The first objection taken by the plaintiff is, that it does not appear, by the insolvent proceedings, that there was any adjudication, made by the master, of the truth of the facts stated in the petition of the insolvents, previously to the issuing of the warrant; that the proceedings were consequently void, and the defendants fail to establish their title as assignees.
It will be understood that these were not proceedings in invitum, commenced by creditors, but a voluntary proceeding of the debtors on them own petition. The act provides, St. 1838, c. 163, § 1, that any debtor residing in this commonwealth, who shall desire to take the benefit of the insolvent act, may apply by petition to the judge of probate, setting forth his inability to pay all his debts, and his willingness to assign all his estate and effects for the benefit of his creditors, and praying proceedings; and if it shall appear to the satisfaction of the judge, that the debts due from the applicant amount to not less than $500, (since reduced to $200) the said judge shall forthwith, by warrant under his hand and seal, appoint a messenger, to take possession of all the property of the debtor. The desire of the debtor, his inability, and his willingness to assign, are all proved by the petition. But the judge is to be satisfied, that he owes $200. How 1 The statute gives no direction. But it is manifestly to be a *145summary proceeding, because he is forthwith to issue his warrant. It is clearly not a hearing on notice, as between adverse parties. It must be on evidence satisfactory to the judge. The warrant is to issue before the appointment of a clerk; of course there can be no record, in the proper sense of the term, entered by a clerk, until after the issuing of a warrant. If entered at all, it must be done afterwards, from minutes furnished or direction given by the judge. Randall v. Barton, 6 Met. 518. But the warrant could not issue, unless he was satisfied of the existence of the debt required. Commonwealth v. Bolkom, 3 Pick. 281. The issuing of the warrant, therefore, with its statements and recitals, by necessary implication, amounts to an adjudication of his satisfaction ; and the statute has prescribed no form. There being no law, no binding precedent, and no settled practice in regard to the form, we think this sufficient. It is admitted that there is no case in point, but it is argued, that it is within a principle adopted in analogous cases. The cases cited are mostly those of summary convictions in criminal proceedings before justices, where, as the accused is deprived of a trial by jury, the utmost nicety is required; or cases on the bastardy or highway acts, governed by the terms of particular statutes. The case of The King v. Harris, 7 T. R. 238, was a summary conviction before justices, on a statute, for shooting at hares. Without referring to the cases in detail, which have all been examined, they will be found to be generally upon statutes regulating adversary proceedings, where an adjudication, as .¿at of filiation, or common convenience and necessity, is made the basis of other proceedings. So far as the rights of the insolvents and all others in privity with them are concerned, the petition itself is conclusive; for volentibus non jit injuria. As to others, the statement and recital in the warrant are primé facie sufficient; and if an attaching creditor, or other person affected, is in danger of suffering, he has a remedy in a summary application to this court. How this would stand in case of an adversary proceeding by creditors, against au insolvent debtor, we give no opinion.
The next question arises from an objection to the docir *146ments and proceedings in insolvency, including the schedules filed by the insolvents, which were offered by the defendants, objected to, but admitted.
Under the restrictions with which the admission of these papers was accompanied, it appears to us that they were not objectionable, though not of much importance. They were offered and admitted, not on account of the schedules, but as a whole, as evidence of the regular commencement, prosecution and course of the insolvent proceedings, on which the authority of the defendants, as assignees, was founded, and for no other purpose. For this purpose we think they -were competent, though perhaps not necessary.
The next point insisted on by the plaintiff was, that the books of Norcross and Wood were improperly admitted as evidence of the general state and condition, as to solvency or insolvency, of Norcross and Wood; no sufficient evidence having been given of the truth of the entries therein by the testimony of those who made them. As this is a point strongly and perhaps principally relied on, it seems necessary to state it somewhat particularly. [Here the chief justice stated the testimony of Wood, and the ruling of the judge thereon, as ante, 140, 141.]
