United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 96-3752.
Michael ALEXANDER, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Kathleen HAWK, Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
Nov. 5, 1998.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 96-276-CIV-
OC-10), William Terrell Hodges, Judge.
Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, HULL, Circuit Judge, and MOORE*, District Judge.
HULL, Circuit Judge:
Michael Alexander, a federal prisoner, brought suit against prison officials claiming that their
enforcement of new federal legislation restricting prisoners' access to magazines which are sexually
explicit or feature nudity violates his First Amendment rights. Alexander appeals the district court's
dismissal of his action for failure to exhaust administrative remedies as required by the Prison
Litigation Reform Act of 1995 ("PLRA"), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (1996). After review, we affirm.
I. Facts
Since 1979, the Federal Bureau of Prisons' ("BOP") regulations have prohibited inmates from
receiving sexually explicit materials deemed potentially detrimental to security, good order, or
discipline, such as materials depicting sadomasochism, bestiality, or involving children. See 28
C.F.R. §§ 540.70-540.71. In 1996, Congress enacted the Ensign Amendment further prohibiting the
*
Honorable William T. Moore, Jr., U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Georgia,
sitting by designation.
BOP from using funds "to distribute or make available ... to a prisoner" any commercially published
information or material that "is sexually explicit or features nudity," as follows:
None of the funds made available in this Act to the Federal Bureau of Prisons may be used
to distribute or make available any commercially published information or material to a
prisoner when it is made known to the federal official having authority to obligate or expend
such funds that such information or material is sexually explicit or features nudity.
Pub.L. No. 104-208, § 614, 110 Stat. 3009 (Sept. 30, 1996).1
In response to the Ensign Amendment, the BOP enacted Program Statement Number 5266.07
and regulations in 28 C.F.R. § 540.72. Section 540.72 defines the Ensign Amendment's terms, such
as "nudity," "features," and "sexually explicit." § 540.72(b)(1)-(4). Section 540.72 also explains the
BOP's process for returning prohibited materials and for notifying the sender, publisher, and inmate
of that action. § 540.72(a).
The Program Statement provides greater detail about how the BOP will determine whether
a publication "features nudity" or "is sexually explicit" and how the prohibited materials will be
returned. For example, the Program Statement specifically mentions that National Geographic, the
Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue, and Victoria's Secret catalog are not considered to "feature
nudity," but warns that even these publications could be prohibited if the "current practices" of their
publishers change. Id. at 7. The Program Statement provides that "inmates may use the
Administrative Remedy Program to appeal return of the material." Id. at 6.
On November 5, 1996, BOP officials notified inmates that these new restrictions would
become effective on December 1, 1996, and advised inmates to cancel their subscriptions to any
1
The Ensign Amendment was enacted as section 614 of the Omnibus Consolidated
Appropriations Act of 1997. The Ensign Amendment was upheld by the D.C. Circuit. Amatel v.
Reno, 156 F.3d 192 (1998) (Wald, J., dissenting), reversing 975 F.Supp. 365 (D.D.C.1997).
2
prohibited materials. On November 15, 1996, Alexander filed this Bivens action against the
defendants, challenging not only the constitutionality of the Ensign Amendment but also the BOP's
interpretation and implementation of the Ensign Amendment through its regulations and Program
Statement. Alexander sought an injunction, declaratory relief, and monetary damages.
On November 20, 1996, the district court sua sponte dismissed without prejudice Alexander's
action for failure to exhaust administrative remedies as required by section 1997e(a) of the PLRA.
42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (1996).2 The district court also denied Alexander's motion for injunctive relief
due to non-compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 and Local Rules 4.05 and 4.06.
Alexander timely appealed.3
II. Standard of Review
The pre-PLRA section 1997e(a) granted district courts discretion whether to require a
prisoner to exhaust his administrative remedies.4 A district court's dismissal for failure to exhaust
2
Although not officially part of the record on appeal, Alexander's Supplemental Brief
mentions that he attempted to obtain administrative relief through the ARP after the district court
dismissed this action. Id. at 16 n. 11. Alexander's Supplemental Brief also states that his ARP
grievance ultimately was rejected on February 19, 1997. Id. However, whether the district court
properly dismissed Alexander's action without prejudice must be examined as of the time of that
dismissal.
