IN RE: Jimmy Roger MORGAN; Jamie Lynne Morgan, Debtors.
Jimmy Roger Morgan; Jamie Lynne Morgan, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
United States of America, by and through the Internal Revenue Service, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 98-8159.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
July 26, 1999.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (No. 1:97-CV-604-JEC),
Julie Carnes, Judge.
Before COX, CARNES and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Chapter 13 debtors, Jimmy Roger Morgan and Jamie Lynne Morgan, filed a successive bankruptcy
petition in January 1995. They now appeal the district court's order denying their objection to the Internal
Revenue Service's claim as a priority claim. The district court held that IRS's claim was a priority claim
because the three year priority period of 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) was tolled during the pendency of the
Morgans' first Chapter 13 case. We vacate and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
The relevant facts are undisputed. The Morgans first filed for relief under Chapter 13 of the
Bankruptcy Code in August 1990. In that case, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") filed a proof of claim
for income taxes owed by the Morgans for the years 1987, 1988, and 1989 in the amount of $29,207. Shortly
after filing their petition, the Morgans filed a repayment plan in accordance with 11 U.S.C. § 1322. The
Morgans' Chapter 13 plan proposed to pay in full all claims classified as "priority claims" under 11 U.S.C.
§ 1322(a)(2), including the IRS claim, and was confirmed in November 1990.
The Morgans, however, failed to make all of the payments required by their Chapter 13 plan. For
this reason, the United States trustee moved to dismiss the Morgans' first bankruptcy case. The bankruptcy
judge dismissed the Morgans' first case in October 1994. While the Morgans made some payments to the IRS
during their first Chapter 13 proceeding, they did not make all of the payments required and the IRS claim
was not satisfied prior to the dismissal.
Soon after, in January 1995, the Morgans filed a second Chapter 13 petition. The IRS again filed a
proof of claim for income taxes owed by the Morgans for the years 1987, 1988 and 1989. The IRS asserted
that this was a "priority claim" pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) and due to be paid in full.1 The
Morgans objected, arguing that § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) only grants priority status to claims less than three years
old. The Morgans argued that because these tax liabilities were over three years old, they were not entitled
to priority status. The bankruptcy judge concluded, however, that the three year priority period allowed for
unpaid income taxes should be tolled during the pendency of the Morgans' first bankruptcy proceeding. On
this basis, the bankruptcy judge entered an order denying the Morgans' objection to the IRS claim. The
district court affirmed the bankruptcy judge's decision. The Morgans appeal.
II. ISSUE & STANDARD OF REVIEW
The narrow issue that we must address is whether the three year priority period of 11 U.S.C. §
507(a)(8)(A)(i), which governs income tax claims, may be tolled during the pendency of a prior bankruptcy
proceeding. This is a question of law involving the interpretation and application of the Bankruptcy Code,
and our review is de novo. See In re James Cable Partners, L.P., 27 F.3d 534, 536 (11th Cir.1994).
III. CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES
On appeal, the Morgans contend that their tax liability for 1987, 1988 and 1989 should be discharged
in their second Chapter 13 proceeding, because the tax liability is older than the three years allowed under
§ 507(a)(8)(A)(i). The Morgans argue that the plain language of the Bankruptcy Code does not allow for
tolling this three year priority period during the pendency of their first bankruptcy proceeding.
1
Neither party disputes that the IRS tax claims in the Morgans' first Chapter 13 proceeding were
entitled to priority status under § 507(a)(8)(A)(i).
The IRS, on the other hand, contends that an automatic stay during the Morgans' first bankruptcy
proceeding prevented it from collecting the tax liability. For this reason, the IRS argues, the three year
priority period of § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) should be tolled during the pendency of the Morgans' first Chapter 13 case
and the tax liability should not be discharged.
IV. DISCUSSION
Priority claims under 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) are due to be paid in full under a Chapter 13
repayment plan, see 11 U.S.C. § 1322(a), and also receive protection against discharge. See 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(1). Section 507(a)(8)(A)(i) provides that unpaid income taxes are entitled to "priority status" so long
as the tax returns were due less than three years before the filing date of the bankruptcy petition.2 Neither
party disputes that the tax liability in question is now more than three years old and normally would be
discharged under 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a).3
In this case, the IRS was prevented from collecting the unpaid income taxes during the pendency of
the first bankruptcy proceeding by the provisions of the confirmed plan and the automatic stay imposed by
2
Section 507 provides in pertinent part:
(a) The following expenses and claims have priority in the following order:
....