In order to decide the question, whether these books were competent evidence, it seems proper to consider the nature of the issue to be proved. This mortgage was made not long before the commencement of proceedings in insolvency under the statute upon the voluntary application of the debtors. In order to invalidate this mortgage, and maintain the defence, under St. 1841, c. 124, § 3, which was then in force, it was necessary to show that the mortgagors, Norcross and Wood, either being in fact insolvent, or in contemplation of proceedings in insolvency under the statute, made the mortgage to Holbrook, intending to give him a preference, as a preexisting creditor. This would render the mortgage void, unless the debtors had reasonable cause to believe themselves solvent, and provided that Holbrook, in accepting such preference, had reasonable cause to believe that Norcross and Wood were insolvent.
*147These were the facts to be proved ; and the court are of opinion, that for this purpose, and to the extent to which these books were admitted, they were competent evidence. It appears to us, that the admission and the authentication of books, under these circumstances, depend on rules distinct from those which regulate the admission of a party’s own book of original entries, verified by his oath, to prove items of book debt. They are admitted on a different principle, and are to be proved in a different manner. Union Bank v. Knapp, 3 Pick. 96. The insolvent law requires that all the books of account of the debtors shall be delivered to the messenger, and the debtors are compellable to disclose and surrender them, and they are placed in the hands of the assignee. This of itself would not make them legal evidence as against third persons; but it certainly manifests the intention of the law, that the assignee shall be furnished with all the knowledge of the affairs of the insolvents, which their books of account will afford him, and shall be enabled to use them as evidence, upon occasions and between parties, when, upon proper grounds, they are admissible. The court are of opinion that this was such an occasion.
It appears by the evidence, which was in when this decl- . sion of the court was made, admitting the books as competent, that they comprised the entire set of account books kept by the firm, in the usual course of their business, by one of the partners, and a bookkeeper retained for the purpose; that they were believed to be correct, and were recognized and acted upon habitually by the partners, as exhibiting an authentic and true statement of all their mercantile concerns. The decision, admitting these books generally, was made after objections taken by the plaintiff to the proof of several par- - ticular entries successively, on the ground either that they. were not original entries, or that they could only be proved by the clerk who made them. Among the facts to be proved, were the actual insolvency of the mortgagors, or the reverse; whether they had or had not reasonable grounds to believe themselves solvent; and whether the mortgagee had or had not reasonable grounds to believe them insolvent. The *148knowledge, intent and purpose, and the reasonable grounds of belief of one party, may be proved by evidence drawn from one source, and those of the other party from another. Such is the old and established rule, in the trial of the question of a fraudulent conveyance, void as against creditors. Bridge v. Eggleston, 14 Mass. 245; Foster v. Hall, 12 Pick. 89. To prove the state of the firm as to solvency, their knowledge and belief respecting it, and the reasonable grounds which they had or had not to believe themselves solvent, the books of the firm were competent evidence; and the proof that they were kept as books of account are usually kept by mercantile houses, and were recognized and acted upon by them as exhibiting a true and correct state of their affairs, was sufficient proof of authentication for that purpose.
The. next objection wTas to the testimony of Rogers. [The chief justice here quoted what is stated in the report, about the testimony of Rogers, ante, p. 141.] Had the books been rejected on this trial, we should have thought that the parties would not be bound by an assent formerly made upon the assumption that the books themselves were competent. The object was not to introduce a new substantive species of evidence, but to facilitate access to the contents and results of the books, as evidence. But as these books were admitted again on the present trial, though objected to, and were admitted, as we now think, rightly, we are of opinion that the testimony of the auditor, and his report, made under the former rule, entered into by consent of parties, were properly admitted. It was made in the same cause, for the same purpose, namely, to aid the jury in getting at results from the books. It is, we think, within the spirit of Rev. Sts. c. 96, § 25, authorizing the court, whenever it shall appear that the trial of a cause will require an investigation of accounts, to appoint an auditor.