3
On September 30, 1997, Judge Tjoflat of this Court appointed an attorney to represent
Alexander on appeal. After Alexander's motion to have his appointed attorney withdraw was
denied, Alexander disavowed the Supplemental Brief filed on his behalf by the attorney.
However, this disavowal does not impact the outcome of this appeal.
None of the defendants was ever served or entered an appearance. However, the
United States of America filed an amicus brief.
4
This previous version of section 1997e(a) provided as follows:
(1) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2), in any action brought pursuant to
section 1983 of this title by an adult convicted of a crime confined in any jail,
prison, or other correctional facility, the court shall, if the court believes that such
3
was reviewed only for abuse of discretion. See Irwin v. Hawk, 40 F.3d 347, 348 (11th Cir.1994);
see also McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 144, 112 S.Ct. 1081, 1086, 117 L.Ed.2d 291 (1992)
(noting, in the pre-PLRA context, that "where Congress has not clearly required exhaustion, sound
judicial discretion governs").
As outlined in detail later, Congress now has mandated exhaustion in the PLRA. 42 U.S.C.
§ 1997e(a). Other circuits have held that the standard of review of dismissals for failure to exhaust
under the PLRA is de novo. See Jenkins v. Morton, 148 F.3d 257, 259 (3d Cir.1998) (exercising
"plenary review" of a district court's dismissal for failure to exhaust administrative remedies under
PLRA's section 1997e(a)); White v. McGinnis, 131 F.3d 593, 595 (6th Cir.1997) (reviewing de novo
district court's dismissal pursuant to PLRA's section 1997e(a) for failure to exhaust remedies);
Garrett v. Hawk, 127 F.3d 1263, 1264 (10th Cir.1997) (same).
While this issue has not been addressed, this Circuit repeatedly has held that a district court's
interpretation and application of a statute are subject to de novo review. See, e.g., Ochran v. United
States, 117 F.3d 495, 499 (11th Cir.1997) ("We review de novo the district court's ... interpretation
and application of the statutory provisions."); Powers v. United States, 996 F.2d 1121, 1123 (11th
Cir.1993) ("We review de novo a district court's interpretation and application of a statute."). Thus,
we likewise conclude that the district court's interpretation of section 1997e(a)'s exhaustion
requirements and application of section 1997e(a) to Alexander's claims are subject to de novo
review.
a requirement would be appropriate and in the interests of justice, continue such
case for a period of not to exceed 180 days in order to require exhaustion of such
plain, speedy, and effective administrative remedies as are available.
42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a)(1) (1994) (amended 1996) (emphasis supplied).
4
III. Discussion
A. Section 1997e(a) of the PLRA
Section 1997e(a) of the PLRA mandates that "no action shall be brought" by a prisoner under
any federal law until the prisoner has exhausted all "administrative remedies as are available," as
follows:
No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title,
or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison or other correctional
facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.
Id. The PLRA's exhaustion requirement applies because Alexander's Bivens complaint was filed
after the April 26, 1996 effective date of the PLRA.
Congress enacted this mandatory exhaustion requirement in section 1997e(a) as part of the
PLRA's effort to curtail frivolous and abusive prisoner litigation. See, e.g., Rivera v. Allin, 144 F.3d
719, 727-28 (11th Cir.1998). As this Court observed in Rivera, "Congress did not enact the PLRA
in a vacuum. It held hearings and rendered findings, concluding that prisoners file more frivolous
lawsuits than any other class of persons." Id. at 728. Congress found that the number of prisoner
lawsuits "has grown astronomically-from 6,600 in 1975 to more than 39,000 in 1994." 141 Cong.
Rec. S14408-01, *S14413 (daily ed. Sept. 27, 1995). Indeed, by 1995 more than twenty-five
percent of the suits filed in federal district court were brought by prisoners. Roller v. Gunn, 107
F.3d 227, 230 (4th Cir.1997) (citing Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 1995 Federal
Court Management Statistics 167). Congress intended section 1997e(a) to "curtail the ability of
prisoners to bring frivolous and malicious lawsuits by forcing prisoners to exhaust all administrative
remedies before bringing suit in Federal court." 141 Cong. Rec. H1472-06, *H1480 (daily ed. Feb.