(8) Eighth, allowed unsecured claims of governmental units, only to the extent
that such claims are for—
(A) a tax on or measured by income or gross receipts—
(i) for a taxable year ending on or before the date of the filing of the petition for
which a return, if required, is last due, including extensions, after three years
before the date of the filing of the petition;
11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) (Supp.1998).
3
Income tax liability that qualifies as a priority claim also receives protection against the general
pre-petition discharge provision in 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a). See 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(1) (Supp.1992)
(providing for exceptions to the discharge of certain tax liability, including tax liabilities that are priority
claims under 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(A)(i)).
11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(6). The IRS contends that in cases like this, the three year priority period should be tolled
during the pendency of the first bankruptcy proceeding.
Bankruptcy law aims to serve both the debtor and the creditor. While the law attempts to give an
honest debtor a fresh start, In re Folendore, 862 F.2d 1537, 1540 (11th Cir.1989), Congress also "intended
to give the government the benefit of certain time periods to pursue its collection efforts." See In re Richards,
994 F.2d 763, 765 (10th Cir.1993). Both parties agree that the plain language of the Bankruptcy Code fails
to provide explicitly for tolling the three year priority period in § 507(a)(8)(A)(i).4 Thus, the question we face
is whether the priority period of § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) may be tolled during a prior bankruptcy proceeding in the
absence of explicit language in applicable statutes permitting such tolling.
Every circuit that has addressed this issue, except for the Fifth Circuit, has concluded that the three
year priority period may be tolled during a prior bankruptcy proceeding. The circuits differ in their reasoning
as to why tolling is permitted. A majority of the circuits rely upon an interpretation of 11 U.S.C. § 108(c)
to answer this question. Section 108(c) extends the statute of limitations for creditors, "if applicable
nonbankruptcy law ... fixes a period for commencing or continuing a civil action in a court other than a
bankruptcy court on a claim against the debtor" and the creditor is hampered from proceeding outside the
bankruptcy court because of the automatic stay.5 These courts have concluded that § 108(c), considered in
4
In its brief, the IRS states that, "we agree that the literal language of the above provisions [§ 507(a)
], including Bankruptcy Code § 108(c) and I.R.C. §§ 6503(b) and (h) do not require suspension of the 3-
year priority period...." (Appellee Br. at 43).
5
Section 108(c) provides:
(c) Except as provided in section 524 of this title, if applicable nonbankruptcy law, an
order entered in a nonbankruptcy proceeding, or an agreement fixes a period for
commencing or continuing a civil action in a court other than a bankruptcy court on a
claim against the debtor, or against an individual with respect to which such individual is
protected under section 1201 or 1301 of this title, and such period has not expired before
the date of the filing of the petition, then such period does not expire until the later of—
(1) the end of such period, including any suspension of such period occurring on
or after the commencement of the case; or
(2) 30 days after notice of the termination or expiration of the stay under section
conjunction with 26 U.S.C. § 6503(b) of the Internal Revenue Code (which suspends the limitation period
on tax collection against a debtor), tolls the three year priority period. See In re Waugh, 109 F.3d 489 (8th
Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. (1997); In re Taylor, 81 F.3d 20, 23 (3d Cir.1996); In re Montoya, 965 F.2d
554, 556 (7th Cir.1992); see also In re West, 5 F.3d 423 (9th Cir.1993) (suspending the running of §
507(a)(7)(ii)'s 240-day priority period). Both the bankruptcy judge and the district court followed the
majority approach and concluded that § 108(c) and § 6503(b) work in conjunction to toll the three year
priority period during the pendency of the Morgans' first bankruptcy proceeding.
Other courts have held, however, that the plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) is insufficient to toll
the priority period of § 507(a)(8)(A)(i). See In re Quenzer, 19 F.3d 163, 165 (5th Cir.1993) (concluding that
§ 108(c) was insufficient to allow for the tolling of the three year period); see also In re Eysenbach, 170 B.R.
57 (Bankr.W.D.N.Y.1994) ("As a provision of the Bankruptcy Code, section 507 is obviously not subject to
the tolling powers of section 108(c)."); In re Gore, 182 B.R. 293 (Bankr.S.D.Ala.1995). These courts rely
on the plain language of 108(c) which states that it only applies to "nonbankruptcy law" and "nonbankruptcy
proceedings" and therefore could not apply to the bankruptcy provision, § 507(a)(8)(A)(i). We agree.
