[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 04-13343
September 15, 2005
________________________
THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 00-00065-CR-HLM-4
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GRANGER HOWELL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
_________________________
(September 15, 2005)
Before BIRCH, CARNES and FAY, Circuit Judges.
FAY, Circuit Judge:
On March 15, 2001, the defendant-appellant, Granger Howell, tendered a
guilty plea to one count of Conspiracy to Distribute Cocaine, a class A felony,1 and
was sentenced to 180 months imprisonment and five (5) years of supervised
release. On February 9, 2004, the defendant filed a Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g) motion
for return of $140,000 seized at the time of his arrest and for the return of three
firearms seized during a consented search of his residence. The district court
denied relief, finding that Howell had no possessory interest in the money and that
the firearms could not be returned to a convicted felon. We Affirm.
I. Factual Background
On Thursday, September 27, 2000, defendant, Granger Howell was arrested
at a motel in Dalton, Georgia for possession of a controlled substance. According
to the facts in the instant case, around April or May of 2000, a cooperating source
(hereafter referred to as “CS-1") began to purchase large quantities of cocaine from
the defendant. Over the course of these transactions, CS-1 made only partial
payments for the cocaine. At the time CS-1 made the last purchase in September of
2000, CS-1 owed the defendant approximately $230,000.
The defendant arranged a meeting at a motel in Dalton, Geogia in order to
1
Conspiracy to Possess with Intent to Distribute and Distribution of Cocaine, 21 U.S.C.
§§ 846, 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) (2005).
2
collect this debt. This meeting took place on September 27, 2000, and was
accomplished under the supervision and control of law enforcement agents. Shortly
after CS-1 and the defendant entered the motel room and discussed the
arrangement for repayment, CS-1 showed the defendant the $140,000 of Official
Advanced Funds (hereafter referred to as “OAF.”) At this time, agents stormed the
room and arrested the defendant.
Subsequently, the defendant waived his Miranda rights and admitted his
drug transactions with CS-1. These transactions involved more than thirty (30)
kilograms of cocaine. Shortly after his arrest, the defendant consented to have law
enforcement officers search his residence. Pursuant to the search, three firearms
were seized: one (1) AMT 9 mm Kurz pistol, serial number D15458; one (1) .44
Smith and Wesson revolver, serial number AE42717; and one (1) .45 Glock,
model 21pistol, serial number AYK699.
On March 15, 2000, the defendant tendered a negotiated plea of guilty to the
above-mentioned charges. Contained within the plea agreement was a forfeiture
provision where the defendant agreed to forfeit certain assets. None of the listed
assets are subject to this appeal. On June 21, 2001, the district court sentenced the
defendant.
3
On February 9, 2004, the defendant filed a Rule 41(g) motion for the return
of the seized property.2 On May 24, 2004, the district court denied the defendant’s
motion. The district court held that because the cooperating source used funds that
belonged to the government, the defendant had no property interest in these
monies. With respect to the firearms, the district court denied the request because
the defendant is a convicted felon and returning firearms to a convicted felon
would be in violation of 18 U.S.C § 922(g). We agree with the findings of the
district court and affirm the rulings.
II. Standard of Review
We review questions of law dealing with a district court’s denial of a motion
for return of seized property, de novo. United States v. Castro, 883 F.2d 1018,
1019 (11th Cir.1989). Factual Findings are subject to a clearly erroneous standard.
Parker v. Head, 244 F.3d 831, 836 (11th Cir.2001).
2
Included in the motion was the money, and firearms described above and an additional
$2,370.00. With respect to this money the record shows that the defendant signed and
acknowledged receiving this amount on September 28, 2000 from Special Agent Mike Rotti,
Federal Bureau of Investigations. Therefore this issue is moot.
4
III. Equitable Test
In cases such as this, courts sit in equity. A motion to return seized property
under Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g), is a motion in equity, in which courts will determine all
the equitable considerations in order to make a fair and just decision. When an
owner invokes Rule 41(g) after the close of all criminal proceedings, the court
treats the motion for return of property as a civil action in equity. See United States
v. Potes Ramirez, 260 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir.2001); see also United States v.
Martinez, 241 F.3d 1329, 1330-31 (11th Cir.2001) (holding that a district court has
equitable jurisdiction over a Rule 41(e) motion brought after all criminal
proceedings against a defendant have ended.)
Rule 41 (g) provides:
“A person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure
of property or by the deprivation of property may move
for the property's return. The motion must be filed in the
district where the property was seized. The court must
receive evidence on any factual issue necessary to decide
the motion. If it grants the motion, the court must return
the property to the movant, but may impose reasonable
conditions to protect access to the property and its use in
later proceedings.”
Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(g) (2005).
In order for an owner of property to invoke Rule 41(g), he must show that he
had a possessory interest in the property seized by the government. Under the
uncontradicted facts in this matter there is no basis for any claim by the defendant
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of any possessory interest in the $140,000 of OAF. The funds at issue were funds
allocated specifically to set the stage for the arrest of the defendant for possession
and intent to distribute a controlled substance, a federal criminal offense. As for the
three seized firearms, it is undisputed that the defendant was the record owner of
all three of these firearms; however, returning firearms to a convicted felon
specifically violates a federal statute.
Furthermore, in order for a district court to grant a Rule 41(g) motion, the
owner of the property must have clean hands. See Gaudiosi v. Mellon, 269 F.2d
873, 881-82 (3d Cir.1959)(stating, no principle is better settled than the maxim that
he who comes into equity must come with “clean hands” and keep them clean
throughout the course of the litigation, and that if he violates this rule, he must be
denied all relief whatever may have been the merits of his claim.)
The doctrine of “unclean hands” is an equitable test that is used by courts in
deciding equitable fate. The defendant in the instant case has come into court with
extremely “unclean hands. ” One engaged in this type of criminal conduct is hardly
entitled to equitable relief.
IV. $140,000 of Official Advanced Funds
The defendant raises three arguments as to the $140,000 of OAF. We find all
three reasons to be unsupported by the evidence and unpersuasive.
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First, the defendant argues that the government failed to notify him of the
seizure of the $140,000 without due process of law. Second, he argues that the
government failed to enact forfeiture proceedings for the $140,000. Finally, the
defendant argues that the government should not be allowed to unilaterally decide
that the money which was seized at the time of the arrest did not belong to him.
Meaning, that the court system, not the government, should decide if the defendant
had a property interest in the $140,000.
i. Due Process
The defendant claims that the government violated his Fifth Amendment
Constitutional right when it deprived him of the $140,000 without due process of
law. The defendant relies on a United States Supreme Court case that also dealt
with a Rule 41(g) motion for return of property. See Dusenbery v. United States,
534 U.S. 161, 167, 122 S.Ct. 694, 151 L.Ed.2d 597 (2002). The fallacy in this
argument and the reason Dusenbery has no applicability is that Howell has no
ownership right in these funds. Aside from the fact that the money was being used
for a criminal conspiracy, the government agents had total control over the
activities in the motel room and the money was nothing more than “show money”
to corroborate this criminal conduct.
The $140,000 never belonged to the defendant and he never gained
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ownership or control of these funds. This money was provided by the government
to arrest the defendant, remained in control of the government, and was used under
the supervision of the government to catch a drug dealer.
ii. Failed to Enact Forfeiture Proceedings
The defendant argues that in order for a government to legalize a seizure, the
government and its agencies must adhere to certain specific mandatory requisites
of the law including the giving of notice to the owner and all interested parties. See
United States v. Williams, 130 Fed. Appx. 301, 302-03 (11th Cir.2005); see also
19 U.S.C. § 1607; 21 C.F.R. 1316.75. This argument fails for the same reason set
forth above. Howell had no ownership interest in the $140,000 “show money”
provided by the government.
iii. Whether the Court or the Government Decides Ownership Interest?
The defendant raises the issue of whether the government or the court
should decide the fate of the $140,000 after notice and a hearing. The defendant
argues that the government is not a disinterested decision maker when it comes
down to the $140,000. Again, we find no merit in this argument. The defendant has
failed to realize that his ownership interest in $140,000 of OAF is nil. The money
belonged to the government at all times throughout the drug transaction. Therefore,
the government could have properly taken back its OAF without notice and a
8
hearing at any time. Indeed, the government never gave up either ownership or
control of these funds.
V. Possessory Interest in Firearms According to 18 U.S.C § 922(g)
The issue of whether a convicted felon can successfully seek the return of
firearms is one of first impression for our circuit. The defendant’s firearms were
seized after he was arrested on September 27, 2000. On May 24, 2004, the district
court denied the defendant’s 41(g) motion for return of the firearms, stating that
possession of the firearms, either actual or constructive, violate 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).
We agree with the district court’s ruling.
18 U.S.C. § 922(g) provides in pertinent part:
“It shall be unlawful for any person . . . who has been convicted in any
court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding
one year; . . . . to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce,
or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to
receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or
transported in interstate or foreign commerce.”
