IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0145
Filed May 11, 2022
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
RAUL CASILLAS MARTINEZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Crawford County, John D.
Ackerman, Judge.
A defendant appeals his criminal convictions on several drug charges.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Priscilla E. Forsyth, Sioux City, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Heard by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Badding, JJ.
BADDING, Judge.
At Raul Martinez’s jury trial on drug-dealing charges, the State offered into
evidence an investigative report written by law enforcement and a search warrant
application. Both contained hearsay statements from a confidential informant who
did not testify at trial. Over Martinez’s hearsay and Confrontation Clause
objections, the district court admitted the exhibits into evidence. The jury found
Martinez guilty on all charges submitted to it for consideration. Martinez appeals,
challenging the admission of the investigative report and search warrant
application into evidence.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
In May 2018, Lieutenant Todd Perdew of the Crawford County Sheriff’s
Office was contacted by a confidential informant who said that he could buy
methamphetamine from Martinez. Law enforcement organized two controlled
buys. Before each buy, the informant was searched and provided with a recording
device and serialized money to purchase methamphetamine. Officers followed the
informant to the buys, the second of which was at Martinez’s home, but they did
not witness the transactions. The informant came back with methamphetamine
after both buys, but no serialized money, and told the officers what occurred. After
the second buy, Lieutenant Perdew applied for a warrant to search Martinez’s
residence, which was granted.
The officers executed the warrant in the early morning hours of May 18.
Upon the initial knock-and-announce, officers did not get a response. When
officers heard movement inside, they tried to force the front door open but were
unable to because it was reinforced with steel, a feature Lieutenant Perdew
testified is common to drug houses. Once someone finally opened the door, the
officers found three occupants in the residence—Martinez, Shaina Bautista, and
Juvencio Ibarra. Ibarra was the one who opened the door, Bautista was located
on the toilet in the bathroom, and Martinez was in a hallway.
After being detained, Martinez directed one of the officers to the location of
an unloaded handgun. In the bathroom where Bautista was located, officers found
a methamphetamine pipe containing residue in the toilet. Other drug
paraphernalia was scattered throughout the house. “[I]n between some clothes in
the closet area” in a bedroom, Lieutenant Perdew found a bag housing two other
bags, both containing methamphetamine. The bags containing the
methamphetamine were wet. Each bag contained amounts that “were more than
user weights.”1 Roughly $1600 was found in Martinez’s wallet and $400 in his front
pocket. Officers involved with the controlled buys testified that some of the money
found on Martinez included serialized money from the second controlled buy. 2
Several other items were found that officers testified are common to drug-dealing
operations: a surveillance system, a computer, SIM cards, and a digital scale.
Following the raid on Martinez’s home, Lieutenant Perdew prepared a
report detailing the controlled buys and results of the search. The report stated
that for the first buy, the informant gave “Martinez the serialized money and was
given methamphetamine,” even though Lieutenant Perdew acknowledged at trial
that law enforcement did not witness either buy. The search warrant application
1 A report from the state crime lab disclosed the two bags contained 6.79 grams
and 3.57 grams.
2 No other evidence was presented that the money found on Martinez matched the
serialized bills.
similarly stated that both “purchases of methamphetamine were made from . . .
Martinez.”
Martinez was charged with various drug-related offenses. At his jury trial,
the State offered the investigative report written by Lieutenant Perdew as an
exhibit. The defense objected on hearsay and confrontation grounds, broadening
its argument beyond the report to also include the search warrant application the
State had listed as an exhibit. The State responded that both were records of
regularly conducted activity. The defense specified that because officers did not
witness the drug transactions, the report and search warrant application were
based on the confidential informant’s statements about the transaction and were
therefore hearsay. Because the informant was not testifying at trial, the defense
argued “there was a lack a confrontation . . . as the defendant is unable to confront
the confidential informant.” The court overruled the objections, finding “[t]hese are
business records. Your objection is denied.”3
Ultimately, the jury found Martinez guilty of specified unlawful activity, two
counts of possession of methamphetamine with intent, and failure to affix a drug-
tax stamp.4 In a subsequent motion to set aside the verdict, Martinez argued he
3 Martinez also raised hearsay and Confrontation Clause objections to Lieutenant
Perdew’s testimony about what the confidential informant told him after the
controlled buys. Although the court initially overruled those objections, it later
reversed course and gave the jury the following limiting instruction: “You shall
disregard any statement made by Lieutenant Perdew that the confidential
informant told him that the defendant sold methamphetamine to the confidential
informant.” But the investigative report and search warrant application containing
the same information remained part of the evidence considered by the jury.
