United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 95-2744.
Paul A. BILZERIAN, Plaintiff,
Terri L. Steffen, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
USA, Defendant-Appellee.
July 1, 1996.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle
District of Florida. (No. 94-942-CIV-T-17E), Elizabeth A.
Kovachevich, Chief Judge.
Before EDMONDSON and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and LOGAN*, Senior
Circuit Judge.
PER CURIAM:
Terri Steffen appeals the district court's order granting
summary judgment to the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") on her
claim for damages under 26 U.S.C. § 7432. We reverse and remand
for a determination of damages, if any.
Background
Steffen and her husband Paul Bilzerian ("Plaintiffs") timely
filed their 1985 joint tax return. In October 1989, the IRS sent
Plaintiffs a notice of deficiency, informing Plaintiffs that the
IRS proposed to assess additional income tax liabilities against
Plaintiffs for 1985. Plaintiffs did not file a petition contesting
the proposed assessment in the Tax Court.
In February 1990, Plaintiffs were assessed an additional
$156,755.82, reflecting a deficiency for 1985 in the amount of
*
Honorable James K. Logan, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the
Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation.
$59,392 plus interest and penalties. In May 1990, Plaintiffs paid
the IRS $160,729.44. This sum satisfied all of the deficiencies
assessed against Plaintiffs for 1985.
Plaintiffs filed an amended joint return for the 1985 tax year
in July 1990. On this return, Plaintiffs claimed a tax refund for
1985 in the amount of $59,392. Plaintiffs also filed a claim for
refund (Form 843) in the amount of $101,337.44 for the interest and
penalties they paid on the 1985 deficiency.
In April 1991, the IRS then refunded to Plaintiffs
$125,545.35. The government contends this refund was issued
erroneously as a result of a computer error. In January 1993, the
IRS, under 26 U.S.C. § 7405, sought return of the $125,545.35
refund. On 4 April 1994, before a judgment was returned in the
section 7405 suit, the IRS filed a Notice of Federal Tax Lien in
the amount of $125,545.35 against property owned solely by
Plaintiff Steffen. In May 1994, Plaintiffs requested that the IRS
release the lien under 26 U.S.C. § 6325. The IRS refused to
release the lien. The IRS did not issue a notice of deficiency
against Plaintiffs for 1985 except for the original notice issued
in October 1989.
Plaintiffs filed a two-count complaint in the district court.
Count I claimed damages for failure to release the lien under 26
U.S.C. § 7432. Count II sought preliminary and permanent
injunctions ordering the IRS to release the tax lien. In response
to the IRS's motion, the district court dismissed Count II and
dismissed Plaintiff Bilzerian on Count I for lack of standing.
Then, the IRS moved for summary judgment on Count I. The district
court granted summary judgment in favor of the IRS. Steffen
appeals.
Discussion
1
Steffen filed suit under 26 U.S.C. § 7432. The district
court concluded that Steffen's 1985 liability was completely
extinguished when she paid the IRS $160,729.44 and that the IRS
could not rely on the original 1985 assessment to collect the
erroneous 1991 refund. But, the district court also held that the
IRS's tax lien was valid because the IRS had given Steffen notice
of its intention to recover the erroneous refund when it filed its
erroneous refund suit under section 7405.
On appeal, Steffen argues that the IRS, before it begins
collection procedures, such as the filing of a tax lien, must
prevail in its erroneous refund suit or follow the usual deficiency
procedures (notice of deficiency and so on) under 26 U.S.C. § 6212.
The IRS now concedes that the mere filing of a section 7405
erroneous refund suit is insufficient to validate a federal tax
lien; and we agree that the IRS would need to obtain a judgment in
the erroneous refund suit before imposing a lien. The IRS argues,
however, that the summary judgment in its favor can, and should, be
upheld on different grounds.2
1
Section 7432 allows taxpayers to sue for damages if the IRS
"knowingly, or by reason of negligence, fails to release a lien"
under 26 U.S.C. § 6325. Under 26 U.S.C. § 6325, the IRS is to
issue a certificate of release of a lien when the liability for
the amount assessed has been fully satisfied.
2
See generally United States v. Arthur Young & Co., 465 U.S.
805, 814 n. 12, 104 S.Ct. 1495, 1501 n. 12, 79 L.Ed.2d 826 (1984)
(judgment may be affirmed on any ground supported by the record).
The IRS contests the district court's conclusion that
Steffen's payment of $160,729.44 to the IRS extinguished Steffen's
1985 tax liability. The IRS says that because the IRS erroneously
refunded Steffen's payment, her tax liability is not now
extinguished. The IRS argues that there are two kinds of refunds:
rebate and non-rebate. A rebate refund occurs when the IRS
determines that the taxpayer's liability as recorded on IRS records
is reduced or eliminated. The determination of a reduced liability
results in an abatement of the original assessment. A non-rebate
refund is any other amount returned to the taxpayer (that is, one
not based on a determination that the tax is not owing, but because
of other mistakes: for example, a computer error or an incorrect
credit to a taxpayer's account).