Some exception was taken to the instruction given by the court to the jury. The judge directed them that, to maintain the defence, the defendants must prove that Norcross and Wood, being insolvent and knowing their situation, and in expectation or anticipation of stopping payment, made the *149mortgage to the plaintiff, with the intention to give him a preference for preexisting debts, over their general creditors, and that the plaintiff had reasonable cause to believe them insolvent; that if the defendants established these facts, then their mortgage was void, as against the other creditors. This charge was sufficiently favorable to the plaintiff, and in some respects too much so, as we do not think it necessary, in order to avoid the conveyance, that the debtors knew that they were insolvent, or in fact contemplated proceedings in insolvency ; it is enough that they were in fact insolvent, and had no reasonable ground to believe themselves solvent. The position contended for by the counsel for the plaintiff was, that, at the time the mortgage was made, Norcross and Wood believed themselves solvent, able to pay all their debts, and expected and intended to go on with their business, anticipated no failure or stoppage, and had no intention to give preference to Holbrook, but gave the mortgage in the regular course of business, and as a means of enabling them to carry it on; and so the mortgage was good. The court directed the jury that if the mortgage was made with no intention to give a preference, but in the regular course of business, expecting and intending to go on, and as a means of going on, the security given under such circumstances, with such intent, would be valid. The court are of opinion, that the residue of the plaintiff’s position, for reasons already given, was not tenable, and that an instruction conformable to it would not have been correct. The counsel for the defendants had maintained that an obviously absurd or wilfully blind state of mind, wholly inconsistent with actual contemporaneous knowledge brought home to the debtor, would not suffice to disprove an intent to prefer; but the plaintiff’s counsel insisted, that any sincere actual belief of the nature referred to, however mistaken, would disprove such intent; and the court, in reference to these positions, left it with the jury, saying that they must decide, whether, looking at the facts as they actually were at the time, judging as reasonable men, and regarding Norcross and Wood as rational beings, the jury could believe, that, at the time they made the mortgage, they could expect to go on with their busi*150ness, notwithstanding the declaration- of Norcross, of his private views and intentions. These latter remarks appear to be a comment on the evidence, a portion of which, the testimony of Norcross, is not given. As such comment, they are not objectionable ; but we think the position insisted on by the plaintiff, that although actually insolvent, and although they had no reasonable ground to believe themselves solvent, against the fact, yet a sincere belief that they could go on, however groundless, and an intention to do so, would save the conveyance from being held invalid, cannot be maintained as law, under the existing statute. The provision of the bankrupt law of the United States, under which the case of Jones v. Howland, 8 Met. 377, was decided, was very different from the present; it turned upon the question of actual belief and intent, and not on reasonable ground to believe.
After this opinion was given, the counsel for the plaintiff requested- that the entry of judgment might be delayed a short time, so that they might be heard further on a point not noticed by the court in the foregoing opinion; and this request was granted by the court. R. Choate and B. R. Curtis, for the plaintiff,now contended that a new trial- ought to be granted, because the defendants were allowed to read to the jui-y, as evidence of the facts stated therein, entries from the books of Norcross and Wood, made after the execution of the mortgage in question, showing payments and receipts of money by Norcross and Wood after the execution- of the said mortgage; Norcross himself, who made the entries, being living and within the reach of process, and a competent witness. Bridge v. Egglest'on, 14 Mass. 245; Foster v. Hall, 12 Pick. 89; Phœnix v. Dey, 5 Johns. 426; Clarke v. Waite, 12 Mass. 439; Doe v. Webber, 1 Ad. & El. 733; Augusta v. Windsor, 1 Appleton, 321; Nicholls v. Webb, 8 Wheat. 326; Watts v. Howard, 7 Met. 481.
C. G. Boring and S. Bartlett, for the defendants.On the whole, the court are of opinion that the objections taken by the plaintiff to the proceedings at the trial are untenable, and that judgment be rendered on the verdict.