4 Before submitting the case to the jury, the court granted Martinez’s motion for
judgment of acquittal on count four, relating to possession with intent to deliver
during the first controlled buy. The jury found him guilty of the same charge on
counts two and three, respectively relating to his possession of methamphetamine
“was not given the opportunity to confront his accuser, the confidential informant,
at the time of trial and such failure to confront violated” his state and federal
constitutional rights to confrontation. The State responded the defense had a
chance to subpoena and depose the informant and chose to not do so. The court
denied the motion, and Martinez appealed following the imposition of sentence.
On appeal, he again challenges the admission of the investigative report and
search warrant application on hearsay and Confrontation Clause grounds.
II. Standard of Review
We review challenges to the admission of evidence as hearsay for
correction of errors at law, while constitutional claims are reviewed de novo. State
v. Dessinger, 958 N.W.2d 590, 597 (Iowa 2021).
III. Discussion
Martinez first claims the district court abused its discretion in finding the
investigative report and search warrant application were admissible under Iowa
Rule of Evidence 5.803(6), the “so-called ‘business records’ exception to the
hearsay exclusion rule.” See Laurie Kratky Doré, Iowa Practice Series: Evidence
§ 5.803:6 (Nov. 2021 update). He argues the exhibits should not have been
admitted as business records under rule 5.803(6) because they do not fall within
the “public records” exception in rule 5.803(8)(B), which expressly excludes from
when the police executed the search warrant and the second controlled buy. The
tax-stamp violation also related to the drugs found during execution of the search
warrant.
that exception certain investigative reports, namely those made by law
enforcement.5
The State’s response focuses on error-preservation concerns, likely
because the State conceded in its appellate brief that Martinez’s “public-record-
exception argument is compelling.” Going further at oral arguments, the State
agreed it was “pretty clear” these exhibits should have been excluded under rule
5.803(8). Yet the State argues we should not reach this issue because Martinez
did not make the same arguments to the district court that he does on appeal,
specifically that rule 5.803(8)(B) applied to exclude the exhibits from admission
under rule 5.803(6). Instead, the State points out, at trial he only argued the
5 The interplay suggested by Martinez between rules 5.803(6) and (8) does not
appear to have been addressed by our appellate courts. Martinez cites two Iowa
cases in his appellate brief, State v. Reitenbaugh, 392 N.W.2d 486 (Iowa 1986)
and State v. McCurry, 544 N.W.2d 444 (Iowa 1996). But neither involved the
interplay between rules 5.803(6) and (8). Each only reviewed district court
decisions that hearsay statements were admissible under rule 5.803(8), without
alternative admissibility under rule 5.803(6) being an issue. As to the Iowa rules,
one scholar has noted:
The breadth of Rule 5.803(6) should also be compared with
Iowa Rule 5.803(8) which creates a hearsay exception for public
records. Certain public records are specifically not admissible under
Iowa Rule 5.803(8)(B) that might have been admissible under Rule
5.803(6).
Doré, § 5.803:6. Considering the parallel federal rules, another scholar has
explained:
The breadth of Rule 803(6) overlaps the hearsay exception
for public records contained in Rule 803(8). Where a conflict exists,
a public record not meeting the requirements of the more specific
rule . . . should not ordinarily be admitted under 803(6), although
such public record may be admissible under another hearsay
exception . . . . Any other construction would frustrate the intent of
Congress with respect to limitations on admissibility imposed in
Rules 803(8)(A)(ii) and (iii).
Michael H. Graham, Winning Evidence Arguments § 803:6 Rule 803(6): Records
of Regularly Conducted Activity; Business Records (Dec. 2021 Update) (footnotes
omitted).
investigative report and search warrant application were not business records. We
choose to avoid these thorny error-preservation problems because the State
conceded at oral argument that Martinez’s constitutional rights to confrontation
were violated. But like the hearsay issue, the State seeks to save Martinez’s
convictions on error-preservation and harmless-error grounds.