The IRS contends that whether a refund is rebate or non-rebate
determines the means by which the IRS can recoup the refund. They
say, when a rebate refund is discovered to be erroneous, a later
supplemental assessment (preceded by a determination of a
deficiency for taxes subject to the deficiency procedures) is
necessary for the IRS to collect the liability. But the IRS says
when a non-rebate refund is discovered to be erroneous, because
there has been no abatement of the original liability, no need
exists for the tax to be reassessed; and the IRS can use its usual
post-assessment tax collection procedures. The IRS says a
non-rebate erroneous refund does not extinguish (or put
differently, does revive) the assessed liability or the assessment;
therefore, a non-rebate erroneous refund may be collected without
resort to section 7405.
The IRS says the April 1991 refund that Steffen received is a
non-rebate refund which resulted from computer error. So, the IRS
argues that the district court erred in concluding that Steffen's
tax liability was extinguished. The district court found the April
refund to be non-rebate, but rejected the IRS's argument that a
non-rebate refund revives a previously extinguished assessment.
The majority of courts considering this issue have rejected
the IRS's proposed distinction between rebate and non-rebate
refunds. See Clark v. United States, 63 F.3d 83, 87-88 (1st
Cir.1995) (holding that tax assessments are extinguished upon
payment and are not revived by non-rebate refund); O'Bryant v.
United States, 49 F.3d 340, 346-47 (7th Cir.1995) (once paid, tax
liability cannot be revived by erroneous refund); United States v.
Wilkes, 946 F.2d 1143, 1152 (5th Cir.1991) (same).3 Today, we join
these circuits and hold that once a tax liability is paid, no
erroneous refund—whether rebate or non-rebate—can revive it.
The district court correctly determined that once an
assessment is paid, it is extinguished and correctly set out that
the proper procedure for the IRS to collect an erroneous refund is
a refund suit under section 7405 or a new assessment, including a
3
The IRS relies on Davenport v. United States, 136 B.R. 125,
91-2 U.S. Tax Cas. ¶ 50,531 (W.D.Ky.1991), and Groetzinger v.
Commissioner, 69 T.C. 309, 1977 WL 3623 (1977). In Davenport,
the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's finding that a
non-rebate erroneous refund could be collected by ordinary
collection procedures. But in Davenport, the IRS gave the
taxpayers credit for a check that was returned for insufficient
funds; the taxpayers never actually paid the liability at issue.
In Groetzinger, an estate tax case involving underpayments, the
tax court concluded that an assessed liability is not
extinguished by a payment that is subsequently returned by a
mistake unrelated to a determination of the underlying liability.
We find these cases unpersuasive.
new notice of deficiency. But we believe the district court erred
by concluding that the IRS's mere filing of the section 7405 refund
suit gave Steffen sufficient notice to validate the federal tax
lien. See 28 U.S.C. § 3201 (judgment in civil action shall create
lien upon filing certified copy of judgment); cf. Rodriguez v.
United States, 629 F.Supp. 333, 346 (N.D.Ill.1986) (stating that 26
U.S.C. § 7405 does not authorize pre-suit levy procedure).
Therefore, the district court's order granting summary judgment in
favor of the IRS is reversed.
The IRS argues that we must remand this case to determine if
Steffen is entitled to an award of damages. To be more specific,
the IRS argues that liability under 26 U.S.C. § 7432 exists only if
the IRS knowingly or negligently failed to release a lien when the
IRS employee knew or should have known the requirements of 26
U.S.C. § 6325 had been satisfied.
Steffen contends that a remand is unnecessary because the IRS
stipulated that (1) Steffen paid $160,729.44 to the IRS, thereby
satisfying, in full, all of the deficiencies assessed against
Steffen for 1985, and (2) the officer knowingly and intentionally
failed to release the lien. The IRS says its stipulation that it
knowingly and intentionally failed to release the lien does not
resolve the question. The IRS argues that, given the lack of
preexisting law on point in this circuit, it honestly and
reasonably did not consider Steffen's 1985 liability to be fully
satisfied when Steffen sought release of the lien. In this
circumstance, the IRS contends that, if the IRS employee refused to
release the lien because Steffen's 1985 account showed that a
balance was due, the employee's decision to refuse to release the
lien was not a knowing or negligent violation of section 6325.
We remand this case for a determination of damages under 26
U.S.C. § 7432. On remand, Steffen must show that the IRS employee
who failed to release the lien knew or should have known that the
requirements under 26 U.S.C. § 6325 had been satisfied.
REVERSED and REMANDED.