United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 96-6171.
Ken DUCKETT, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
DUNLOP TIRE CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee.
Sept. 3, 1997.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. (No. 95-N-782-
NE), Edwin L. Nelson, Judge.
Before EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, and KRAVITCH and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff appeals the grant of summary judgment of his Americans with Disabilities Act
("ADA") claim. The district court held that Plaintiff failed to establish that he is an "otherwise
qualified individual" within the meaning of the ADA: he was employed by Defendant as a
supervisor and was no longer able to supervise. Plaintiff says that he was an otherwise qualified
individual because he was qualified to perform other work for Defendant, and his employer was
under an obligation to transfer him to another position for which he was qualified. Because we
affirm the district court's judgment on other grounds, we decline to rule on this issue. We hold that
Plaintiff has failed to present evidence sufficient to establish that Defendant discriminated against
him by failing to provide a reasonable accommodation.
I.
In 1976, Plaintiff Ken Duckett began working for Defendant Dunlop Tire Corporation as a
forklift operator. Approximately eight or nine months later, Defendant promoted Plaintiff to a
supervisory position; and he continued to work in a supervisory position until he was terminated
on March 31, 1994. In January 1993, Plaintiff was promoted to Section Manager. As such, he
worked a twelve-hour shift on a rotating schedule; and supervised twelve to thirteen bargaining unit
employees.
Plaintiff has experienced high blood pressure since 1983. In May 1993, Plaintiff's blood
pressure became dangerously elevated; and he was sent home from work. In June 1993, Plaintiff's
doctor hospitalized him for his blood pressure. He also recommended that Plaintiff be excused from
work for three months to gain control of his high blood pressure. Though Plaintiff successfully
completed a cardiac rehabilitation program, his blood pressure readings remained consistently above
the normal range.
In May 1993, Defendant placed Plaintiff on its Salary Continuation Program, which provided
for maximum benefits for a period of up to 24 weeks and lesser benefits for a period of up to 28
weeks. The program required that Plaintiff maintain contact with Defendant and inform it of his
medical condition, treatment and prognosis. During one of these contacts, Plaintiff suggested that
he would not be able to return to work as a Section Manager, but could return in some other capacity
in the bargaining unit.
In November 1993, Plaintiff's maximum benefits expired. In February 1994, Defendant
submitted a long-term disability application with its insurer on Plaintiff's behalf. Upon receiving
a copy of Plaintiff's long term disability application, Defendant's Medical Director, Dr. Jan Davis,
recommended that he be evaluated by a cardiologist. Pursuant to this recommendation, Defendant
asked Plaintiff to visit Dr. William Cox. Plaintiff was examined by Dr. Cox, who issued a letter
indicating that Plaintiff has elevated blood pressure which might be controlled or managed by a
change in medical regimen.
Shortly thereafter, a representative of Defendant contacted Plaintiff and requested that he
come in to meet with various people. Plaintiff was still receiving minimum benefits under
Defendant's Salary Continuation Program at the time. At the meeting, Defendant's personnel
manager informed Plaintiff that the manager had two medical opinions indicating that Plaintiff could
return to his job as Section Manager and that the position was available. Plaintiff stated that his
doctor had not released him to work and, accordingly, that he would not be able to return to work
as a Section Manager. When Plaintiff refused to resign, Defendant terminated his employment.
2
Plaintiff filed the present action alleging a single claim under the ADA. The district court
granted Defendant summary judgment, holding that Plaintiff failed to show that he is a qualified
individual as Defendant "requires that its supervisors be able to supervise, and the court cannot
imagine a duty more essential for the position." (Order, p. 8) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(2)(i)
("The function may be essential because the reason the position exists is to perform that function."))
II.
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo to determine whether a genuine issue
of material fact exists and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Edwards v. Wallace Community College, 49 F.3d 1517, 1520 (11th Cir.1995). To establish a prima
facie case of disability discrimination under the ADA, a plaintiff must establish that (1) he has a
disability, (2) he is a qualified individual and (3) he was subjected to unlawful discrimination
because of his disability. Morisky v. Broward County, 80 F.3d 445, 447 (11th Cir.1996).
The ADA defines "discrimination" to include "not making reasonable accommodations to
the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who
is an applicant or employee, ..." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A). According to Plaintiff, he was
"otherwise qualified" to work for Defendant in a non-supervisory position, and Defendant was
required to accommodate him by either transferring him to such a position or allowing him to
continue to remain on medical leave under Defendant's Salary Continuation Plan.
A. Transfer
The pertinent regulations about whether an employer is required, as a reasonable
accommodation, to reassign a disabled employee to a substantially different position provide that
"[r]easonable accommodation may include but is not limited to: ... (ii) ... reassignment to a vacant
position." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(o)(2). This regulation was interpreted in Willis v. Conopco, 108 F.3d
282, 284 (11th Cir.1997), to mean that "[r]eassignment to another position is a required
accommodation only if there is a vacant position available for which the employee is otherwise
qualified." Also, the regulations contemplate that the issue of whether an employee is an otherwise
3
qualified individual and whether a reasonable accommodation can be made for that employee is
determined by reference to a specific position. See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(m) ("Qualified individual
with a disability means an individual with a disability who satisfies the requisite skill, experience,
education and other job-related requirements of the employment position such individual holds or
desires, and who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions
of such position.") (emphasis added).
