[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
APRIL 21, 2005
No. 04-10511 THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket Nos. 03-00655-CV-F-N & 03-30662-WRS
IN RE: TOMEKA SCOTT JAMES,
Debtor.
__________________________________________________________________
DANIEL G. HAMM,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
TOMEKA SCOTT JAMES,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
No. 04-10512
________________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 03-00654-CV-F-N & 03-30659-WRS
IN RE: LINDA D. SANKEY,
Debtor.
__________________________________________________________________
DANIEL G. HAMM,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
LINDA D. SANKEY,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
No. 04-10526
________________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 03-00653-CV-F & 02-33582-WRS
IN RE: HOPE B. HONEYCUTT,
a.k.a. Hope B. Mizzell,
Debtor.
__________________________________________________________________
DANIEL G. HAMM,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HOPE B. HONEYCUTT,
a.k.a. Hope B. Mizzell,
Defendant-Appellee.
2
___________________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
_________________________
(April 21, 2005)
Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, and DUBINA and HULL, Circuit Judges.
HULL, Circuit Judge:
Appellant Daniel G. Hamm (the “Trustee”), the Trustee in the Chapter 7
bankruptcy cases of Debtors-Appellees Tomeka Scott James, Linda Sankey, and
Hope Honeycutt (collectively, the “Debtors”), objected to the Debtors’ claims for
federal earned income tax credit (“EITC”) exemptions in their individual
bankruptcy cases. The bankruptcy court overruled the Trustee’s objections, and
the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s rulings. The Trustee now appeals
the district court’s order. After review and oral argument, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In this consolidated appeal, each of the Debtors is the subject of a separate
Chapter 7 bankruptcy case. When they filed their bankruptcy petitions and
schedules, all of the Debtors expected to receive federal EITC payments with their
tax refunds for the year 2002. In each bankruptcy case, the Debtor filed a personal
property schedule claiming an interest in such EITC payments as exempt property
3
pursuant to Alabama Code § 38-4-8 (1975). In each bankruptcy case, the Trustee
objected to the exemption of the EITC payments from the bankruptcy estate,1 and
in each case the bankruptcy court overruled the Trustee’s objection.
The Trustee then appealed the bankruptcy court’s ruling in each case to the
district court. On appeal, the district court affirmed the rulings of the bankruptcy
court.2
The Trustee now appeals the district court’s orders affirming the bankruptcy
court’s overruling of the Trustee’s objections in the cases.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Alabama Law
We explain first why Alabama law governs certain bankruptcy exemptions
available to the Debtors in this case.
Federal bankruptcy law provides that the commencement of a bankruptcy
case creates an estate, which is liquidated by the Trustee for the benefit of the
debtor’s creditors. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a). With certain exceptions, the bankruptcy
1
In the case of debtor Honeycutt, a portion of the EITC accrued after the commencement
of Honeycutt’s original Chapter 13 case, which subsequently was converted to a Chapter 7 case.
The Trustee acknowledges that the portion accrued after the original petition date is not part of
the bankruptcy estate and objects only to the exemption of the portion accrued prior to the
petition date.
2
Although each of the Debtors is the subject of a separate, individual bankruptcy case, the
cases all were before the same bankruptcy and district court judges.
4
estate includes “all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the
commencement of the case.” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1).3 However, § 522 provides
that certain property may be exempted from the bankruptcy estate. 11 U.S.C. §
522(b).
More specifically, § 522(b) provides that certain exemptions set forth in §
522(d) are available to an individual debtor unless the state law applicable to the
debtor does not authorize such exemptions. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(1). In essence, §
522(b) provides each state with the power to “opt out” of the exemptions provided
under bankruptcy law in § 522(d) and instead to create that state’s own
exemptions.
The state of Alabama, whose law applies to each Debtor in this appeal, has
exercised that opt-out provision and created its own exemptions for individual
debtors. See Ala. Code § 6-10-11 (1975) (stating that in bankruptcy cases, “there
shall be exempt from the property of the estate of an individual debtor only that
property and income which is exempt under the laws of the State of Alabama and
under federal law other than [§ 522(d)]”). Thus, the exemptions available to the
Debtors here are defined by Alabama state law rather than federal bankruptcy law.
