United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 97-3563.
Linda Ligertwood WILSON, Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant-Appellee,
v.
Richard A. STRONG, Defendant-Counter-Claimant,
Loretta MAGEE, Defendant-Appellant,
HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY; Department of Animal Services; and Cal Henderson,
Hillsborough County Sheriff, Defendants.
Sept. 28, 1998.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 95-2055-Civ-
T-26A), Richard A. Lazzara, Judge.
Before TJOFLAT, COX and HULL, Circuit Judges.
HULL, Circuit Judge:
Appellee Linda Ligertwood Wilson brought this action alleging, inter alia, that Appellant
Loretta Magee, an animal control officer in Hillsborough County, Florida, and Hillsborough County
Sheriff's Deputy Richard A. Strong ("Deputy Strong") violated her rights under the Fourth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.1 Magee and Deputy Strong moved to
dismiss Wilson's claims based on qualified immunity, and the district court denied their motions.
Magee appeals the district court's ruling that she was not entitled to qualified immunity. After
review, we reverse.
I. FACTS
1
Wilson also brought other claims against these and other defendants, but these other claims
are not relevant to this appeal.
Magee and Deputy Strong dispute Wilson's version of the facts. However, in reviewing the
denial of a motion to dismiss, we are required to accept the following factual allegations in Wilson's
complaint as true.
On the evening of July 12, 1993, Magee and Deputy Strong arrived at Wilson's home to
investigate a complaint regarding unleashed dogs running loose in the neighborhood. A complainant
had informed authorities that dogs fitting the description of the unleashed dogs resided at Wilson's
home. Upon arriving at Wilson's home, Magee and Deputy Strong informed Wilson and Emma
Ligertwood, another occupant of the home, that they were there to investigate a complaint.
However, Magee and Deputy Strong did not identify the nature of the complaint. Instead, Magee
and Deputy Strong began asking questions about dogs, and asked whether they could observe any
dogs living in or around the house.
Wilson and Ligertwood related to Magee and Deputy Strong that they were uncomfortable
answering questions to officers who refused to identify the nature of the complaint they were
investigating, but the questioning persisted. Wilson and Ligertwood ultimately felt pressured to
allow Magee and Deputy Strong to inspect the dogs in the house. Wilson informed Magee and
Deputy Strong that the dogs belonged to a third person who was not present, and that the dogs
always were kept in the house or fenced in on the property and that they never roamed freely in the
neighborhood.
After observing the dogs, Deputy Strong demanded identification from Wilson and
Ligertwood and threatened to arrest them if they did not comply and accept citations on unleashed
dog charges. At this point, Wilson withdrew into her home and called the Hillsborough County
Sheriff's Office to request assistance. A Sheriff's Office representative informed her that a
supervisor would be notified and dispatched to the premises.
Wilson returned to the front door and informed Ligertwood, Magee, and Deputy Strong what
she was told over the telephone. According to Wilson's allegations, Deputy Strong, without
warning, entered the house through the front door, grabbed Wilson, forced her to leave her home,
handcuffed her, and arrested her. Deputy Strong put Wilson in the back of his patrol car. Wilson's
complaint alleges that Magee then wrote citations, but the complaint does not allege what offenses
were charged in the citations. Wilson's complaint does allege that Wilson subsequently was taken
to the Hillsborough County Jail and that at the jail Wilson was charged with interfering with an
animal control officer, resisting arrest without violence, and battery on a law enforcement officer.
At this juncture, the record does not reveal the disposition of these charges.2
Wilson subsequently filed suit alleging that Magee and Deputy Strong's actions violated her
rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Magee and Deputy Strong each filed motions
to dismiss Wilson's claims against them in their individual capacities based on qualified immunity.
The district court denied the motions, finding Magee and Deputy Strong's arresting Wilson violated
her clearly established constitutional rights. Magee appeals that ruling.