*151Shaw, C. J.The. facts to be proved, to invalidate the mori> gage and sustain the defence, were these; that the mortgagors, Norcross and Wood, being insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency, made the mortgage to Holbrook, the plaintiff, intending to give him a preference as a preexisting creditor; and thus avoiding the mortgage, under St. 1841, c. 124, § 3, unless the said debtors had reasonable cause to believe themselves solvent, and provided said Holbrook, in accepting such preference, had reasonable cause to believe that they were insolvent. The facts to be proved on the part of the defendants, to avoid the mortgage were, 1. That said debtors were in fact insolvent; 2. That they had no reasonable cause to believe themselves solvent; and 3. That Holbrook had reasonable cause to believe them insolvent. It must be actual insolvency without reasonable cause to believe themselves solvent; not actual belief of their insolvency, on the part of the mortgagors. It must be reasonable cause, on the part of the mortgagee, to believe; not actual knowledge or actual belief, that they were insolvent. The issue on the part of the defendant was to prove these facts; on the part of the plaintiff to resist and repel the proof of them.
A great part of the proof of these facts must bear upon the point of knowledge, intention and reasonable ground of belief, to be inferred by the jury from a broad and comprehensive view of the course of business of the debtors, and especially from the course of dealings between these parties. Their mercantile transactions for a course of years were involved in the inquiry. A great amount of evidence 'upon these points was introduced, some of which, it appears by the report, is not stated.
The defendants, to maintain the issue on their part, proposed to introduce the books of Norcross and Wood, and, to verify them, offered the testimony of Wood. He testified that the books produced were the regular books of their firm, kept by his partner and a bookkeeper, that they contained the daily entries of their business, that he believed them to be regularly kept, and that he acted on these books, as the books of the firm. The plaintiff objected to the books, but the court *152ruled that they were competent and admissible; 1. To prove the general state and condition of the firm, as to solvency or insolvency, and 2. As tending to show the knowledge of Nor-cross and Wood of their own condition. Other evidence was offered, other objections taken and points reserved, and instructions were given under which the case went to the jury, which we have already had occasion to consider, and have thought them sufficiently favorable for the plaintiff.
But the sole question now arises from the admission of the books. In the opinion heretofore given in this case, the court held that the books were competent evidence for the purpose for which they were offered, without bringing home the knowledge of them to the other party, and cited some authorities to that effect. The court were then informed that they had overlooked an important and material consideration, to wit, that although the books would be competent evidence of the knowledge and purpose of the mortgagors at and before the time of the conveyance, they could not affect the validity of the title, which they had already given, by any entiles in their books, or other acts or declarations done without the knowledge of the mortgagee. As there was no time then to examine the subject, the clerk was directed to postpone the entry of judgment. If we had done injustice to any party, by overlooking a material fact, or mistaking any principle of law, we should be most anxious to avoid it; but in our anxiety to avoid injustice to one party, we must take care not to do injustice to another.
It is now stated by the counsel for the plaintiff, that the most important part of the evidence derived from these books was drawn from entiles made after the conveyance in question ; and although the acts and the declarations of the mortgagors, at the time of the conveyance, may be good evidence of their intent and purpose, yet that acts and declarations, done and made afterwards, could not be admitted to invalidate their previous conveyance. Before considering the question, it becomes necessary to inquire whether any exception, founded on the distinction between entries made before and .chose made after the conveyance, was taken at the jury trial, *153or in the argument on the report. The question is, whether the defendants were permitted by the authority and direction of the judge, and against the objection of the plaintiffs, to read these after entries.
