Carine ARMINDO, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PADLOCKER, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
No. 99-4144
Non-Argument Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
April 20, 2000.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 97-07431-CV-WDF),
Wilkie D. Ferguson, Jr., Judge.
Before COX and WILSON, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff Carine Armindo appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment to defendant
Padlocker, Inc., on Armindo's claim of pregnancy discrimination. The district court held that Armindo failed
to establish that Padlocker's asserted reason for her termination—her poor attendance record—was a pretext
for unlawful pregnancy discrimination. We affirm, holding, among other things, that the Pregnancy
Discrimination Act ("PDA"), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k), is not violated by an employer who fires an employee
for excessive absences, even if those absences were the result of the pregnancy, unless the employer
overlooks the comparable absences of non-pregnant employees.
At the outset, we note that only a claim under the Pregnancy Discrimination Act is at issue. The suit
was not brought under the Family and Medical Leave Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601-2654, nor could it have been,
because Armindo had been employed by Padlocker as a permanent employee for only three months and was
therefore not an "eligible employee." See 29 U.S.C. § 2611(2).
The PDA provides that the prohibition against sex-based employment discrimination in § 703(a) of
Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a), applies with equal force to discrimination on the basis of "pregnancy,
childbirth, or related medical conditions." See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k). Further, the PDA provides that "women
affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be treated the same for all
employment-related purposes ... as other persons not so affected but similar in their ability or inability to
work." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k). The analysis required for a pregnancy discrimination claim is the same type
of analysis used in other Title VII sex discrimination suits. Armstrong v. Flowers Hosp., Inc., 33 F.3d 1308,
1312-13 (11th Cir.1994).
Armindo argues that she was discriminated against on account of her pregnancy when she was
terminated in July 1996 from her job as an entry level clerical employee after three months of probationary
employment. Padlocker contends, however, that Armindo was terminated because of her poor attendance
record. It is undisputed that Armindo missed at least six days of work during her three months of
employment, five of which were due to pregnancy-related illnesses and one because of car trouble. On nine
other occasions Armindo either arrived late or left work early. At least some of these occasions of missed
work were pregnancy-related.
The district court assumed without deciding that Armindo had established a prima facie case of
pregnancy discrimination, but held that Armindo failed to establish that Padlocker's explanation that she was
fired because of her poor attendance was a pretext for pregnancy discrimination. We review the district
court's grant of summary judgment de novo. See Armstrong, 33 F.3d at 1309.
The district court properly held Armindo failed to demonstrate that she was fired for any reason other
than her poor attendance. Armindo did not attempt to show that she was treated differently from similarly
situated non-pregnant employees who missed a comparable amount of work. A plaintiff alleging pregnancy
discrimination need not identify specific non-pregnant individuals treated differently from her, if the
employer violated its own policy in terminating her. See Byrd v. Lakeshore Hosp., 30 F.3d 1380, 1383 (11th
Cir.1994) (inference of pregnancy discrimination arose where employer fired pregnant employee for
excessive absences despite employee having missed no more than her sick time allotted under company
policy). There was no evidence, however, that Padlocker violated company policy in terminating Armindo.
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In fact, Padlocker's employee manual provided that employees only received sick days after successfully
completing their initial three-month probationary term of employment, which Armindo had not completed
at the time of her absences. The only inference to be drawn is that Padlocker fired Armindo for missing work,
not for being pregnant.
The question becomes whether, as a matter of law, Padlocker violated the Pregnancy Discrimination
Act to the extent that its decision to fire Armindo was based upon absences and other missed work that were
the result of her pregnancy. The issue, generally stated, is whether the PDA requires an employer to treat
favorably a pregnant employee whose pregnancy caused her to miss work, as compared to a non-pregnant
employee who missed work on account of a different medical condition.
The clear answer is that the PDA does not require favorable treatment in this respect. In Armstrong
v. Flowers Hosp., 33 F.3d 1308 (11th Cir.1994), a pregnant nurse who had been fired by her employer for
refusing to treat an HIV-positive patient brought suit under the PDA. A panel of this circuit rejected plaintiff's
argument that the employer was required by the PDA to provide her with "alternative work" that she claimed
would be safer for her fetus. The panel reasoned that, although the language of the statute does not address
whether employers are required to give favorable treatment to pregnant employees, statements in the
legislative history "make it clear that the PDA does not require employers to extend any benefit to pregnant
women that they do not already provide to other disabled employees." See Armstrong, 33 F.3d at 1316-17.
In support of its holding, the panel cited the Seventh Circuit case of Troupe v. May Dept. Stores Co., 20 F.3d
734, 737-39 (7th Cir.1994), drawing from it the principle that "[w]hile the PDA requires the employer to
ignore the pregnancy, the employer need not ignore absences, unless the employer likewise ignores the
absences of nonpregnant employees." See Armstrong, 33 F.3d at 1317.
The Armstrong panel's holding—that employers may comply with the PDA without giving
preferential treatment to pregnant employees in the form of alternative work assignments—dictates the
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outcome of this case. The PDA is not violated by an employer who fires a pregnant employee for excessive
absences, unless the employer overlooks the comparable absences of non-pregnant employees.
The district court properly held that Armindo did not show that Padlocker's asserted reason for her
termination—her poor attendance—was a pretext for discrimination "because of" her pregnancy. Nor did
Padlocker violate the PDA to the extent that it judged her on the basis of absences that were caused by her
pregnancy.
AFFIRMED.
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