United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 96-8855.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Tom EVERETT, Defendant-Appellee.
Nov. 25, 1997.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
Before EDMONDSON and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and LIMBAUGH*, Senior District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
The government assigns as error in this appeal the district court's calculation of the total
offense level, the range of punishment and the ultimate sentence of appellee. Using the 1995
guideline manual, the district court determined appellee's total offense level to be 12, and his
criminal history category to be I. The range of punishment as to incarceration was therefore 10-16
months. Appellee received a sentence of nine months incarceration followed by a term of supervised
release for three years, six months of which would be served by community confinement, plus a
$3,000 fine. Appellant challenges the two-level downward adjustment given appellee by the trial
judge in reaching the total offense level of 12 when appellee was found to be a minor participant in
the criminal activity in which he was involved. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b). We agree with appellant's
challenge and vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, appellee entered a plea of guilty to count six of a sixteen count
indictment and the remaining counts were dismissed at sentencing. Count six charged appellee with
transporting child pornography in interstate commerce in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252.
The record discloses that computer bulletin board services (BBS) in Denmark were offered
to users to disseminate child pornography. A BBS is an on-line computer service that gives users
*
Honorable Stephen N. Limbaugh, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of
Missouri, sitting by designation.
access to computer files. Ordinarily, a user will pay a fee to the BBS for access to its files. When
a file is accessed, the user can download, that is, transfer the file to the user's computer. A user can
upload a file back to BBS or to some other user.
Telephone lines and e-mail were also used to download files to users or for the user to upload
his own files.
Two of the Danish BBS's had thousands of users, many of which were in the United States.
Appellee was a subscriber to these two Danish services since November 1991. At the sentencing
hearing, appellee insisted he never paid a fee to the BBS and was only a user and not a subscriber.
In any event, it is undisputed that appellee accessed the two Danish services and downloaded
child and other pornographic materials and then uploaded other files back to the services and to
other persons residing in Georgia and in other states. In the process, he would encrypt some of the
files so they were inaccessible without having the necessary password to gain access.
A search of appellee's residence in implementing a warrant disclosed he had possession of
a substantial amount of pornography files, dozens of which depicted child pornography. The record
shows that on December 3, 1992 as alleged in Count six of the indictment, one file depicting child
pornography was uploaded by appellee through another computer located in Redondo Beach,
California by phone line through interstate commerce.
Numerous other persons in the United States were also prosecuted independently of appellee
for engaging the BBS's in Denmark to gain access to child pornography and then upload it to others.
On the basis of this evidence, the sentencing judge determined appellee was a minor
participant in the criminal activity and adjusted the base offense level downward by two levels
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b).
DISCUSSION
We consider the district court's determination of appellee's role in the offense as a factual
finding, and thus review it for clear error. U.S. v. Fernandez, 92 F.3d 1121, 1123 (11th Cir.1996).
U.S. v. Costales, 5 F.3d 480, 483 (11th Cir.1993).
Appellee bears the burden of establishing the appropriateness of the downward adjustment
under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b) by a preponderance of the evidence. U.S. v. Gates, 967 F.2d 497, 501
(11th Cir.1992). He has not met this burden.
There is no showing appellee and any BBS acted together as a group in any concerted
activity. Ordinarily, a BBS charges a fee for accessing the service, yet even though appellee was
able to access the service he stated he was only a user and never paid a fee and was not a subscriber.
Obviously, appellee was a substantial user and his relevant conduct involved much more than
his conduct with a BBS in Denmark. In the execution of the search warrant over 200 files of child
pornography were seized, yet only two child pornography files were downloaded from the BBS.
Appellee's plea to count six was to the offense of transporting child pornography in interstate
commerce from Georgia to a computer in California. The record is silent as to the origin of that
material. Appellee has not offered evidence to show it was one of the two files of child pornography
that he downloaded from a Denmark BBS.
The evidence reveals appellee had been transmitting child pornography to other users in
Georgia and in other states. It is apparent he downloaded the child files from other persons or places
than the Denmark BBS as he had possession of hundreds of child files, but only received two from
Denmark.
This court rejects appellee's argument that he was simply one of a large network of people
engaged in the exchange of child pornography through computers and therefore played a minuscule
role in a grandiose pornography operation. If this were the case the relevant conduct should include
the entire activities of the operation and appellee would be subject to an upward adjustment of five
levels, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5G2.2(b)(2). U.S. v. Holley, 82 F.3d 1010, 1011, 1012 (11th
Cir.1996).
