NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 18 2022
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARIA RUTENBURG, No. 21-16074
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:21-cv-00548-YGR
v.
MEMORANDUM*
TWITTER, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee,
and
JACK DORSEY,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted February 15, 2022**
San Francisco, California
Before: McKEOWN and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and VRATIL,***
District Judge.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable Kathryn H. Vratil, United States District Judge for the
District of Kansas, sitting by designation.
Rutenberg appeals the district court’s dismissal of her claims without leave
to amend. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C § 1291 and we affirm. We review
de novo the district court’s dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and its
interpretation of federal law. Tijerino v. Stetson Desert Project, LLC, 934 F.3d
968, 971 (9th Cir. 2019). Denial of leave to amend a complaint is reviewed for
abuse of discretion, Gerber v. Hickman, 291 F.3d 617, 623 (9th Cir. 2002) (en
banc), and we may affirm the district court’s dismissal on any ground supported by
the record, see W. Ctr. for Journalism v. Cederquist, 235 F.3d 1153, 1157 (9th Cir.
2000). Although the district court dismissed this case for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction, we affirm on the ground that Rutenberg has failed to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted.
The district court properly dismissed Rutenberg’s First Amendment claim:
She did not allege sufficient facts to infer that the defendants (collectively,
“Twitter” or “the company”) engaged in state action when the company moderated
or suspended the former President’s Twitter account. The First Amendment’s Free
Speech Clause “prohibits the government—not a private party—from abridging
speech.” Prager Univ. v. Google LLC, 951 F.3d 991, 996 (9th Cir. 2020) (citations
omitted). Dismissal was proper because the complaint lacked “a cognizable legal
theory” or “sufficient well-pleaded, nonconclusory factual allegation[s]” to state a
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plausible claim for relief. Beckington v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 926 F.3d 595, 604
(9th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Rutenberg offers insufficient facts to infer the “close nexus” between
Twitter’s conduct on the one hand and the government on the other, which is
required to find that Twitter’s conduct constituted state action. Brentwood Acad. v.
Tenn. Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S. 288, 295 (2001). To the contrary,
Rutenberg acknowledges that Twitter exercised its own “discretion and authority”
in moderating President Trump’s account, and that Twitter acted as President
Trump’s “opponent” in doing so. Twitter was not a “willful participant” in any
“joint activity” with the President, and its conduct was not state action. Lugar v.
Edmondson Oil Co., Inc., 457 U.S. 922, 941 (1982) (quoting United States v.
Price, 383 U.S. 787, 794 (1966)). Rutenberg’s contention that Twitter “abused” a
delegation of authority when it moderated President Trump’s account is of no
moment. This “abuse of authority” doctrine “does not apply” where, as here, “the
challenged action is undertaken by a private party rather than a state official.”
Collins v. Womancare, 878 F.2d 1145, 1152 (9th Cir. 1989) (emphasis omitted)
(citing Lugar, 457 U.S. at 940). Indeed, it would be “ironic” to conclude that
Twitter’s imposition of sanctions against a public official—sanctions the official
“steadfastly opposed”—is state action. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v.
Tarkanian, 488 U.S. 179, 199 (1988).
3
Similarly, President Trump did not delegate a “public function” to Twitter
within the meaning of Supreme Court and circuit precedent. Halleck, 139 S. Ct. at
1929. The relevant function here—moderating speech on the Twitter platform—is
not “an activity that only governmental entities have traditionally performed.” Id.
at 1930; see also id. (“[M]erely hosting speech by others is not a traditional,
exclusive public function . . . .”); Prager Univ., 951 F.3d at 998 (moderation of
content on video-streaming platform was not a “public function”).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Rutenberg leave to
amend because Rutenberg was given sufficient opportunity to press her position at
the district court. When, as here, “a district court determines that further
amendment would be futile,” we will affirm the dismissal “if it is clear, upon de
novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” Mai v.
United States, 952 F.3d 1106, 1112 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted).
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Rutenberg presents no additional facts in her proposed amended complaints
that alter the foregoing analysis, nor does she advance arguments on appeal
demonstrating that her complaints are salvageable.1
AFFIRMED.
1
Rutenberg argues for the first time on appeal that her First Amendment
claims should be considered under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(3) or under Bivens v. Six
Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). Neither argument aids
her cause. Section 1343(a)(3) is a jurisdictional statute, and bringing her claim
under Bivens would be futile for largely the same reasons that her § 1983 claim is
futile.
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