9, 1995).
5
B. Section 1997e(a) Applies to Federal Prisoners
Alexander's first contention that section 1997e(a) applies only to state prisoners lacks merit.
The pre-PLRA statute did apply only to state prisoners because it addressed only section 1983
actions involving state action. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a)(1) (1994) (amended 1996).5 McCarthy v.
Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 150, 112 S.Ct. 1081, 1089, 117 L.Ed.2d 291 (1992).6 However, the text of
the current section 1997e(a) expressly provides that its exhaustion requirement applies to actions
brought "under section 1983 ... or any other Federal law." Thus, section 1997e(a) by its own terms
clearly applies to Alexander's Bivens action.
The Tenth Circuit reached this same conclusion in Garrett v. Hawk, 127 F.3d 1263, 1265
(10th Cir.1997), where a federal prisoner brought a Bivens action alleging deliberate indifference
to his medical needs and use of excessive force. Garrett held that "[b]ecause § 1997e pertains to
"any action brought ... under ... any [ ] Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison or other
correctional facility,' the exhaustion requirements now apply to Bivens suits brought by federal
prisoners against federal officials as well." Id. (citation omitted).7
5
Section 1983 creates a civil cause of action for any person deprived of any rights, privileges,
or immunities, secured by the Constitution and laws, by another person acting under color of
state law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See also text of pre-PLRA section 1997e(a)(1) at footnote 4.
6
McCarthy explained the limited nature of the pre-PLRA statute, as follows:
Section 1997e imposes a limited exhaustion requirement for a claim brought by a
state prisoner under Rev. Stat. § 1979, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, provided that the
underlying state prison administrative remedy meets specified standards....
Section 1997e has no direct application in this case, because at issue here is a
Bivens claim by a federal prisoner against federal prison officials.
503 U.S. at 150; 112 S.Ct. at 1089.
7
Notably, Garrett also observed that McCarthy's conclusion that the pre-PLRA statute did not
require federal prisoners to exhaust administrative remedies was based on the limited nature of
6
In addition, legislative history makes clear that Congress intended PLRA section 1997e(a)
to apply to both state and federal prisoners. See Garrett, 127 F.3d at 1265. Remarks during the
floor debate on the PLRA criticized the McCarthy decision and mentioned that since that decision
restricting exhaustion to state prisoners "a total of 1,365 new Bivens cases [have been] filed in
Federal court tying up the time of Federal judges and lawyers for the Bureau of Prisons at a time
when we already have overcrowded dockets." 141 Cong. Rec. H14078-02, *H14105 (daily ed. Dec.
6, 1995).8 Further remarks were made to the effect that "[t]he new administrative exhaustion
language in H.R.2076 [the PLRA] will require that all cases brought by Federal inmates contesting
any aspect of their incarceration be submitted to administrative remedy process before proceeding
to court." Id. See also Garrett, 127 F.3d at 1265. In short, PLRA section 1997e(a) now applies to
both federal and state prisoners.
C. Futility and Inadequacy Doctrines
Alexander's next contention is that the BOP's administrative remedies are futile and
inadequate in his case because the BOP has no authority to award him monetary damages or to
declare the Ensign Amendment unconstitutional. As a result, Alexander asserts that there were no
the pre-PLRA statute, which required exhaustion in only section 1983 cases. Id. at 1264-65.
Garrett explained that by adding the clause "or any other Federal law" in section 1997e(a)
Congress expanded the types of cases to which the exhaustion requirement would apply beyond
section 1983 cases. Id. at 1265. Garrett also noted that the language of 1997e(a) is
mandatory—"[n]o action shall be brought ..."—in contrast to the pre-PLRA statute's language,
which was discretionary—"if the court believes that such a requirement would be appropriate
and in the interests of justice." Id. Therefore, Garrett concluded McCarthy does not apply to the
current section 1997e(a). Id.
8
As explained in Garrett, because Congress enacted PLRA as a rider to an appropriations bill,
"floor debate is more indicative of legislative intent than it otherwise would be, especially where
the floor statements in favor of the bill remain uncontested." 127 F.3d at 1265 n. 2.
