel, 2021 WL 1340961, at *7. Considering Benton’s only relevant

action was reporting Bethel to the police department, his conduct appears no more extreme or

outrageous than Rodriguez’s.

In his opposition, Bethel argues that Benton “knew, or should have known, that [he] was

particularly susceptible to emotional distress . . . due to his age and [lack of] experience with the

criminal justice system.” Benton Opp’n at 16. It is true that otherwise benign actions can be

considered “extreme and outrageous” depending on “the actor’s knowledge that the other is

peculiarly susceptible to emotional distress, by reason of some physical or mental condition or

peculiarity.” Drejza, 650 A.2d at 1313. However, Bethel fails to establish any condition that

would have made him vulnerable to emotional distress. 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 120–24. Old age and

lack of a criminal record, even if they were alleged in the complaint, are quite different from the

types of “physical or mental condition[s] or peculiarit[ies]” that courts have found to be relevant

in IIED cases. See, e.g., Drejza, 650 A.2d at 1313 (finding that a victim was susceptible to

emotional distress because she had “endured a violent rape” just one hour before she was

interviewed by the police and “had probably been severely traumatized”).

Bethel has not alleged sufficient outrageous conduct or established a susceptibility to

emotional distress. As such, the Court will grant Benton’s motion to dismiss Count Eleven.

19
 V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant Rodriguez’s Motion to

Dismiss (ECF No. 38) Counts Seven, Ten and Eleven, DENIES Defendant Rodriguez’s Motion

to Dismiss Count Eight, and GRANTS Defendant Benton’s Partial Motion to Dismiss (ECF No.

26). An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously

issued.

Dated: March 31, 2022 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
United States District Judge

20