Samir M. Alim v. U.S. Attorney General

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
_________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
April 24, 2006
No. 04-11463
THOMAS K. KAHN
_________________________ CLERK

BIA No. A75-430-804

SAMIR M. ALIM,

Petitioner,

versus

ALBERTO GONZALES,
Attorney General of the United States,

Respondent.

_____________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
____________________________

(April 24, 2006)

Before TJOFLAT and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges, and JORDAN,* District Judge.

JORDAN, District Judge:

*
The Honorable Adalberto Jordan, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
 Samir M. Alim petitions for review of a final order of the Board of

Immigration Appeals, which affirmed, without opinion, a decision of an

immigration judge (“IJ”) denying claims for withholding of removal under 8

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and withholding of removal under the United Nations

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment

or Punishment (“CAT”), Pub. L. 105-277, § 2242, 112 Stat. 2681-761, 2681-822

(1998). See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)-( c). For the reasons discussed below, we

dismiss the petition in part, and deny the petition in part.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Mr. Alim, a native and citizen of Syria, was admitted to the United States in

September of 1990 as a non-immigrant visitor for pleasure, with authorization to

remain for six months. Upon admission, he presented a Bolivian passport and a

U.S. nonimmigrant visa issued in the name of Carlos Cabrera. He remained in the

country longer than the six months authorized, and had two children in the U.S.

with a Bolivian woman named Gina Ibanez. Ms. Ibanez returned to Bolivia with

the children in 1997.

In 1997, Mr. Alim married a U.S. citizen named Lora, who filed a visa

petition for the benefit of Mr. Alim. Lora gave birth to a child in the U.S. in 1997.

In 1998, Mr. Alim was arrested for assaulting Lora, and pled nolo contendere (or

2
no contest) in Florida circuit court for domestic battery in violation of Fla. Stat. §

784.03(1)(A). Adjudication was withheld, and Mr. Alim was sentenced to nine

months’ probation, fined $100, and ordered to stay away from Lora. Lora

proceeded with the visa petition, and she and Mr. Alim were interviewed by the

Immigration and Naturalization Service in January of 1999. At that interview, Mr.

Alim stated that he had never been arrested or convicted of a crime. In July of

1999, Mr. Alim traveled to Syria for one month, and then to Bolivia.

In October of 1999, Mr. Alim was indicted in federal court for making false

statements at his INS interview, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001. Lora withdrew

the visa petition, and divorced Mr. Alim in November of 1999.

A. THE IMMIGRATION PROCEEDINGS

On January 10, 2000, the INS served a notice to appear on Mr. Alim,

commencing removal proceedings. The notice charged Mr. Alim with

removability on various grounds: (1) under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A), as an alien

inadmissible at the time of entry, for seeking to procure a visa or admission into

the U.S. by fraud, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i); (2) under 8 U.S.C. §

1227(a)(1)(A), as an alien inadmissible at the time of entry, for not being in

possession of valid entry documentation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §

1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I); (3) under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B), as an alien present in the

3
U.S. for a period of time longer than originally permitted; and (4) under 8 U.S.C. §

1227(a)(2)(E)(i), for committing a crime of domestic violence after admission to

the U.S.

On April 5, 2000, Mr. Alim married another U.S. citizen, Elizabeth. As had

Lora, Elizabeth also filed a visa petition for Mr. Alim’s benefit.

Mr. Alim was convicted on the federal false statements charge on April 12,

2000. The INS subsequently amended its charges against Mr. Alim on May 9,

2000, alleging that he was also subject to removal under 8 U.S.C. §

1227(a)(2)(A)(ii) as an alien convicted after admission to the U.S. of two or more

crimes involving moral turpitude (i.e., the 1998 domestic battery plea and the 2000

false statements conviction).

An IJ held a hearing on September 28, 2000. With one exception, Mr. Alim

admitted all of the factual allegations supporting the INS’ charges. In order to

preserve his claim for cancellation of removal, Mr. Alim denied that he sought to

enter the U.S. by fraud. At some time before the hearing, Mr. Alim submitted an

application for cancellation of removal, presumably under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. Mr.