Turning to the error-preservation grounds, the State asserts the court did
not rule on a confrontation objection to the investigative report, and Martinez did
not object to the warrant application on confrontation grounds. We cannot agree
with these hypertechnical error-preservation arguments. See Segura v. State, 889
N.W.2d 215, 219 (Iowa 2017) (“[E]rror does not turn on ‘hypertechnical’
challenges.”). While the court did not specifically mention the Confrontation
Clause in overruling Martinez’s objections to the report, just before the court’s
ruling, Martinez and the State had an extended discussion about that very issue.
The court’s ruling denying Martinez’s objections and admitting the report shows
the court necessarily considered and rejected his arguments about lack of
confrontation. See Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 864 (Iowa 2012) (“If the
court’s ruling indicates that the court considered the issue and necessarily ruled
on it, even if the court’s reasoning is ‘incomplete or sparse,’ the issue has been
preserved.”); accord State v. Williams, No. 16-1815, 2017 WL 6033874, at *1, n.3
(Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2017).
And though defense counsel did not use any terms of art unique to
confrontation when he objected to the admission of the warrant application,
counsel continued to argue that the person who witnessed the transactions—the
informant—was not testifying. At the end of the exchange, the court overruled the
objections to the exhibit, noting the defense could have gained access to the
informant but did not do so. Cf. State v. Tompkins, 859 N.W.2d 631, 640
(Iowa 2015) (“[T]he Confrontation Clause imposes a burden on the prosecution to
present its witnesses, not on the defendant to bring those adverse witnesses to
court.” (citation omitted)). Error was preserved as to the admission of this exhibit
as well.
As noted, the State does not contest that admission of the exhibits
containing the informant’s hearsay reports violated Martinez’s state and federal
rights to confrontation. Indeed, “[t]he Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution guarantees that, ‘in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.’” State v. Schaer,
757 N.W.2d 630, 635 (Iowa 2008) (ellipsis in original) (quoting U.S. Const. amend.
IV); see also Iowa Const. art. 1, § 10. “[O]nly ‘testimonial statements’ of the sort
that ‘cause the declarant to be a “witness” within the meaning of the Confrontation
Clause’ are subject to the constraints of the constitutional provision.” Schaer, 757
N.W.2d at 635 (quoting Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006)). “If a
hearsay statement made by a declarant who does not appear at trial is testimonial,
evidence of that statement is not admissible under the Confrontation Clause unless
the declarant is unavailable to testify at trial and the defendant had a prior
opportunity for cross-examination.” Id.
The informant’s statements to law enforcement about who he bought the
methamphetamine from were certainly testimonial, and the State does not argue
otherwise. See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004) (“‘Testimony’ . . .
is typically ‘[a] solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of
establishing or proving some fact.’ An accuser who makes a formal statement to
government officers bears testimony in a sense that a person who makes a casual
remark to an acquaintance does not.” (internal citation omitted)). And the record
shows the informant was available to testify at trial.
So we turn to the State’s claim that the constitutional error was harmless.
The Supreme Court has stated:
[T]he admission of [hearsay] in violation of the Confrontation
Clause does not mandate reversal. Reversal is not required if the
State establishes that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. To determine harmlessness, the inquiry is not whether, in a
trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict surely would have
been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this
trial was surely unattributable to the error.
State v. Wells, 738 N.W.2d 214, 218 (Iowa 2007) (alterations in original) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted).
We engage in a two-step analysis in determining whether the State met its
burden to prove the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v.
Kennedy, 846 N.W.2d 517, 527 (Iowa 2014). “The first step of the analysis
requires us to ask what evidence the fact finder actually considered to reach its
verdict.” Id. “In the second step of the analysis, we weigh the probative force of
that evidence against the probative force of the erroneously admitted evidence
standing alone.” Id. at 528. “We are required to ask whether the force of the
evidence ‘is so overwhelming as to leave it beyond a reasonable doubt that the
verdict resting on that evidence would have been the same’ without the
erroneously admitted evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). “It is only when the effect
of the incorrectly admitted evidence is comparatively minimal to this degree that it
can be said . . . there is no reasonable possibility that such evidence might have
contributed to the conviction.” Id. (alteration in original) (citation omitted).