We need not decide whether, and under what circumstances, the ADA requires reassignment
to a substantially different position as a reasonable accommodation; nor do we need to decide
whether "otherwise qualified individual" is defined as broadly as Plaintiff says it is. It is clear in this
case that transferring Plaintiff would not have been a reasonable accommodation.
We are aware of no case under either the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act1 where an employer
has been required to transfer an employee to another position where the employer (independent of
concerns about disability) has a business policy against the pertinent kind of transfer. That
Defendant has a policy against "rolling back" salaried employees into production positions within
the bargaining unit is undisputed. It is also undisputed that the only salaried jobs available on the
date of Plaintiff's termination were both supervisory positions.
As Plaintiff notes, Defendant, at times, would promote employees from production positions
to salaried positions, but then allow the employee to return to his previous job in the bargaining unit
when things did not work out as planned. In the few instances where this event has occurred,
however, the employee was rolled back into the bargaining unit within a matter of months after the
initial promotion to a salaried position: basically, an employment experiment that failed. Plaintiff,
on the other hand, was employed as a supervisor for almost all of his 18 years with Defendant.
Also, the evidence indicates that the bargaining unit to which Plaintiff requested
reassignment is covered by a collective bargaining agreement which prohibits anyone from outside
1
"[C]ourts have universally looked to Rehabilitation Act cases as a source of guidance when
construing the ADA." McKay v. Toyota Motor Mfg. U.S.A. Inc., 110 F.3d 369, 373 n. 1 (6th
Cir.1997) (citation omitted).
4
the union from holding production jobs. See Wooten v. Farmland Foods, 58 F.3d 382, 386 (8th
Cir.1995) ("Farmland Foods had no obligation to terminate other employees or violate a collective
bargaining agreement in order to accommodate Wooten....") Moreover, according to Plaintiff and
his physician, he was unable to return to work in any capacity when he was terminated and required
an indefinite medical leave. (Appellant's Brief, p. 31) ("[Plaintiff] had not even been released ... to
work at the time he was terminated.") As he concedes, at the time of his termination, Plaintiff was
not "otherwise qualified" for any position with Defendant.
B. Salary Continuation Program
While Plaintiff admits he was unable to return to work when Defendant terminated his
employment, Plaintiff says that, as a reasonable accommodation, Defendant was required to allow
Plaintiff to exhaust the remaining two months of benefits under its Salary Continuation Program.
In support of this argument, Plaintiff points to the Appendix to C.F.R. § 1630.2(o) ("other
accommodations could include permitting the use of accrued paid leave or providing additional
unpaid leave for necessary treatment").
That Defendant, as a matter of business policy, chose to create its Salary Continuation Plan
does not establish that it was required to allow Plaintiff to receive benefits under the plan—for an
entire year—as a reasonable accommodation under the ADA. See, e.g., Myers v. Hose, 50 F.3d 278,
284 (4th Cir.1995) ("[The employee's] reliance on the [employer's] [p]ersonnel [r]ules as proof of
the alleged failure to provide reasonable accommodation is misplaced. A particular accommodation
is not necessarily reasonable, and thus federally mandated, simply because the [employer] elects to
establish it as a matter of policy.")
Assuming that the regulations contemplate that an employee be allowed benefits of the kind
in Defendants' Salary Continuation Plan, Plaintiff acknowledges that his need for leave would have
been for an indefinite period—not just a month or two. Put differently, Plaintiff could not represent
that he likely would have been able to work within a month or two. Plaintiff had already been on
medical leave for ten months, had only two months of eligibility for the Salary Continuation Plan
5
remaining, and had no way of knowing when his doctor would allow him to return to work in any
capacity.
In an analogous situation, the Fourth Circuit held that an employer did not violate the ADA
by "refusing to grant [an employee] a period of time in which to cure his disabilities" where the
employee "sets no temporal limit on the advocated grace period, urging only that he deserves
sufficient time to ameliorate his conditions." Id. at 282. In so holding, the Myers court said these
words:
Significantly, these provisions [42 U.S.C. § 12111(8); 45 C.F.R. § 1232.3(i) ]
contain no reference to a person's future ability to perform the essential functions of his
position. To the contrary, they are formulated entirely in the present tense, framing the
precise issue as to whether an individual "can" (not "will be able to") perform the job with
reasonable accommodations. Nothing in the text of the reasonable accommodation provision
requires an employer to wait for an indefinite period for an accommodation to achieve its
intended effect. Rather, reasonable accommodation is by its terms most logically construed
as that which, presently, or in the immediate future, enables the employee to perform the
essential functions of the job in question.
Id. at 283. In a similar way, Plaintiff's request that his employer accommodate any disability
Plaintiff had by providing him with two more months leave when he could not show he would likely
be then able to labor is not "reasonable" within the meaning of the ADA: the course of Plaintiff's
health was too uncertain.2
AFFIRMED.
2
We note, however, that more compelling facts might lead to a different result. For example,
ADA regulations may possibly be violated if an employee was terminated immediately upon
becoming disabled without a chance to use his leave to recover. In this case, Plaintiff had
already used 10 months of medical leave.
6