We have looked at the report again, with great care, and we see no other objection than that which was made generally to the books, as books of account. This objection was overruled, and we thought, when the case came before the whole court, properly ; they were received for the purpose of proving a knowledge of the mortgagors, of their own affairs. We thought it was right; for though Wood said he did not keep the books, yet the books were their regular books, kept under their direction; they annually took a trial balance, and kept an account of profit and loss. Every merchant must be presumed to know, and in fact, from his balance sheet and books generally, does know, the state of his concerns. This was the objection, and this was the decision upon it.
But it was suggested when this motion was made, and has been stated to us now, that the objections of the defendant’s counsel went further, and the ruling of the court upon them went further, than is stated in the report. We have listened to these statements with an earnest desire to ascertain whether, by any amendment of the report or in any other mode, the plaintiff could have the benefit of an exception actually taken and overruled, but which through inadvertence does not appear in the report. From these statements we are led to believe that, after the ruling of the judge that the books were admissible, and when a witness was called to a particular entry, it was objected that it could only be proved as an original entry and by the clerk who made it, as if the case were within the rules applicable to shop books, used as proof of a debt. But the grounds on which the books were held admissible overlooked these distinctions, and placed the case on a distinct ground, which was, that for the purpose for which they were admitted, they were equally competent, whether the particular entries were made by one person or another, whether original entries or ledgers, journals, balance sheets, or other secondary books, drawn from the original entries. This objection having *154been made to particular entries more than once, and overruled, the judge stated that the books generally were competent and admissible, and no further objection was made.
Now, as we understand it, this did not alter or change the rule previously given, as to the object and purpose for which the books were admissible, but only went to the extent that all the entries in all the books were equally admissible, without regard to their being original, and without regard to the person who made them. If it had been intended to make objection to particular entries, on another and distinct ground,' to wit, that they tended to prove the acts and declarations of the grantors, at a time when they could not by their acts or their intentions impair the title which they had given, this should have been made the subject of a distinct objection. Had the attention of the judge been called distinctly to the point upon which such an objection could be well taken, the evidence of entries subsequent to the mortgage might have been rejected, and the proof from thé books confined to those entries, which were unobjectionable on that ground; and if the evidence ought to have been so limited, it must be presumed that the evidence would have been allowed to go no further. Or had this specific objection been taken, the counsel for the adverse party might have waived the introduction of the objectionable entries, or supplied them by other evidence. Every one feels how important it is, upon every account, that all such exceptions should be specific and made at the trial, where they may be acted upon or avoided.
Some very significant remarks of Lord Holt, upon this subject, are found in the case of Wright v. Sharp, 1 Salk. 288. It was a motion to have exceptions allowed after the trial. Lord Holt said : “ You should have insisted on your exception at the trial; you waive it if you acquiesce, and shall not resort back to your exception after a verdict against you, when perhaps, if you had stood upon your exception, the party had other evidence, and need not have put the cause upon this point.” A similar case came before this court recently Howard v. Hayward, 10 Met. 408. Exceptions were taken to the records of a proprietary, on the ground that owners of *155a lot of land and the meeting-house thereon were not such tenants in common as were authorized by the statute to incorporate themselves as a proprietary; but the objection was overruled, and the books admitted, with liberty to refer to them in the argument. It was insisted on the argument, that the proprietors did not organize themselves agreeably to the statute, and that this would appear by the records, thus made part of the case. But, said Mr. Justice Wilde, delivering the opinion of the court, “we think these objections are not now; open on this bill of exceptions. The objections should have been specifically made at the trial, when the defects in the record might have been supplied by other evidence.”
We cannot perceive, even by the statements of counsel, independently of the report, that this objection to entries, made in the debtors’ books after the conveyance, was specifically made at the trial, and we are confirmed in the belief that it was not, by the fact, that, as far as the recollection of any of us goes, the cause was not argued on that ground, when the case first came before the full court, nor was it suggested until after the opinion was given. Nor does it appear that any material proof was derived from such entries, which could not have been supplied by other evidence.
On the whole, the court are of opinion, that none of the objections to the verdict can be sustained, and that there must be judgment thereon for the defendants.