delivered the opinion of the Court. The present case comes before the Court upon a motion of the defendant to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial, on the grounds of misdirection, and mistake of law in the admission of evidence, and as a verdict against evidence.
The action was brought by the heirs of Lawson Valentine, to recover a tract of flats, over which the sea ebbs and flows, as appurtenant to, and parcel of a tract of land, bounded on salt water, and the plaintiffs began by showing a title to the upland, in respect to which this tract of flats was claimed. The land consisted of a wharf, lying-near the bottom of Summer street, bounding on Boston harbour, known at different periods, as Valentine’s wharf, Price’s wharf and Bull’s wharf. Valentine claimed under several persons of the name of Price.
The first exception is to an instrument, purporting to be a letter of attorney from Andrew Price to George Sullivan. Evidence was given, tending to show, that Andrew Price, at the time of making the instrument, and for many years previous, had resided in England, and the instrument purported to have been executed there. Under these circumstances, secondary evidence was offered to prove the execution of the instrument, which was objected to, without calling the attesting witnesses, or proving that they were not within the jurisdiction of the court, but the objection was overruled, and the secondary evidence admitted. And the Court are of opinion, that this was correct. If the instrument was apparently executed in a for*90eign country, we think that fact raised a sufficient presumption, that the subscribing witnesses were not within the jurisdiction of the Court, so as to let in other evidence of the execution. If this presumption were not admitted, it would be nearly impossible ever to offer proof of the execution of such an instrument. It has been held, that where a witness appears to have once resided within the jurisdiction of the court, an inquiry made at the place of his former residence, and amongst those who had formerly known him, and not finding him, or gaining intelligence of him, raises a presumption that he is dead or beyond the jurisdiction of the Court. But it would be nearly impossible to prove negatively, that a person who attested a deed twenty years ago in England, is not now within the State of Massachusetts ; there is no medium of proof, by which such a negative proposition can be established.
2. The second exception was to the nature of the proof offered as secondary evidence, which in the present instance was the testimony of one who had corresponded with the constituent in the letter of attorney, and testified to his belief of the genuineness of the handwriting.
Different rules have prevailed on this subject; in some instances, and this we believe is the more general rule, it has been held that where an instrument under seal, and commonly requiring attesting witnesses, is to be proved by secondary evidence, the handwriting of the subscribing witnesses, is to ba proved in the first instance. The Court are of opinion, that where the attesting witnesses are not within the jurisdiction of the court, proof of the handwriting of the party is a species of proof which has often been admitted in this Commonwealth and is more direct and satisfactory than that of the handwriting of the witnesses. The Court are therefore of opinion, that upon a cause shown for the admission of secondary evidence, it was competent in the first instance to offer proof of the handwriting of the party executing the instrument.
3. It was however further contended, that this letter of attorney being the instrument by force of which the deed was executed, under which the plaintiffs claim, could not be given in evidence in support of a title, without being duly acknowledged and recorded according to the statute in regard to deeds
*91This instrument was in fact recorded July 24,1821, but did not purport to have been acknowledged, and it was therefore contended that it was entered of record without authority, and such registration was a mere nullity. And we are inclined to the opinion that if not acknowledged, or proved in some of the modes pointed out by the statute, the act of the register in recording it, could not give it validity. The question therefore is, whether by law, a letter of attorney, by force of which a deed is executed, must itself be acknowledged and recorded, ip the manner required for the deed itself. We are not aware that this question has been directly decided ; but it seems probable, considering how frequently titles depend upon deeds executed by attorney, that it must have often arisen.
The question depends upon a just construction of the statutes. St. 1783, c. 37, §4. The Court are of opinion, that the statute cannot be so construed as to extend to powers of attorney, authorizing conveyances of real estate. Some of the reasons applicable to the case of deeds, and rendering it convenient that they should be placed on the public registry, are applicable to powers, but not all of them. The object of registration, as has often been decided, is not so much to furnish or preserve evidence of title, as to give notice of the alienation and transmission of estates, and of incumbrances and liens upon them. The deed made by attorney and registered, gives this notice as effectually as if made personally by the grantor. It does not furnish proof of the execution of the power, it is true ; but the registry is not relied on to- furnish proof, and in fact it is not regarded as furnishing proof of the genuineness of the instruments recorded in it. Perhaps our system of registration, with some slight modification, might be made much more available to the public benefit than it is, if it were so organized and conducted as to furnish prima facie proof of titles ; but that is a question for the legislature, and not one of judicial consideration.