Alim also explained that he was planning on filing an application for adjustment

of status to that of a permanent resident under 8 U.S.C. § 1255, but had yet to do

so because Elizabeth’s visa petition was pending. The IJ explained that Mr. Alim

4
did not meet the 10-year continuous residence requirement to be eligible for

cancellation of removal. He then returned the cancellation of removal application

to Mr. Alim’s counsel, without objection.

In November of 2000, Mr. Alim filed a petition for a writ of error coram

nobis in the Florida circuit court where he pled no contest to domestic battery in

1998. He sought to vacate his plea under Rule 3.172 of the Florida Rules of

Criminal Procedure because the court had not advised him of the potential

immigration consequences. The state responded by filing a short memorandum.

The state did not challenge the factual allegations made by Mr. Alim, but asked

the court to convert the disposition of the case to a “nolle prosequi,”1 which the

state court clerk did on March 2, 2001.

In early 2002, Elizabeth’s visa petition on behalf of Mr. Alim was approved.

In March of 2002, Mr. Alim filed an application to adjust his status to that of a

permanent resident under 8 U.S.C. § 1255. Elizabeth, however, withdrew her visa

petition some time later in 2002.

The IJ held another hearing on January 17, 2003. Mr. Alim admitted to

1
A “nolle prosequi,” under Florida law, is a “non-final, non-binding indication that the state
is not proceeding with its case at the time[.]” Allied Fidelity Ins. Co. v. Florida, 408 So.2d 756, 757
(Fla. 3d DCA 1982). See also BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1074 (8th ed. 2004) (“A docket entry
showing that the...prosecution has abandoned the action.”).

5
being removable under three of the five grounds alleged by the INS. He denied

removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i), for being convicted of a crime of

domestic violence, and denied removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), for

being convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude after admission. The IJ

found that all of the charges supporting removability were sustained by clear and

convincing evidence. At the conclusion of the hearing, Mr. Alim said that he

would be filing an application for withholding of removal and relief under the U.S.

implementation of the CAT.

On February 13, 2003, Mr. Alim filed an application for asylum under 8

U.S.C. § 1158, withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and

withholding of removal under the CAT. At an evidentiary hearing on May 20,

2003, Mr. Alim offered copies of the U.S. Department of State reports on Syria

and his own testimony. There was no other evidence presented. After the IJ noted

that the application was untimely insofar as it requested asylum, Mr. Alim testified

in support of his claims for withholding of removal under § 1231(b)(3) and

withholding of removal under the CAT.

B. MR. ALIM’S TESTIMONY AND THE IMMIGRATION JUDGE’S RULING

Mr. Alim, 39 years old at the time of the May 30, 2003 hearing, testified

that he has been a Christian since he was baptized at the age of one, and that his

6
family is Christian. He has no family in Syria to support him financially because

Christians suffer extreme discrimination and have trouble finding work on account

of their religion.

When he was in his early twenties, his cousin, also a Christian, left Syria to

fight in a Lebanese civil war on behalf of Christians. A family member told Mr.

Alim that his cousin was shot and killed in Lebanon by Muslims because he was

suspected of being a spy for Israel. The family member also showed Mr. Alim a

picture of the cousin sitting on top of an Israeli tank. Mr. Alim does not know

how the family member knew how or why the cousin was killed. Mr. Alim could

not produce a death certificate or other physical evidence relating to his cousin’s

death.

When he was a teenager, Mr. Alim joined a group called the “Christian

Unity Brothers.” As a member of this group, Mr. Alim worked at converting

Muslims to Christianity. There was a “bad point”or “black point” in his school

records, and “negative reports” against him because he was a member of this

group. Certain unidentified Muslims also went “after him” for being an outspoken

Christian. While in civilian life, however, Mr. Alim was never arrested, detained,

or imprisoned for any reason.

Mr. Alim joined the Syrian air force in 1981. Neither his Christian faith,

7
nor his membership in the Christian Unity Brothers, precluded him from serving in

the military. Although his superiors did not know he was in a specific group, they

did know Mr. Alim was an outspoken Christian. Sometime in 1987 or 1988, while

he was still in the air force, one of his friends, also a Christian, was chased and

shot by a group of Muslims.