In addition, he would be on the same standing as all the other thousands of users and not
"substantially less culpable than the average participant." U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2,
commentary-background.
Appellee acted independently of the BBS. He elected when, and how to use the service. He
selected the material he used and when. He downloaded and uploaded from and to other suppliers
or users. He elected whether to engage in child pornography or other types and whether to use the
telephone, e-mail or other means of transmission or reception. His contacts were in Georgia and in
other states.
The BBS was not involved in appellee's unlawful transmissions from Georgia to California.
There is no showing anyone involved in the service was even aware of the California transaction or
that files obtained from the service were those transmitted. Other than the California receiver's
involvement, there is no showing anyone but appellee was involved in the offense to which he
pleaded guilty. Certainly, there is nothing in the record to suggest appellee was any more or less
culpable than the California receiver. Accordingly, appellee is not entitled to the downward
adjustment. U.S. v. Costales, 5 F.3d 480, 484, 485 (11th Cir.1993).
Appellee maintains that even if he is not entitled to a downward adjustment as a minor
participant there should still be a role reduction by applying U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 by analogy. He
asserts the sentencing judge found that appellee was not only entitled to an adjustment as a minor
participant, but that there should be a role reduction by analogy in any event. We do not believe the
record supports the latter assertion.
To support his position, appellee relies on U.S. v. Bierley, 922 F.2d 1061 (3d Cir.1990) cited
in Costales, 5 F.3d at 485. Both cases involve sting operations conducted by undercover postal
agents investigating dealing in child pornography via the mails. In Bierley the court held that in
"rare occurrences" a sentencing court may depart downward applying U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 by analogy.
The case was remanded to the sentencing court leaving it to that court to decide if the analogy would
apply when a government agent was involved.
The court in Costales rejected a downward departure by analogy request under U.S.S.G. §
3B1.2 as Costales was the only participant. Government agents involved could not be considered
as participants. The Costales court also rejected the Bierley court's analogic reasoning concept in
the application of U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2.
We also reject the analogic reasoning concept as to the facts in this case.
The court in Costales referred to the commentary to § 3B1.2 that the minor/minimal role
adjustment should be used infrequently and then observed "departure by analogy should be granted
even less often." 5 F.3d at 486.
The record is devoid of any valid reason why there should be a downward departure by
analogy here. We have determined that no BBS was involved in appellee's unlawful transmission
from Georgia to California. That transmission was simply between appellee and the California
receiver and neither is more or less culpable than the other.
Unfortunately, child pornography transactions occur. The sentencing commissioners are
aware of this and provide for remedies. The facts of this case are not so remarkable as to suggest
a downward departure by analogy because of an omission by the commission either in its rules or
commentary. There is nothing in this record to suggest there exists aggravating or mitigating
circumstances of a kind or to a degree not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing
Commission in formulating the guidelines. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b).
Although appellee did not appeal this case, in his brief he objected to the trial court's use of
the 1995 sentencing guidelines and urged the use of the 1992 guidelines. This issue is moot as
appellee did not appeal this determination and did not raise the issue before the trial court. It may
not now be raised for the first time. Narey v. Dean, 32 F.3d 1521, 1526, 1527 (11th Cir.1994) (the
exceptions to the rule are not applicable here). U.S. v. Edmondson, 818 F.2d 768, 769 (11th
Cir.1987); App. R 4(b). We find, in any event, the district court properly used the 1995 edition of
the guidelines in assessing the sentence.
Appellant's final assignment of error is also moot because of our ruling on the role in the
offense issue. The district court found the base offense level to be 15 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2.
Two levels were added following § 2G2.2(b)(1) and two subtracted because of role in the offense,
§ 3B1.2(b), making a total at that stage of 15. The trial court then subtracted 3 levels for acceptance
of responsibility following § 3E1.1 thus arriving at the total offense level of 12. A downward
adjustment for acceptance of responsibility by 3 levels may only be made when the offense level up
to that point is 16 or greater; otherwise, it is only a 2 level adjustment, § 3E1.1.
Here we have sustained the district court's finding of a level 17 following § 2G2.2 and
2G2.2(b)(1). We have denied the downward adjustment of 2 levels under § 3B1.2(b) so the level
is 17 before considering an acceptance of responsibility adjustment. Using a 17 level, it is clear
appellee is entitled to a 3 level downward adjustment following § 3E1.1. This calculation results in
a total offense level of 14. The criminal history category is I so the range of punishment for
incarceration is 15-21 months.
We VACATE the sentence and REMAND for resentencing on the basis of a total offense
level of 14 and a criminal history category of I.