Although we conclude that § 108(c) is insufficient to toll the three year priority period, we find
support for tolling the priority period in 11 U.S.C. § 105(a).6 The IRS argued in the bankruptcy court that
the court's equitable powers under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) were sufficient to toll the three year priority period.
The bankruptcy court and the district court found it unnecessary to reach that question, finding instead that
tolling the priority period was mandated.
362, 922, 1201, or 1301 of this title, as the case may be, with respect to such a
claim.
11 U.S.C. § 108(c) (1993).
6
See Bonanni Ship Supply, Inc. v. United States, 959 F.2d 1558, 1561 (11th Cir.1992) (noting that
"this court may affirm the district court where the judgment entered is correct on any legal ground
regardless of the grounds addressed, adopted or rejected by the district court.")
We have long held that " '[b]ankruptcy courts are indeed courts of equity, and they have the power
to adjust claims to avoid injustice or unfairness.' " In re Empire for Him, Inc., 1 F.3d 1156, 1160 (11th
Cir.1993) (quoting In re Saybrook Mfg. Co., 963 F.2d 1490, 1495 (11th Cir.1992)). Section 105(a) grants
the bankruptcy court the power to "issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to
carry out the provisions" of the Bankruptcy Code and take "any action or mak[e] any determination necessary
to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process."7 The Tenth Circuit, in In
re Richards, 994 F.2d at 765, held that 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) is broad enough "to suspend the 240 day
assessment period in 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(7)(A)(ii)." We find the Tenth Circuit's rationale persuasive, and,
like the Ninth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, we believe this rationale also applies to the three year
priority period set forth in § 507(a)(8)(A)(i). See, In re Gurney, 192 B.R. 529, 537 (9th Cir.BAP 1996). As
a result, we conclude that 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) is broad enough to permit a bankruptcy court, exercising its
equitable powers, to toll the three year priority period, where appropriate, during the pendency of a debtor's
prior bankruptcy proceeding.
"Interpreting [the Bankruptcy Code] literally would allow a debtor to create an 'impenetrable refuge'
by filing a bankruptcy petition, waiting for [§ 507(a)(8)'s] priority periods to expire, and then dismissing the
case and refiling shortly thereafter." In re West, 5 F.3d 423, 426 (9th Cir.1993) (citing In re Florence, 115
B.R. 109, 111 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1990)). Due to congressional intent, which favors allowing the government
sufficient time to collect taxes, and the fear that taxpayers may abuse the bankruptcy process in order to avoid
paying taxes, we hold that the equities will generally favor the government in cases such as this. See In re
Waugh, 109 F.3d at 492 ("Congress realized that '[a]n open-ended dischargeability policy would provide an
7
Section 105(a) provides:
(a) The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate
to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising
of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte,
taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or
implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.
11 U.S.C. § 105(a) (Supp.1992).
opportunity for tax evasion through bankruptcy, by permitting discharge of tax debts before a taxing authority
has an opportunity to collect any taxes due.' ") (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 95-595, at 190 (1977), reprinted in
1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5963, 6150). There may be factual scenarios, however, in which the equities favor
the taxpayer.8
In this case, the Morgans agreed to pay in full their tax liability in the first Chapter 13 proceeding,
but failed to do so. Furthermore, the IRS was prevented from collecting from the Morgans outside of
bankruptcy because of the confirmed plan and the automatic stay.
Since the applicability and use of § 105(a) is a decision that is typically left to the bankruptcy court,
we leave the decision to the bankruptcy court in this case. The judgment of the district court is vacated and
the case is remanded so that the bankruptcy court may in the first instance consider the issue of tolling under
§ 105(a).
V. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
8
While the record has not been developed fully, there does not appear to be any evidence of dilatory
conduct or bad faith on the part of the Morgans. We do not set forth the equitable considerations
regarding § 105(a), but we reject the notion espoused in In re Gore, 182 B.R. 293, 316
(Bankr.S.D.Ala.1995) that a finding of dilatory conduct or bad faith is necessary to find the equities in
favor of the government.
Furthermore, we do not address the question of whether there may be a difference
between the actual tax liability, penalties or interest for the purpose of considering the equities.