Mr. Alim was never detained, arrested, or imprisoned while serving in the

military. He was automatically promoted at least once during his eight years of

service. He testified, however, that the Syrian military discriminates against its

Christian servicemen in job placements. He was therefore denied certain rights

and treated badly while serving in the military.

In mid-1989, Mr. Alim deserted the Syrian military, and spent

approximately six months traveling throughout the country in an effort to evade

capture. In 1990, he was able to leave Syria illegally with the help of a friend. He

boarded a flight to Bolivia, where he spent five or six months, before using a false

Bolivian passport to enter the United States.

In 1999, Mr. Alim returned to Syria to visit his ill, 74-year-old mother, and

spent 30 days there. He fraudulently entered and exited through Jordan with the

help of an old friend, successfully evading Syrian immigration and law

enforcement authorities. He first testified that he entered Syria with a false

8
passport, but then said that the passport was not false, but merely misspelled his

name. The IJ then indicated that this still constituted fraud.

Mr. Alim believed that if removed to Syria, he would be tortured,

persecuted, or killed for being a Christian or for deserting the military. He further

believed he would be imprisoned in a military prison named Palmera for deserting

the military. He testified that prisoners at Palmera do not have visitation rights,

cannot communicate with their families, and spend the rest of their lives

incarcerated.

The IJ issued an oral decision adverse to Mr. Alim. The IJ found that Mr.

Alim admitted all of the factual allegations supporting the INS’ charges of

removability at the January 17, 2003, hearing, and found that Mr. Alim was

removable on all five grounds alleged by the INS. The IJ then proceeded to Mr.

Alim’s claims for relief.2

The IJ did not mention Mr. Alim’s application for cancellation of removal,

but found that Mr. Alim’s application for adjustment of status was abandoned

because Elizabeth had withdrawn her visa petition, and Mr. Alim never sought a

2
At various times throughout his removal proceedings, Mr. Alim presented five claims for
relief: (1) cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b; (2) adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1255; (3) asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158; (4) withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3);
and (5) withholding of removal under the CAT.

9
waiver of inadmissibility, which was required because of his criminal convictions.

Alternatively, he ruled that even if this claim was not abandoned, he would deny

Mr. Alim adjustment of status in the exercise of his discretion.

The IJ denied Mr. Alim’s asylum claim under 8 U.S.C. § 1158 as untimely.

He noted that Mr. Alim was seeking asylum as a Christian from a predominantly

Muslim country, and because he deserted the Syrian military. But he found that

this did not reflect any changed conditions in Syria, or exceptional circumstances

that would justify its late consideration.

The IJ proceeded to analyze the evidence Mr. Alim offered in support of his

claims for withholding of removal under § 1231(b)(3) and the CAT. The IJ made

an adverse credibility determination with respect to Mr. Alim. He also doubted

Mr. Alim’s credibility because he had committed multiple acts of fraud both in

the U.S. and Syria. He doubted whether Mr. Alim would actually be persecuted or

tortured if removed, given that he spent six months in Syria after deserting the

military without being captured, and willingly returned to Syria in 1999 for 30

days to visit his mother. Finally, he noted an inconsistency in Mr. Alim’s

testimony. Mr. Alim first testified that, in 1999, he re-entered Syria with a false

passport, but then testified that the passport was valid, and only incorrectly spelled

his name.

10
 The IJ rejected the § 1231(b)(3) and CAT claims insofar as they were based

on the possibility of persecution or torture on account of Mr. Alim’s Christian

faith. He found that Mr. Alim’s case-in-chief was based on his cousin being killed

in Lebanon, but found this testimony highly speculative and conclusory. He also

rejected the claims because Mr. Alim was never detained or arrested either in

private or military life for being a Christian, despite his open practice of

Christianity. He further rejected Mr. Alim’s CAT claim insofar as it was based on

the threat of torture on account of his military desertion and illegal exit from Syria

in 1990. He doubted whether Mr. Alim actually deserted the military. To the

extent he believed that Mr. Alim deserted the military, he was not convinced that,

if removed, Mr. Alim would actually be caught for deserting and leaving Syria

illegally. In case Mr. Alim was caught for deserting and leaving illegally, the IJ

doubted that he would be punished unreasonably.