The statute does not in terms extend to powers of attorney, and we are of opinion that they do not come within the provisions of the statutes. The power of attorney therefore in the present case, was rightly admitted, without acknowledgment or statute proof, and without registration.
*92Some objection was taken to the legal effect of this instru ment. It purported to authorize the attorney to make sale of the real estate of the constituent, as therein described, but there were no express words authorizing the attorney to execute a deed or deeds. But the Court are of opinion, that the instrument is not open to this exception. Where the term “ sale ” is used in its ordinary sense, and the general tenor and effect of the instrument is, to confer on the attorney a power to dispose of real estate, the authority to execute the proper instruments required by law, to carry such sale into effect, is necessarily incident. It is in pursuance of a general maxim, that an authority to accomplish a definite end, carries with it an authority, so far as the constituent can confer it, to execute the usual, legal and appropriate measures proper to accomplish the object proposed. A power of attorney might be so drawn as to authorize the attorney to make sale of an estate, where it might be apparent that it was the intention of the constituent to authorize the attorney to negotiate for a sale, leaving it to the constituent afterwards to ratify it and to execute deeds. Should it appear, either from the restricted words used, 01 from the tenor of the whole instrument, that such was the intent, it ought to be construed as conferring such a restricted power only. In the present case, we think it was the intent of the constituent to confer on the attorney an authority to trans fer the estate.
The next class of objections was of a different character. It became necessary in the course of the inquiry, in one aspect of the case, to show a conveyance from one Mary Sweet, in whom it appeared by the proof, that a part of the Price estate was formerly vested. From an examination of the records, it did not appear that Mary Sweet had ever made any conveyance of the land in question. The judge instructed the jury, that from a long continued and uninterrupted possession, on the part of the Price family, if proved, and no adverse claim by any person under Mary Sweet, they might presume a grant from Mary Sweet, notwithstanding none appeared of record. Evidence of this character was given ; whereupon the Court instructed the jury, that on the evidence, they might presumí a grant from the heirs of Mary Sweet, if the evidence should
*93satisfy them, that such a presumption could reasonably be made ; but that the rule of presumption as to twenty years’ adverse enjoyment of an easement, was not to govern in the present case. If, however, from the possession of the demandants and those under whom they claim, and the non-claim of the heirs of Mary Sweet, they should think it reasonable to presume a grant, they should so find. (Sumner v. Child, 2 Connect. R. 607.)
Several exceptions were taken to this direction.
The main ground relied upon is, that by the statutes of this Commonwealth, no deed can be given in evidence, without its being registered, and if the deed is not produced, nor found of record, there can be no proof of registration.
This doctrine of presuming grants, was originally adopted for the purpose of quieting titles, and giving effect to long continued possessions.
Until a comparatively recent period, no deed could be pleaded without proferí; but when it came to be settled, that a grant could be presumed from long continued possession and enjoyment and other circumstances, it was also held, as a necessary consequence, that the profert might be dispensed with, on a suggestion that the deed has been lost by time and accident. The technical exception is made to yield to the substantial rule. Read v. Brookman, 3 T. R. 151. We consider the point now under consideration as having been fully settled in the case of Melvin v. Locks and Canals, &c. 17 Pick. 255, which I believe has been published since this case was argued. Where a great number of circumstances concur, such as peaceable possession of an estate, the presence of those, who upon any other hypothesis would have an adverse title, without claim, all tending to show an undisputed ownership on the part of those who set up such non-appearing grant, they have been considered as presenting so strong a presumption of fact, that a deed has been executed, that it is allowed to stand as proof of such deed. The same doctrine has long been applied to cases of easement ; and in England they have been long established, as sufficient to prove a grant. It has often been said by judges, that where there is a proper case for presumption, every thing will be presumed necessary to give it effect, even letters pa *94tent, deeds, records, by-laws, or an act of parliament. Mayor of Hull v. Horner, Cowp. 102. The Court are therefore of opinion, that the direction was right, and that it was for the jury, upon the evidence, to presume a grant, if the facts proved would warrant it. Such a question is a mixed question of fact and law, to this extent, that the facts being found, it is for the court to advise the jury, whether in their nature and quality they are sufficient to raise the presumption proposed, the weight of the evidence being for the jury.