B. Exemption in Alabama Code § 38-4-8
3
11 U.S.C. § 541(b) and (c) provide certain exceptions not relevant here.
5
The only exemption relevant to this appeal is Alabama’s exemption in
Alabama Code § 38-4-8 for “all amounts paid or payable as public assistance to
needy persons.” On appeal, the Trustee argues: (1) that an EITC payment does not
qualify as “public assistance” under § 34-4-8, and thus is not exempt personal
property; and (2) that, in any event, a debtor who elects to receive an EITC
payment as a lump sum cannot claim the payment as an exempt “public assistance”
payment under § 34-4-8. We address each argument in turn.
Section 38-4-8 of the Alabama Code provides as follows:
All amounts paid or payable as public assistance to needy persons
shall be exempt from any tax levied by the state or any subdivision
thereof and shall be exempt from levy, garnishment, attachment or
any other process whatsoever and shall be inalienable, and in the case
of any bankruptcy, shall not pass to the trustee or other person acting
on behalf of the creditors of the recipient of public assistance.
Ala. Code § 38-4-8 (1975) (emphasis added).
The paramount issue in this appeal is whether EITC payments constitute
“public assistance” for purposes of this Alabama-law exemption. Because the term
“public assistance” is not defined by the relevant statutes, we “start with the
assumption that the legislative purpose is expressed by the ordinary meaning of the
words used.” United States v. Rodgers, 466 U.S. 475, 479, 104 S. Ct. 1942, 1946
(1984) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Indeed, “[i]t is settled law
in Alabama that . . . ‘[w]ords used in a statute must be given their natural, plain,
6
ordinary, and commonly understood meaning, and where plain language is used a
court is bound to interpret that language to mean exactly what it says.’” Ex parte
Employees’ Retirement System of Alabama, 644 So. 2d 943, 946 (Ala. 1994)
(citation omitted).
In determining the ordinary meaning of statutory terms, we often find
guidance in dictionary definitions. United States v. McNab, 331 F.3d 1228, 1237
(11th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1177, 124 S. Ct. 1406 (2004). The term
“public assistance” is defined as “government aid to needy, blind, aged, or disabled
persons and to dependent children.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, at
http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=public+assistance.
Thus, the question is whether EITC payments are “government aid to needy, blind,
aged, or disabled persons and to dependent children.”
The EITC was enacted “to reduce the disincentive to work caused by the
imposition of Social Security taxes on earned income . . ., to stimulate the economy
by funneling funds to persons likely to spend the money immediately, and to
provide relief for low-income families hurt by rising food and energy prices.”
Sorenson v. Sec’y of the Treasury of the United States, 475 U.S. 851, 864, 106 S.
Ct. 1600, 1609 (1986) (emphasis added) (citing, e.g., S.Rep. No. 94-36, pp. 11, 33
(1975); H.R.Rep. No. 94-19, pp. 3-4, 29-31 (1975)). Because the EITC was
7
enacted “to provide relief for low-income families,” we conclude that it qualifies as
government aid to needy persons. Indeed, the Trustee does not appear to dispute
this conclusion. Thus, the plain meaning of the language of § 38-4-8, standing
alone, indicates that EITC payments, which constitute public assistance payments
to needy persons, shall not pass to the trustee in the case of a bankruptcy.
The Trustee, however, argues that the exemption created by § 38-4-8 applies
only to state public-assistance payments and not to federal public assistance such
as EITC payments. The Trustee’s argument relies upon another statute in the same
chapter of the Alabama Code, which sets forth the persons to whom public
assistance is payable under that chapter. Specifically, Alabama Code § 38-4-1
states in relevant part as follows:
§ 38-4-1. Persons to whom public assistance payable.