7
administrative remedies "available" to him and that the mandatory exhaustion requirement of section
1997e(a) does not apply to his type of claims. We disagree for several reasons.
First, Alexander's complaint sought an injunction not only against the Ensign Amendment,
but also against the BOP's interpretation and implementation of that statute through its regulations
and Program Statement. Even prior to the PLRA, this Court held that prisoners seeking monetary
damages and injunctive relief should exhaust administrative grievance procedures that were
arguably futile and inadequate before filing a section 1983 action regarding prison conditions. Irwin
v. Hawk, 40 F.3d 347, 348-49 (11th Cir.1994). The Irwin Court acknowledged McCarthy's holding
"that a federal prisoner who initiates a Bivens claim solely for money damages need not exhaust the
grievance procedure before seeking judicial review of his claim. 503 U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1088."
Irwin, 40 F.3d at 348 (emphasis supplied). This Court in Irwin then noted that "[t]he Court in
McCarthy, however, explicitly reserved ruling on whether an exhaustion of remedies requirement
is appropriate in a case such as Irwin's, where the inmate seeks both monetary and injunctive relief."
Id.9 This Court in Irwin then agreed with the Seventh Circuit's conclusion that exhaustion should be
required even if it appears futile, as follows:
No doubt denial is the likeliest outcome but that is not sufficient reason for waiving the
requirement of exhaustion. Lightening may strike: and even if it doesn't, in denying relief
9
In Irwin, this Court quoted the Supreme Court's footnote in McCarthy to this effect, as
follows:
Petitioner concedes that if his complaint contained a prayer for injunctive relief,
exhaustion principles would apply differently. Were injunctive relief sought, the
grievance procedure probably would be capable of producing the type of
corrective action desired.
Id.
8
the Bureau may give a statement of its reasons that is helpful to the district court in
considering the merits of the claim. Greene v. Meese, 875 F.2d 639, 641 (7th Cir.1989).
Irwin, 40 F.3d at 349. In reaching its conclusion, the Irwin Court relied on a previous decision,
Caraballo-Sandoval v. Honsted, 35 F.3d 521, 524 (11th Cir.1994), which also held that the district
court properly dismissed the prisoner's claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies where
the prisoner sought both monetary and injunctive relief. See Irwin, 40 F.3d at 348-49.
Second, the judicially recognized futility and inadequacy exceptions do not survive the new
mandatory exhaustion requirement of the PLRA. Exhaustion of administrative remedies may be
either mandated by statute or imposed as a matter of judicial discretion. Congress now has
mandated exhaustion in section 1997e(a) and there is no longer discretion to waive the exhaustion
requirement. The Supreme Court has made clear that "[w]here Congress specifically mandates,
exhaustion is required." McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 144, 112 S.Ct. 1081, 1086, 117
L.Ed.2d 291 (1992).10 Since exhaustion is now a pre-condition to suit, the courts cannot simply
waive those requirements where they determine they are futile or inadequate. Such an interpretation
would impose an enormous loophole in the PLRA, which Congress clearly did not intend.
Mandatory exhaustion is not satisfied by a judicial conclusion that the requirement need not apply.
Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 766, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 2467, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975) (holding that
10
In McCarthy, the Supreme Court noted that where Congress specifically mandates, a
plaintiff must exhaust the administrative remedies available to him before he may file in federal
court, but held that there was no specific mandate in the pre-PLRA section 1997e(a) context.
503 U.S. at 144, 112 S.Ct. at 1086. See also McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 111, 113
S.Ct. 1980, 1983, 124 L.Ed.2d 21 (1993) (in a claim by a prisoner under the Federal Torts
Claims Act, holding that the language that an "action shall not be instituted" until a final agency
judgment mandated exhaustion before the filing of a case).
9
where exhaustion is a statutorily specified jurisdictional prerequisite, "the requirement ... may not
be dispensed with merely by a judicial conclusion of futility").