Mr. Alim appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. His brief to the BIA stated

that the IJ denied his § 1231(b)(3) and CAT claims for withholding removal, and

repeated, practically verbatim, the IJ’s factual findings. His brief did not mention

his application for cancellation of removal. As for his application for adjustment

of status, he mentioned that the IJ found it to be abandoned, but did not dispute the

IJ’s ruling. He argued that the IJ erred in making an adverse credibility finding,

11
and in finding he did not meet the burden of proof for asylum - a well-founded

fear of persecution. In his conclusion, he requested that the BIA grant him asylum

under § 1158, withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h),3 and/or

withholding of removal under the CAT. The BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s

order without an opinion, and Mr. Alim filed a timely petition for review here.

II. JURISDICTION

We must first consider whether we have subject-matter jurisdiction to hear

Mr. Alim’s petition. See, e.g., Resendiz-Alcarez v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 383 F.3d

1262, 1266 (11th Cir. 2004). The government argues that we lack subject-matter

jurisdiction over the petition for two reasons. First, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)

strips us of subject-matter jurisdiction because Mr. Alim was convicted of two

crimes involving moral turpitude. Second, Mr. Alim failed to exhaust his

administrative remedies as to his claims before the BIA. The government’s first

argument relates to the petition as a whole, while the second is claim-specific. We

address each argument in turn.

A. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)

Our jurisdiction to review final orders of removal is limited by 8 U.S.C. §

3
This provision, repealed in 1996, is the predecessor to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). See Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-208, §§ 305, 307,110
Stat. 3009-546, 3009-597-614 (1996).

12
1252(a)(2)(C), which provides:

Notwithstanding any other provision of law (statutory or
nonstatutory), including section 2241 of Title 28, or any other
habeas corpus provision, and sections 1361 and 1651 of such
title, and except as provided in subparagraph (D), no court shall
have jurisdiction to review any final order of removal against
an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a
criminal offense covered in section 1182(a)(2) or
1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), (B), (C), or (D) of this title, or any offense
covered by section 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii) of this title for which both
predicate offenses are, without regard to their date of
commission, otherwise covered by section 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) of
this title.

This provision strips us of jurisdiction to “review a final order of removal of (1) an

alien, (2) who is removable, (3) because he committed a criminal offense

enumerated in the statute.” Resendiz-Alcarez, 383 F.3d at 1266 (citing Fernandez-

Bernal v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 257 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2001)).

We agree with the parties that the only relevant statutory provisions

referenced in § 1252(a)(2)(C) that could strip us of subject-matter jurisdiction are

§§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) and (ii), which provide as follows:

(i) Crimes of moral turpitude
Any alien who-
(I) is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude
committed within five years (or 10 years in the case of an alien
provided lawful permanent resident status under section
1255(j) of this title) after the date of admission, and
(II) is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one

13
 year or longer may be imposed,
is deportable.
(ii) Multiple criminal convictions
Any alien who at any time after admission is convicted of two
or more crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising out of a
single scheme of criminal misconduct, regardless of whether
confined therefor and regardless of whether the convictions
were in a single trial, is deportable.
So, whether we have subject-matter jurisdiction depends on whether Mr. Alim is

removable for the reason stated in § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), for which both predicate

offenses are, without regard to their date of commission, otherwise covered by §

1227(a)(2)(A)(i). See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C).

We turn to §§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) and (ii) to determine whether Mr. Alim’s

2000 conviction and 1998 plea meet the statutory requirements. There is no

dispute that his 2000 conviction for making false statements to the INS is a crime

involving moral turpitude, and is covered by § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i). See Itani v.

Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 1213, 1215 (11th Cir. 2002) (crimes involving false statements

are crimes of moral turpitude). There is also no dispute that the false statements

conviction and the 1998 domestic battery plea do not arise out of a single scheme

of criminal misconduct. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii). Thus, subject-matter

jurisdiction depends on whether Mr. Alim’s 1998 domestic battery plea counts as a

second conviction for purposes of § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) & (ii), and, thus, for

14
purposes of § 1252(a)(2)(C). The answer to that question is no.

The 1998 domestic battery plea was vacated because Mr. Alim was not

advised - as required by Florida law - of the immigration consequences when he

pled no contest. Thus, the narrow jurisdictional question is whether an alien

remains “convicted” of an offense, as that term is defined in the Immigration and

Nationality Act, after the conviction or plea has been vacated on the merits to

remedy a violation of constitutional or statutory rights that occurred during the

underlying criminal proceeding.

The INA defines the term “conviction” in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(48)(A) as

follows:

(a) As used in this chapter --
...
(48) The term "conviction" means, with respect to an alien, a
formal judgment of guilt of the alien entered by a court or, if
adjudication of guilt has been withheld, where--
(i) a judge or jury has found the alien guilty or the alien has
entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere or has admitted
sufficient facts to warrant a finding of guilt, and
(ii) the judge has ordered some form of punishment, penalty,
or restraint on the alien's liberty to be imposed.

(emphasis added).

As explained a bit later, the BIA has construed § 1101(a)(48)(A), and thus,

15
we are confronted with “an agency’s construction of the statute which it

administers.” Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,

467 U.S. 837, 842 (1984). In such a case, we are required to conduct a two-step

analysis:

First, always, is the question whether Congress has directly
spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress
is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as
the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed
intent of Congress. If, however, the court determines Congress
has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, the
court does not simply impose its own construction on the
statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an
administrative interpretation. Rather, if the statute is silent or
ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for
the court is whether the agency's answer is based on a
permissible construction of the statute.

Id. at 842-43.

1. THE STATUTE’S SILENCE

The words of a statute are normally ascribed their plain meaning, see, e.g.,

Consolidated Bank, N.A. v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 118 F.3d 1461, 1463 (11th Cir.

1997), but § 1101(a)(48)(A) does not specify how to treat a nolo contendere plea

which has subsequently been vacated on the merits to remedy a violation of the

alien’s constitutional or statutory rights. The statute defines a conviction up

through the time of sentence, but says nothing about what effect, if any, the

16
conviction or plea should be given when there is a subsequent vacatur because the

alien’s statutory or constitutional rights were violated during the underlying

criminal proceeding. See, e.g., INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424 (1999)

(court should ask “whether the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the

specific issue before it...”) (quotations omitted).

We recognize our prior decision in Resendiz-Alcaraz, 383 F.3d at 1265-

1269, but do not find it controlling on this precise issue. In Resendiz-Alcaraz, we

held that a conviction vacated pursuant to a state rehabilitative measure still counts

as a “conviction” under § 1101(a)(48)(A). See id. A conviction vacated pursuant

to a state rehabilitative measure still meets the literal definition of a “conviction”

under § 1101(a)(48)(A), and it makes no difference that the conviction is later

expunged. See id. at 1268 (“[T]he statutory definition on its face appears to negate

for immigration purposes the effect of state rehabilitative measures that purport to

expunge or otherwise remove a conviction.”). Resendiz-Alcaraz, however, does

not require us to hold that all vacated convictions or nolo contendere pleas,

regardless of the circumstances, continue to count as “convictions” under §

1101(a)(48)(A). The actual holding of Resendiz-Alcaraz -as opposed to dicta in

the opinion - is that the statute speaks clearly only as to vacatur or expungement

pursuant to state rehabilitative measures. The conviction in Resendiz-Alcaraz was

17
not set aside because the alien’s statutory or constitutional rights were violated

during the underlying criminal proceeding; it was expunged pursuant to a statute

requiring that, where sentence is suspended, the case be closed and the conviction

expunged, once the case is finally terminated. See id. at 1265. The situation

presented here was not addressed in Resendiz-Alcaraz, and thus, that decision does

not control this case. Indeed, Resendiz-Alcaraz acknowledged that its holding did

not govern a case like Mr. Alim’s:

As the First Circuit has noted, “[t]he emphasis that Congress
placed on the original admission of guilt plainly indicates that
a subsequent dismissal of charges, based solely on
rehabilitative goals and not on the merits of the charge or on a
defect in the underlying criminal proceeding, does not vitiate
that original admission.” [Herrera-Inirio v. INS, 208 F.3d 299,
306 (1st Cir. 2000)].