(a) Generally. – Public assistance shall be payable under this chapter
to or on behalf of any person who is a needy blind person within the
requirements of this chapter, or is a needy person over the age of 65
years within the requirements of this chapter, or is a dependent child
within the requirements of this chapter, or who is permanently and
totally disabled within the requirements of this chapter. . . .
(Emphasis added.) In addition, other sections of Alabama Code Title 38, Chapter 4
establish a procedure for the provision of certain state public assistance under that
chapter. See Ala. Code § 38-4-1 (1975), et seq. According to the Trustee’s
argument, the exemption in § 38-4-8 contemplates only the state public assistance
8
available under that chapter.
The Trustee’s interpretation is contrary to the plain language of § 38-4-8.
Section 38-4-1 does not define, and does not purport to define, “public assistance”
as that term is used in § 38-4-8. Rather, § 38-4-1 simply prescribes a particular
form of state public assistance that is payable under this chapter.
On the other hand, the exemption set forth in § 38-4-8 explicitly applies to
“[a]ll amounts paid or payable as public assistance to needy persons,” not to public
assistance payable under this chapter (emphasis added). Had the Alabama
legislature intended to restrict the exemption in § 38-4-8 to the particular form of
state public assistance payable under chapter 4 of title 38, it easily could have so
specified. In fact, as outlined above, the legislature so specified in § 38-4-1.
Instead, the legislature chose in § 38-4-8 to exempt “all” public assistance
payments, and we must give meaning to the words carefully chosen by the
legislature. As the district court properly noted in In re Brasher, 253 B.R. 484, 488
(M.D. Ala. 2000), “the fact that the Alabama legislature employed modifying
terms [such as ‘under this chapter’] for ‘public assistance’ in some sections of the
title but not in § 38-4-8 is more plausibly read as a deliberate choice not to limit the
breadth of the public-assistance exemption in § 38-4-8.” Thus, our above
conclusion that EITC payments constitute “public assistance” for purposes of the §
9
38-4-8 exemption is unaffected by § 38-4-1.4
We note that our decision in this regard is consistent with the only other
court that has interpreted this Alabama exemption and with most courts
interpreting similar statutes enacted in other states. See In re Brasher, 253 B.R.
484, 488 (M.D. Ala. 2000) (concluding that EITC payments were ‘public
assistance’ for purposes of Alabama Code § 38-4-8); see also, e.g., Flanery v.
Mathison, 289 B.R. 624, 628-29 (W.D. Ky. 2003) (EITC payments exempt under
Kentucky statute exempting public assistance benefits); In re Tomczyk, 295 B.R.
894, 897 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2003) (same, under Minnesota exemption); In re
Longstreet, 246 B.R. 611, 617 (Bankr. S.D. Iowa 2000) (same, under Iowa
exemption); In re Brockhouse, 220 B.R. 623, 625 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. 1998) (same,
under Illinois exemption).5
C. Lump-Sum EITC Refund
4
This Court denies the Trustee’s motion to certify to the Alabama Supreme Court the
question of whether EITC payments qualify as “public assistance” for purposes of the exemption
established in Alabama Code § 38-4-8. If we have misinterpreted the legislative intent of § 38-
4-8, the Alabama legislature is free to amend the statute to clarify its true intent, and can do so
without the interpretation of the Alabama Supreme Court.
5
The Trustee also argues (1) that the qualifications for receipt of EITC are very different
from those for state public assistance under chapter 4 of title 38, and (2) that the exemption of
EITC payments more than doubles the amounts of some debtors’ exemptions. We do not doubt
that the inclusion of EITC payments among exempt property may profoundly affect both the
class of debtors able to claim public-assistance exemptions and the amounts of certain debtors’
exemptions. However, for the reasons stated herein, we conclude that the Alabama legislature
enacted such effects, and it is not our place to evaluate the wisdom of the legislature’s policy
choice.
10
The Trustee also argues that, even if EITCs are generally exempt under § 38-4-
8, EITC payments lose their character as tax credits and become simple refunds,
which are not exempt, when the debtor elects to receive the EITC as a lump-sum
refund. This argument is unavailing.