II. DISCUSSION3
A. This Court Has Jurisdiction To Review The District Court's Denial Of Magee's Qualified
Immunity Defense
In reviewing a motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity, the district court is required
to accept the factual allegations in the plaintiff's complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences
2
Wilson's original complaint alleges that all the charges against her were dismissed.
However, Wilson's second amended complaint, at issue here, does not allege that the charges
were dismissed. Wilson's second amended complaint also does not allege that Wilson was cited
for any unleashed dog violations.
3
This court reviews a district court's denial of a motion to dismiss a complaint on the basis of
qualified immunity de novo. Flores v. Satz, 137 F.3d 1275, 1277 (11th Cir.1998).
in favor of the plaintiff. Nolen v. Jackson, 102 F.3d 1187, 1190 (11th Cir.1997). Thus, the only
issue before the district court here was whether the plaintiff's allegations set forth a violation of a
clearly established constitutional right. It is well settled that this is an issue of law. See Behrens v.
Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 313, 116 S.Ct. 834, 133 L.Ed.2d 773 (1996); Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S.
226, 232, 111 S.Ct. 1789, 114 L.Ed.2d 277 (1991); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530, 105
S.Ct. 2806, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985); Cottrell v. Caldwell, 85 F.3d 1480, 1484 (11th Cir.1996).
Consequently, the district court's order in this case is an appealable final order.
B. General Qualified Immunity Principles
Qualified immunity shields a § 1983 defendant from liability for harms arising from her
discretionary acts, so long as her acts do not violate any clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457
U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982); Jenkins by Hall v. Talladega City Bd. of
Educ., 115 F.3d 821, 823 (11th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 412, 139 L.Ed.2d
315 (1997); Lassiter v. Alabama A & M Univ., 28 F.3d 1146, 1149 (11th Cir.1994) (en banc). To
be clearly established, the contours of an asserted constitutional right "must be sufficiently clear that
a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Anderson v.
Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987); Williams v. Alabama State
Univ., 102 F.3d 1179, 1182 (11th Cir.1997). "[I]n the light of pre-existing law, the unlawfulness
must be apparent." Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034; Madiwale v. Savaiko, 117 F.3d
1321, 1324 (11th Cir.1997).
The Supreme Court and this court have stated that a plaintiff cannot strip a § 1983 defendant
of her qualified immunity by citing to general rules or abstract rights. See Anderson, 483 U.S. at
639, 107 S.Ct. 3034; Walker v. Schwalbe, 112 F.3d 1127, 1132 (11th Cir.1997) ("Plaintiffs may not
discharge their burden [of showing that a right is clearly established] by referring to general rules
and abstract rights."), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 1794, 140 L.Ed.2d 935 (1998). "Qualified
immunity focuses on the actual, specific details of concrete cases." Id. (citing Lassiter, 28 F.3d at
1149-50).
C. Magee's Acts Did Not Violate Wilson's Clearly Established Rights4
Wilson's complaint alleges that Magee and Deputy Strong violated her rights under the
Fourth Amendment. Although Wilson failed to articulate which of her Fourth Amendment rights
were violated, the district court concluded that Wilson's complaint-specifically, the allegations that
Deputy Strong entered her home, grabbed her, forced her to leave her home, handcuffed her, and
arrested her-were sufficient to state violations of Wilson's right to be free from arrest without
probable cause and her right not to be arrested in her home without an arrest warrant (absent
sufficient exigent circumstances). See Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 750, 104 S.Ct. 2091, 80
L.Ed.2d 732 (1984); Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 576, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639
(1980); Shadwick v. City of Tampa, 407 U.S. 345, 350, 92 S.Ct. 2119, 32 L.Ed.2d 783 (1972). The
district court further concluded that these rights were clearly established so that Magee and Deputy
Strong should have been aware that their actions violated Wilson's constitutional rights under the
circumstances. With respect to Magee, we disagree.
In concluding that Magee was not entitled to qualified immunity, the district court relied
solely on Deputy Strong's conduct. However, it is axiomatic that a § 1983 defendant cannot be
stripped of qualified immunity unless "what [s]he is doing violates [a clearly established] right."
Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034 (emphasis supplied). Wilson's complaint contains no
4
The parties do not dispute that Magee and Deputy Strong were acting within their
discretionary authority at all relevant times.
allegation that Magee entered her home, or that Magee made any physical contact with her, or that
Magee handcuffed her or placed her in Deputy Strong's patrol car, or that Magee told Deputy Strong
to do any of the foregoing. In short, Deputy Strong, and not Magee, effectuated Wilson's allegedly
unlawful arrest. Magee only witnessed the arrest. Indeed, as an animal control officer, Magee has
no authority to arrest.5 Also, Magee's ministerial actions of writing the citations after Wilson was
placed in Deputy Strong's patrol car did not make Magee a co-arresting officer in this particular
arrest.
Wilson attempts to avoid the crucial fact that Magee did not arrest her by alleging that
Magee had a clearly established constitutional duty to intervene to halt Deputy Strong's actions. For
this proposition, Wilson relies almost exclusively on the Sixth Circuit's decision in Durham v.
Nu'Man, 97 F.3d 862 (6th Cir.1996), cert. denied sub nom. Glover v. Durham, --- U.S. ----, 117
S.Ct. 1337, 137 L.Ed.2d 496 (1997). There, the Sixth Circuit held that a hospital nurse-whose
complaints about a patient ultimately led to the patient's being beaten by hospital security guards-had
a clearly established constitutional duty to intervene to halt the beating. Id. at 868. Wilson argues
that similar to the nurse in Durham, Magee should be held liable for Deputy Strong's conduct
because Magee initiated the investigation which ultimately led to Deputy Strong's actions and
Magee failed to intervene to stop Deputy Strong's allegedly unconstitutional conduct.
Wilson's reliance on Durham is misplaced. First, Wilson's complaint does not allege that
Magee failed to intervene to halt Deputy Strong's actions or that Magee violated any of Wilson's
constitutional rights by failing to intervene. See GJR Investments, Inc. v. County of Escambia, Fla.,
132 F.3d 1359, 1367 (11th Cir.1998) ("[T]his circuit, along with others, has tightened the application
5
By statute, an animal control officer in Florida "is not authorized to bear arms or make
arrests...." Fla. Stat. ch. 828.27(1)(b).
of Rule 8 [of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] with respect to § 1983 cases in an effort to weed
out nonmeritorious claims, requiring that a § 1983 plaintiff allege with some specificity the facts
which make out its claim."). Thus, Wilson's complaint did not allege with sufficient particularity
a violation of the right she now claims was clearly established on the day of her arrest.
Second, "[i]n this circuit, the law can be "clearly established' for qualified immunity purposes
only by decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, or the highest court
of the state where the case arose." Jenkins, 115 F.3d at 826 n. 4. In other words, Wilson cannot rely
upon the Sixth Circuit's decision in Durham to show that Magee violated a clearly established legal
duty. Wilson fails to cite, and we have not uncovered, any decision of the United States Supreme
Court, the Eleventh Circuit, or the Florida Supreme Court which holds that a non-law enforcement
officer, in circumstances materially similar to those here, has a duty to intervene to halt an unlawful
arrest by a law enforcement officer.
Finally, the facts of Durham-hospital security guards beating a defenseless patient-are totally
different from the facts of the instant case. See Lassiter, 28 F.3d at 1150 (stating that in determining
whether a prior case creates a clearly established right, "[t]he facts [of the prior case] need not be
the same as the facts of the immediate case. But they do need to be materially similar."). Thus, the
Sixth Circuit's recognizing a duty to intervene on the facts in Durham in no way suggests that Magee
should have known that her failing to intervene here was unlawful under the circumstances.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that Magee is entitled to qualified immunity on
Wilson's Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims. Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court's
denial of Magee's motion to dismiss those claims and REMAND to the district court for further
proceedings.
REVERSED and REMANDED.