Id. at 1270 (emphasis added).

A hypothetical helps to illustrate that Congress did not expressly address the

issue before us in § 1101(a)(48)(A). Suppose an alien is charged with a felony

punishable by five years in prison. The alien does not speak much English, has

spent only a short time in the U.S., and is completely unfamiliar with the American

judicial system. Although he is indigent and constitutionally entitled to appointed

counsel, see Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 343-44 (1963), no attorney is

appointed to represent him. He decides, on the advice of his cellmate, to plead

18
guilty. At change of plea hearing, the trial court does not advise him of his basic

constitutional rights; the court does not tell him that he has the right to a trial by

jury, the right to testify or not testify, and the right to court-appointed counsel if he

is indigent. With the court’s encouragement – and without knowing enough to be

able to intelligently waive the right to counsel – he pleads guilty. The court

adjudicates him guilty and sentences him to a year in prison. After he is

sentenced, someone in jail tells him that the court should have provided him with

an attorney and informed him of his basic constitutional rights. Based on this

information, he files a pro se notice of appeal to challenge the guilty plea and

sentence. The appellate court appoints counsel and, after briefing, notices the trial

court’s obvious constitutional errors. Because uncounseled convictions are

presumptively void, see, e.g., Burgett v. Texas, 389 U.S. 109, 115-16 (1967), the

appellate court vacates the conviction and remands the case for appropriate

proceedings. After the remand, the state decides not to pursue the matter any

further and files a one-line memorandum asking the trial court to convert the

disposition to a “nolle prosequi.” The court grants the request, thereby vacating

the conviction, and the alien is released from custody.

If § 1101(a)(48)(A) did not permit consideration of any post-sentence

vacaturs – regardless of the reason underlying the vacatur in question – the

19
conviction in our hypothetical would remain a conviction for immigration

purposes. So too would a conviction that was vacated on appeal (with a judgment

of acquittal entered) due to insufficient evidence. These outcomes are so foreign,

so antithetical, to the long-standing principles underlying our criminal justice

system and our notions of due process that we would expect Congress to have

spoken very clearly if it intended to effect such results. It has not, however, done

so. See United States v. Senges, 144 U.S. 310, 322 (1892) (“It is impossible to

presume an intention on the part of Congress to make so serious and far-reaching

an innovation in the criminal jurisprudence of the United States.”).

As we read § 1101(a)(48)(A), Congress did not address the effect to be

given a conviction or nolo contondere plea that is subsequently vacated because of

a defect in the underlying criminal proceeding. Given the statutory silence, we

turn to see if the BIA has construed the statute, and, if so, whether that

construction is entitled to deference under Chevron and its progeny.

2. THE BIA’S INTERPRETATION

The BIA, in a series of decisions, has ruled that the effect of a subsequent

event on a conviction or nolo contondere plea under § 1101(a)(48)(A) depends on

what the subsequent event is. If vacatur or expungement takes place pursuant to a

state rehabilitative measure, there is still a conviction for purposes of §

20
1101(a)(48)(A).4 If, on the other hand, vacatur occurs because there was a legal

defect in the underlying proceeding (i.e., a violation of a constitutional or statutory

right), then there is no longer a conviction for purposes of the INA. See, e.g., In re

Roldan-Santoya, 22 I & N Dec. 512, 522-23, 1999 WL 126433 (BIA 1999), vac’d

sub nom. Lujan-Amendariz v. I.N.S., 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir. 2000); In re

Rodriguez-Ruiz, 22 I & N Dec. 1378, 1379-80, 2000 WL 1375514 (BIA 2000); In

re Pickering, 23 I & N Dec. 621, 624, 2003 WL 21358480 (BIA 2003).