Unlike some tax credits, an EITC is “refundable.” That is, if an individual’s
EITC exceeds his or her tax liability, the excess amount is labeled an
“overpayment” and is refunded to the individual as if the individual overpaid in
taxes. See Sorenson, 475 U.S. at 854-55, 106 S. Ct. at 1603-04; 26 U.S.C. §§
6401(b), 6402(a). A taxpayer can elect to receive (1) any EITC amounts in a lump
sum as a tax refund, or (2) a ratable portion of the EITC amount with each payroll
check. The Trustee argues that this second option is the “preferred” method and is
more consistent with Congress’s intent to provide relief to low-income wage
earners and to mitigate the effects of Social Security taxes.6 The Trustee argues, in
reliance on Sorenson, that when a debtor elects to receive an EITC payment as a
6
The Trustee’s argument that Congress prefers the ratable-monthly-credit option is based
on the following language in 26 U.S.C. § 3507:
(f) Internal Revenue Service notification.—The Internal Revenue Service shall take
such steps as may be appropriate to ensure that taxpayers who have 1 or more
qualifying children and who receive a refund of the credit under section 32 are aware
of the availability of earned income advance amounts under this section.
26 U.S.C. § 3507(f). We do not view this provision as any indication that Congress prefers one
method over another. In any event, even if Congress viewed the monthly-payment method as
preferable, that preference does not affect our analysis of the entirely different question of
whether a lump-sum payment is “public assistance” and therefore exempt.
11
lump-sum refund, the payment becomes an “overpayment” rather than a credit, and
is non-exempt property, just like any other refund.
The Trustee’s reliance on Sorenson for this argument is misplaced, and the
Trustee offers no other authority for his position. In Sorenson, the Supreme Court
interpreted the tax-intercept law, which directs the Secretary of the Treasury (the
“Secretary”) to intercept tax-refund payments otherwise payable to taxpayers who
owe past-due child-support payments that have been assigned to the Secretary. See
42 U.S.C. 664(a); 26 U.S.C. § 6402(c). In Sorenson, the taxpayer anticipated a tax
refund consisting in part of an EITC payment. 475 U.S. at 855, 106 S. Ct. at 1604.
The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), however, notified the taxpayer that a
portion of the anticipated refund was being retained by the IRS pursuant to the tax-
intercept law. Id. “The tax-intercept law essentially directs the Secretary to give
priority to a State’s claim for recoupment of welfare payments made to a family
who failed to receive child support . . . over an individual’s claim for refund of tax
overpayment.” Sorenson, 475 U.S. at 856, 106 S. Ct. at 1604. Further, 26 U.S.C.
§ 6402(c) provides that “[t]he amount of any overpayment to be refunded to the
person making the overpayment shall be reduced by the amount of any past-due
support . . . owed by that person of which the Secretary has been notified. . . .” The
Supreme Court in Sorenson held that EITC refunds are such “overpayments” and
12
are subject to reduction for past-due child support. Sorenson, 475 U.S. at 865, 106
S. Ct. at 1609.
The Supreme Court’s Sorenson decision is inapposite here. While we
recognize that an EITC refund is an “overpayment” for purposes of 26 U.S.C.
§ 6402(c), that designation has no bearing on the distinctly different issue in this
case, which does not involve past-due child support or the tax-intercept law.
Whether an EITC payment is a credit, a refund, or an overpayment does not affect
the fact that it is “public assistance” for purposes of Alabama Code § 38-4-8 and is
therefore exempt. The Trustee does not offer any support for its contention that an
EITC payment somehow loses its “public assistance” character when it is paid in a
lump sum. We thus conclude that an EITC payment is exempt under § 38-4-8
regardless of whether a debtor elects to receive it in monthly payments or as a
lump-sum refund.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s order, which affirms
the bankruptcy court’s overruling of the Trustee’s objections to the Debtors’
exemptions.
AFFIRMED.
13