Martinez was charged with the following criminal counts: (1) specified
unlawful activity, (2) possession of methamphetamine with intent to deliver (drugs
found during execution of the search warrant), (3) possession of
methamphetamine with intent to deliver (second controlled buy), (4) possession of
methamphetamine with intent to deliver (first controlled buy), and (5) failure to affix
a drug-tax stamp (drugs found during execution of the search warrant). The court
granted Martinez’s motion for judgment of acquittal on count four, relating to the
first controlled buy, and the jury found him guilty as charged on all remaining
counts.
In its appellate brief, the State claimed any error “was harmless for certain
convictions.” Given the strength of the evidence, the State only argued error was
harmless as to counts two and five, concerning the drugs found during the
execution of the search warrant. When questioned at oral argument, the State
agreed error was not harmless as to count three, relating to the second controlled
buy. As to count one, specified unlawful activity, the State submitted in its brief
that the jury instruction on that count authorized the jury to reach a guilty verdict
upon the sole act of Martinez possessing methamphetamine in his home in relation
to counts two and five.
We begin with counts two and five. On count two, the instructions informed
the jury the State must prove Martinez possessed methamphetamine with intent
to deliver. As to count five, the State was required to prove Martinez possessed a
certain amount of a taxable substance, including methamphetamine, and failed to
permanently affix a tax-stamp to it. We first “ask what evidence the fact finder
actually considered to reach its verdict.” See id. at 527.
True, the search warrant was executed at Martinez’s residence. The home
donned several characteristics common to a drug operation, and some of the
serialized money law enforcement sent to be used in the second controlled buy
was reportedly found on Martinez’s person. And methamphetamine was found
hidden in what the jury could conclude were Martinez’s belongings in his bedroom
closet. Upon this evidence, the jury could have fingered Martinez as the culprit.
But it also had a reasonable basis not to. There were three people in the home
when the warrant was executed. And while there was evidence the drugs were
among Martinez’s belongings, that evidence was speculative and slim. In addition,
the methamphetamine was found in a wet bag, and the evidence shows Bautista
was in the bathroom potentially trying to flush evidence down the toilet, with law
enforcement finding drug paraphernalia with residue in it. Martinez’s hands were
not wet when law enforcement entered the home.
It is not our role to read the minds of the jurors. State v. Montgomery, 966
N.W.2d 641, 661 (Iowa 2021). But if the jury was on the fence, evidence about
who the informant reported he bought the drugs from would have turned the tides,
particularly considering the district court instructed the jury to disregard the same
evidence elicited during Lieutenant Perdew’s testimony. Without the erroneously
admitted evidence, the probative force of the remaining evidence standing alone
is not so strong to convince us, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the verdict on
these counts was unattributable to the error. See Kennedy, 846 N.W.2d at 528;
Wells, 738 N.W.2d at 218. So we cannot agree with the State that error was
harmless, and we determine Martinez is entitled to a new trial on these counts.
That leaves us with count one, specified unlawful activity. For this count,
the jury was instructed the State must prove, on or about May 18, 2018, the day
the warrant was executed, Martinez committed an act punishable as an indictable
offense for financial gain on a continuing basis. See Iowa Code §§ 706A.1(5), .2.
The instructions only required Martinez to engage in a single “act” and did not
define “continuing basis.” So, as instructed, the single act of possessing
methamphetamine with intent to deliver for a continuing period was sufficient for
the jury to find Martinez guilty.6 For the same reasons detailed above, we cannot
conclude the verdict entered on this count was unattributable to evidence
erroneously admitted in violation of Martinez’s right to confrontation. Thus, error
was not harmless, and Martinez is entitled to a new trial on this count. Lastly, we
accept and agree with the State’s concession that error was not harmless as to
count three either.
6 Jury instructions aside, the supreme court has stated the term “continuing basis”
involves the showing of a pattern of activity, which “can be shown if the predicate
acts ‘have the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods
of commission or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and
are not isolated events.’” State v. Reed, 618 N.W.2d 327, 334 (Iowa 2000) (quoting
Midwest Heritage Bank v. Northway, 576 N.W.2d 588, 591 (Iowa 1998)).
IV. Conclusion
Finding the violation of Martinez’s right to confrontation was not harmless,
we reverse his convictions on counts one, two, three, and five, and we remand for
a new trial on those counts.7
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
7Because Martinez was granted judgment of acquittal on count four, “the Double
Jeopardy Clause prevents the State from trying to prove its case in a second trial.”
See State v. Chapman, 944 N.W.2d 864, 875 (Iowa 2020).