Recently, in a case very similar to this one, the BIA held that an Ohio

narcotics conviction no longer counts for immigration purposes if it has been set

aside because the defendant was not - as required by state law - advised of the

immigration consequences of his guilty plea. See In re Adamiak, 23 I & N Dec.

878, 879-80, 2006 WL 307908 (BIA Feb. 8, 2006) (“Under these circumstances,

we find that the Ohio court’s vacat[ur] of the respondent’s conviction should be

recognized in immigration proceedings. In the absence of a statutory directive to

the contrary, we are required by 28 U.S.C. § 1738 to give full faith and credit to

this state court judgment.”).

We defer to the BIA’s interpretation of a statute if it is reasonable and does

4
Resendiz-Alcaraz reached this same result, though by finding that the statute was clear on
the issue.

21
not contradict the clear intent of Congress. See, e.g., Jaggernauth v. U.S. Attorney

Gen., 432 F.3d 1346, 1350 (11th Cir. 2005). Today, we join those circuits that

have found the BIA’s approach to be reasonable and entitled to deference. See

Pinho v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 193, 209-10 (3d Cir. 2005) (“Given its long-standing,

consistent practice, the agency may reasonably read the statutory language

analyzed above to authorize its drawing this distinction among vacated

convictions.”); Cruz-Garza v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 1125, 1129 (10th Cir. 2005) (“In

sum, the treatment of vacated convictions is now fairly well-settled.

Notwithstanding the Fifth Circuit’s tenuous adherence to a categorical disregard of

all vacaturs, the ‘rest of the nation’ has taken to the middle ground staked out by

the BIA on the basis of the text and legislative history of § 1101(a)(48)(A).”);

Sandoval v. I.N.S., 240 F.3d 577, 583 (7th Cir. 2001) (conviction did not count

under § 1101(a)(48)(A) where it was vacated pursuant to state procedure for

remedying constitutional violations, and thus, fell “outside the category of

[rehabilitative] statutes discussed in Roldan-Santoya”) (decided while Rodriguez-

Ruiz was only an interim decision).

Only the Fifth Circuit apparently disagrees with the BIA’s approach. See

Renteria-Gonzalez v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 322 F.3d 804, 812-13 (5th Cir. 2003).

On reflection, we do not find Renteria-Gonzalez persuasive. First, its rationale is

22
contrary to ours (and that of the Third, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits). Second, the

reasoning of Renteria-Gonzalez was strongly criticized by a concurring judge, as

well as by a subsequent Fifth Circuit panel. See id. at 820 (Benavides, J.,

concurring) (criticizing the majority for “painting with too broad a brush,” and

emphasizing “that none of the convictions in the five cases cited by the majority

was vacated based on the merits of the underlying criminal proceeding, i.e., a

violation of a statutory or constitutional right”); Discipio v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d

472, 475 (5th Cir. 2004) (“Thus, a person completely exonerated by the courts

may nonetheless face removal as a convicted criminal. We should interpret

statutes to avoid results so patently absurd, ...and constitutionally questionable.”)

(citations omitted), vac’d on denial of rehearing en banc, 417 F.3d 448, 450 (5th

Cir. 2005). That criticism, in our view, was well-founded.

3. APPLICATION OF THE BIA APPROACH

After removal proceedings commenced, Mr. Alim filed a petition for a writ

of error coram nobis in the Florida circuit court where he pled no contest to

domestic battery. His petition specifically alleged that, at the time of his plea, the

court did not advise him that he could be deported. Mr. Alim’s petition

specifically mentioned Rule 3.172 of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure.

Rule 3.172(c)(8) requires that a court accepting a plea inform the defendant

23
“that if he or she is not a United States citizen, the plea may subject him or her to

deportation...” Where the defendant proves he has been prejudiced, a court’s

failure to inform him of this potential consequence renders the plea void as

involuntary. See, e.g., Peart v. Florida, 756 So.2d 42, 45-46 (Fla. 2000); Marriott

v. Florida, 605 So.2d 985, 987-88 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992). A petition for writ of

error coram nobis is the method by which an out-of-custody criminal defendant in

Florida can vacate such an involuntary plea. See Peart, 756 So.2d at 45-46;

Florida v. Seraphin, 818 So.2d 485, 487 (Fla. 2002).