But it was said, that the ground was not stated with sufficient distinctness, from whom and to whom the supposed grant was made. But we consider that this exception applies rather to the mode of pleading than to the nature and effect of the evidence. Where by the forms of proceeding it is necessary specially to plead a title, there it is necessary to set out the name of grantor and grantee, in proper form, and allege a deed or other proper instrument, now lost by time and accident. But the same kind of proof, as stated in this report, would be admitted under such plea, to support the averments contained in it. There is a recent case, Blewett v. Tregonning, 3 Adolph. & Ellis, where the subject is discussed and considered.
It was further objected, that such proof, being in effect proof of title by disseisin, could not extend to the flats, because the proof of actual possession, which might be given in regard to the upland, could not be so, in regard to the flats. But we think there is no force in this objection. The effect of the Colony ordinance, is to make the upland extend to low-water mark, where the land bounds on the salt water, where the tide ebbs and flows. It is true, that an owner may separate his upland from his flats, by alienating the one, without the other. But such a conveyance is to be proved, not presumed, and therefore ordinarily proof of title in the upland thus bounded, carries with it evidence of title in the flats. Now as the proof in question, if admissible and available at all, is proof of a grant of the land, bounding on salt water, by Mary Sweet to the ancestors of the demandants, it proves title in them, and by force of that title and the legal presumption which carries it to low-water mark, it proves title to the flats, without showing an actual possession of the flats.
*95The last exception which I shall notice, was that taken to the direction of the court, in regard to the course in which the lines should run from the upland to low water.
There is no question which presents itself to a court of justice, which in its details is attended with greater difficulty than that of the course and direction of flats, as appurtenant to or incident to the land bounding upon salt water. The Colony ordinance has laid down no practical rule but only declared a general principle, which it is extremely difficult to apply to the great variety of locations to be affected by it. This difficulty is often a formible one, when it is an original question, and the whole line of flats is open to division amongst coterminous proprietors. But after possessions have been long taken, and locations originally made without regard to any fixed rule, have come to be settled and fixed by actual and continued possession, the question is much more complicated. Where enough has been done to raise a presumption, that lines have been settled by mutual agreement, considerable force ought to be attributed to actual possession. And as far as possession has been actually taken, by wharves and buildings, and that continued for a length of time sufficient to bar actions and entries, it necessarily becomes conclusive.
In the present case there was evidence tending to show, that some wharves had been erected in that vicinity, in the first century of the settlement of the town, in conformity to which the land and flats had been ever since held, and this tended to fix a location of the lines of the flats in controversy, by an early adjustment amongst the several coterminous proprietors. In reference to this evidence the jury were instructed, that if they should be satisfied from the evidence, that Summer street was laid out over the flats in conformity with the lines of the lots and of the wharves to the northward of that street, it would be evidence to show that the flats to the southward were to be divided by the same course, and if they should so find, the demandants would be entitled to the flats in front of their upland between Summer street and a parallel line to the south, so as to give them the same width throughout as their lot measured at high-water mark.
The Court are of opinion, that this instruction, under all the *96circumstances in proof, was correct and adapted to the case. The land on the north, and that on the south of Summer street, originally constituted one line of shore, and the several proprietors were coterminous proprietors of flats. If the line of Summer street which immediately adjoined the dock which separated that street from Price’s wharf, was a fixed line, it had a strong tendency to fix the north line of the dock and the width of the dock being presumed to be equal, it fixed the northerly line of the demandant’s premises. It was objected that Summer street could not be laid out in conformity with the lines of the lots north of it, because they were not parallel to each other. But I apprehend that this is not the true meaning and construction of this direction. The lots northerly of Summer street might vary from each other considerably, and yet it might appear that they were laid out upon a certain plan and system. If Summer street was laid out, not in a parallel line to all those wharves, but in general conformity to a plan and system indicated, then it had a tendency to fix and give direction to the line of flats next northerly of it. This being so, the other part of the rule would necessarily follow, that if the plaintiffs established their upland line, and the north line of their flats, the southerly I'ne should be taken to be parallel, so as to give an equal width of flats, at low-water mark, with that at the wharf above, unless the land was situated on a cove, where the lines must necessarily converge, or where there is some other fact to control the general presumption.
The Court are therefore of opinion that the direction was right.
Seeing no sufficient ground, upon the evidence, to say that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, the opinion of the Court is, that judgment be entered on the verdict for the demandants.