Alexander emphasizes that even though exhaustion is now mandatory, the PLRA still
mandates exhaustion only when there is an "available" remedy. Since the BOP cannot award money
damages or declare the Ensign Amendment unconstitutional, Alexander argues that there is no
adequate remedy and thus no "available" remedy. However, the term "administrative remedies as
are available" does not mean an adequate administrative remedy for several reasons.
First, the pre-PLRA statute required "exhaustion of such plain, speedy, and effective
administrative remedies as are available," 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a)(1) (1994) (amended 1996)
(emphasis supplied). Indeed, in McCarthy, the Supreme Court explicitly relied on this statute's
requirement of "effective administrative remedies" in concluding that a prisoner seeking money
damages, which could not be awarded by the BOP's Administrative Remedy Program ("ARP"),
would not have an adequate administrative remedy available and therefore would not be required
to exhaust administrative remedies. 503 U.S. at 150, 112 S.Ct. at 1089. In stark contrast, the current
PLRA section 1997e(a) does not condition the exhaustion requirement on the administrative
remedies being "plain, speedy, and effective." Instead, section 1997e(a) merely provides for
exhaustion of "such administrative remedies as are available." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (1996). The
removal of the qualifiers "plain, speedy, and effective" from the PLRA's mandatory exhaustion
requirement indicates that Congress no longer wanted courts to examine the effectiveness of
administrative remedies but rather to focus solely on whether an administrative remedy program is
"available" in the prison involved.
10
Secondly, Alexander's proffered construction of "remedies as are available" would require
courts to evaluate each cause of action and each type of relief sought in each prisoner's complaint
and determine whether the BOP can grant any adequate relief. This is not what the PLRA provides
or what Congress intended.11 We find that the term "available" in section 1997e(a) is used to
acknowledge that not all prisons actually have administrative remedy programs. Some state penal
institutions may not have an administrative remedy program to address prison conditions, and thus
there are no "available" administrative remedies to exhaust. Section 1997e(a) permits these
prisoners to pursue their claims directly in federal court. However, here, the BOP has an available
administrative remedy program.
Finally, Alexander cites several post-PLRA decisions that did not require a prisoner to
pursue a remedy under the BOP's ARP or a state's prison grievance program because those courts
determined that there was no adequate remedy. Garrett v. Hawk, 127 F.3d 1263 (10th Cir.1997)
(Bivens claim by federal inmate); Jackson v. DeTella, 998 F.Supp. 901, 904 (N.D.Ill.1998) (claim
by a state inmate); Sanders v. Elyea, (N.D.Ill.1998)(same), and Lacey v. C.S.P. Solano Medical
Staff, 990 F.Supp. 1199, 1205 (E.D.Cal.1997)(same). These decisions do not persuade us to accept
11
Congress amended section 1997e(a) largely in response to concerns about the heavy volume
of frivolous prison litigation in the federal courts. See, e.g., 141 Cong. Rec. H14078-02,
*H14105 (daily ed. Dec. 6, 1995). Congress desired "to wrest control of our prisons from the
lawyers and the inmates and return that control to competent administrators appointed to look
out for society's interests as well as the legitimate needs of prisoners." 141 Cong. Rec. S14408-
01, *S14418 (daily ed. Sept. 27, 1995). Prisoners' complaints about prison conditions are often
filed pro se and generally contain a lengthy layman's recitation of complaints about the prison
without articulating clearly the legal causes of action in issue and necessitating significant
expenditure of judicial resources to review and refine the nature of the legal claims in a
prisoner's complaint. With these considerations in mind, Congress mandated that prisoners
exhaust administrative remedies and eliminated courts' conducting case-by-case inquiries until
after a prisoner has presented his claims to a particular administrative remedy program, which
often helps focus and clarify the issues for the court.
11
Alexander's position. None of these cases discusses Congress's removal of the pre-PLRA condition
that available remedies be "plain, speedy, and effective" from section 1997e(a). Also, only Garrett
examines the legislative history of the PLRA, but even Garrett overlooks the guidance the
legislative history of the PLRA offers for determining Congress's intent in amending section
1997e(a) to require exhaustion of "such administrative remedies as are available." In any event,
Garrett, Jackson, and Lacey involved claims for only monetary relief, and Sanders does not specify
the type of relief sought. In contrast, Alexander seeks both monetary and injunctive relief. Since
both the plain language and the legislative history of the PLRA support the result here, we decline
to follow these decisions.