18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (2005); see also 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(1) (“It shall be unlawful for
any person to sell or otherwise dispose of any firearm to any person knowing . . .
that such person is under indictment for, or has been convicted in any court of, a
crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.”)
It is undisputed that on March 15, 2000, the defendant entered a guilty plea
for a serious federal felony. On June 21, 2000, the defendant was sentenced and
9
became a convicted felon. Consequently, the defendant properly falls into the
category of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The defendant argues that even though he is a
convicted felon he retains an ownership interest in the three firearms. He suggests
that his position is supported by Cooper v. City of Greenwood, 904 F.2d 302 (5th
Cir.1990). In Cooper, the defendant, a convicted felon, brought a civil action for
damages pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for the seizure of firearms confiscated by
the government in relation to his felon-in-possession charges. The Fifth Circuit
Court of Appeals agreed with the defendant and held that he had a possessory
interest in the firearms.
“Concluding that . . . firearms are not contraband per se, we hold that
Cooper’s claimed ownership interest in the firearms survived his
criminal conviction and could not be extinguished without according
him due process.”
Cooper, 904 F.2d at 304 (footnote omitted).
However, Cooper involves an action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for
damages and does not deal with a motion for the return of property under Rule
41(g). Actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Rule 41(g) are birds of a different
feather.
A convicted felon’s 41(e)3 motion for equitable relief for the return of
3
As noted above, Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(e), has been changed to 41(g).
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firearms has been addressed by our sister circuit. See United States v. Felici, 208
F.3d 667 (8th Cir.2000). In Felici, the defendant was convicted of various
methamphetamine and firearms-related felony offenses. Defendant filed a
Fed.R.Crim P. 41(e) motion seeking the return of confiscated property which
included firearms. The Eight Circuit affirmed the denial of the request, holding:
“Rule 41(e) compels a district court to afford such persons an
opportunity to submit evidence in order to demonstrate that they are
lawfully entitled to the challenged property. . . . When it is apparent
that the person seeking a return of the property is not lawfully entitled
to own or possess the property, the district court need not hold an
evidentiary hearing. Federal law prohibits convicted felons from
possessing guns. Based upon [defendants’s] status as a convicted
felon, the district court could properly conclude without receiving
evidence that [the defendant] is not entitled to a return of firearms.”
Felici, 208 F.3d at 670 (internal citations omitted).
The Eighth Circuit’s ruling in Felici creates persuasive authority that if an
individual is a convicted felon, that individual will not be entitled to the return of
seized firearms, either directly or indirectly. Requiring a court to return firearms to
a convicted felon would not only be in violation of a federal law, but would be
contrary to the public policy behind the law.
The facts in the instant case are almost identical to Felici. In both, convicted
felons filed a 41(g) motion asking for the return of firearms that were seized during
their arrest. We agree with the conclusion that to do so would be a clear violation
11
of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).
Alternatively, the defendant argues that he may lawfully posses the three
seized firearms constructively. Although not actual possession, the defendant asks
this court to either place the firearms in the possession of a relative in trust or sell
the firearms and distribute the proceeds to him. Even though the defendant’s
rationale is interesting, it is beyond the scope of Rule 41(g). We agree with the
Eight Circuit in concluding that any firearm possession, actual or constructive, by a
convicted felon is prohibited by law.
“Federal law prohibits convicted felons from possessing guns. . . . [The
defendant] is also not entitled to have the firearms held in trust for him by a third
party. Such a request suggests constructive possession. Any firearm possession,
actual or constructive, by a convicted felon is prohibited by law.” Felici, 208 F.3d
at 670.
The fact that the defendant was in lawful possession and was not a convicted
felon when he acquired the three firearms is irrelevant. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) was
specifically designed to serve public policy and prevent convicted felons from
having either constructive or actual possession of firearms. This statute was
designed to work retroactively, and once an individual becomes a felon, he will be
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 if found to be in possession of a firearm.
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Obviously, the courts cannot participate in a criminal offense by returning firearms
to a convicted felon.4
VI. Conclusion
In order for one to receive relief under Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g), the individual
must have an ownership right to the property in question. Furthermore, according
to sound equitable principles, the movant must come into the transaction with
“clean hands.” The defendant in this case has no ownership interest in the
$140,000 and has “unclean hands.” In addition, Rule 41(g) deals solely with the
return of property and 18 U.S.C. § 922 prohibits the return of firearms to a
convicted felon.
AFFIRMED.
4
We express no opinion on whether or not Howell may file an action under 42 U.S.C. §
1983 for the value of the firearms.
13