Requiring mandatory exhaustion if a prison has an available administrative grievance
procedure is consistent with this Court's longstanding recognition of the usefulness of exhaustion
requirements. In Kobleur v. Group Hospitalization & Medical Services, Inc., 954 F.2d 705 (11th
Cir.1992), this Court set out these seven policies favoring exhaustion:
(1) to avoid premature interruption of the administrative process; (2) to let the agency
develop the necessary factual background upon which decisions should be based; (3) to
permit the agency to exercise its discretion or apply its expertise; (4) to improve the
efficiency of the administrative process; (5) to conserve scarce judicial resources, since the
complaining party may be successful in vindicating rights in the administrative process and
the courts may never have to intervene; (6) to give the agency a chance to discover and
correct its own errors; and (7) to avoid the possibility that "frequent and deliberate flouting
of the administrative processes could weaken the effectiveness of an agency by encouraging
people to ignore its procedures."
Id. at 712 (citations omitted). Each policy is served by requiring Alexander to exhaust remedies
where the BOP has an available administrative remedy procedure.
For example, the BOP frequently interprets and implements a general statute through more
specific regulations and program statements. In this case, the Ensign Amendment does not define
12
the term "sexually explicit," and the BOP adopted regulations and a Program Statement defining that
term and applying it to various publications. During the administrative grievance process, the BOP
could review its interpretation and correct any mistakes it might find before the federal judiciary
became involved. Even if the BOP decided not to revise its interpretation and plan for implementing
the Ensign Amendment, the BOP at least would be able to explain why it believed its interpretation
properly construed the Ensign Amendment and satisfied constitutional standards.
Secondly, even if the complaining prisoner seeks only money damages, the prisoner may be
successful in having the BOP halt the infringing practice, which at least freezes the time frame for
the prisoner's damages.
Thirdly, in constitutional challenges, the BOP could create a record explaining its legitimate
penological justifications for the new restrictions and for the BOP's implementing regulations. Even
if the BOP did not grant relief, a prisoner's resort to the administrative process is not futile, but
allows grievances to be heard and a record to be created for review in any subsequent proceedings.12
Courts not only conserve time and effort as a result of any factfinding during the ARP proceedings,
12
Indeed, the need for a more fully developed record is mainly what divided the court in
Amatel v. Reno, 156 F.3d 192 (D.C.Cir.1998), a recent decision in which a divided court in the
District of Columbia Circuit upheld the Ensign Amendment and regulations implementing it.
For example, the panel did not agree about how broadly the prohibition of materials would
extend under the BOP's Program Statement. The majority relies on the list of permitted
publications, including National Geographic and Victoria's Secret Catalog, to argue that the BOP
would be unlikely to exclude "fringe" materials which arguably "feature nudity" within the
definitions set out in the BOP regulations but which are considered to have social, literary, or
artistic value. Id. at 201-02. However, the dissent takes the position that the ban imposed by the
regulations is so broad prison wardens may not have discretion to distribute works that "speak[ ]
intelligently to mankind," such as Michelangelo's David, to inmates. Id. at 210-11. The dissent
also expresses concern that the record on the penological justifications for the Ensign
Amendment and regulations implementing it was "too Spartan" and therefore declines to go
along with the majority in finding a link between the restrictions on magazines and the
rehabilitation of inmates. Id. at 207-09 (Wald, J., dissenting).
13
but also benefit from the BOP's expertise in interpreting its own regulations and applying them to
the facts before it.
In summary, we conclude that section 1997e(a) requires Alexander to submit his claims for
monetary and injunctive relief to the BOP's available prison grievance program, even if the relief
offered by that program does not appear to be "plain, speedy, and effective," before filing those
claims in federal court. The judicially created futility and inadequacy doctrines do not survive the
PLRA's mandatory exhaustion requirement.
IV. Conclusion
For all of the foregoing reasons, the district court's dismissal of Alexander's complaint for
failure to exhaust administrative remedies as required by section 1997e(a) of the PLRA is
AFFIRMED.
14