The state responded to Mr. Alim’s coram nobis petition by filing a one-page

memorandum asking the clerk to convert the disposition of the case to a “nolle

prosequi.” The state court clerk subsequently filed a one-page document granting

the state’s request, thereby showing that the no contest plea was vacated.

The BIA’s decision in Adamiak is directly on point. Like Ohio law, Florida

law requires that a court inform a criminal defendant who is not a citizen of the

immigration consequences of his plea. Like the defendant in Adamiak, Mr. Alim

was not informed of this consequence, as required by state law. And like the

defendant’s plea in Adamiak, Mr. Alim’s plea was vacated to remedy this legal

defect in the underlying criminal proceeding. Mr. Alim’s 1998 no contest plea to

domestic battery is therefore no longer a “conviction” under § 1101(a)(48)(A).

24
See Adamiak, 23 I & N Dec. at 879-880.

The only difference between Adamiak and this case is that the state court

order vacating the defendant’s conviction in Adamiak expressly noted the state law

pursuant to which the conviction was vacated. The state court order here does not

mention Rule 3.172. It merely mentions the prosecutor’s memorandum, which

also does not cite to Rule 3.172. Thus, it could be argued that while we know that

the conviction in Adamiak was vacated to remedy a violation of a specified right,

we may not know exactly why Mr. Alim’s plea was vacated. Because Mr. Alim’s

plea could have been vacated for reasons other than to remedy a violation of Rule

3.172, perhaps it should still be treated as a “conviction” under § 1101(a)(48)(A).

The government, in fact, raised this point at oral argument.

But we see no reason why we cannot look to Mr. Alim’s coram nobis

petition for the reason underlying the state court’s decision to vacate the plea.

That, in fact, is what the BIA and the federal courts have done. See, e.g.,

Pickering, 23 I & N Dec. at 625 (BIA turned to the affidavit of alien in support of

his petition to vacate his conviction because the Canadian court’s order did not

reference any law pursuant to which the conviction was vacated); Pihno, 432 F.3d

at 215 (“If the order does not give a clear statement of reasons, the agency may

look to the record before the court when the order was issued.”). On this record,

25
we have no reason to doubt that Mr. Alim’s plea was vacated for the reason

provided in his petition. This is particularly so because the state did not challenge

or contest Mr. Alim’s factual allegations.

In sum, the 1998 no contest plea was vacated to remedy a violation of Mr.

Alim’s rights under Florida law. Under the BIA’s interpretation of §

1101(a)(48)(A), to which we defer, Mr. Alim is not “convicted” of domestic

battery for immigration purposes. Because Mr. Alim was not convicted of two

crimes involving moral turpitude, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) does not strip us of

subject-matter jurisdiction over his petition. We now turn to the government’s

argument that we lack subject-matter jurisdiction over specific claims.

B. EXHAUSTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES

The government argues that we lack subject-matter jurisdiction because Mr.

Alim failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as to each claim for relief that

he made throughout his removal proceedings. As noted earlier, Mr. Alim raised

five different claims at various points in the removal proceedings: (1) cancellation

of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b; (2) asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158; (3)

withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); (4) withholding of removal

under the CAT; and (5) adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255. We do not

consider the claim for adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255 because Mr.

26
Alim has abandoned it on appeal. See Sepulveda v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 401 F.3d

1226, 1228 n. 2 (11th Cir. 2005). We dismiss the claim for asylum for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction on a different ground, and dismiss the cancellation of

removal claim because that claim was not raised before the BIA. As to the claims

for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and withholding of

removal under the CAT, we conclude that Mr. Alim exhausted his administrative

remedies, and reach the merits of those claims.

1. ASYLUM

Although the parties did not brief this specific issue, we are “obligated to

inquire into subject-matter jurisdiction sua sponte whenever it may be lacking.”

Chacon-Botero v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 427 F.3d 954, 956 (11th Cir. 2005)

(quotations omitted). An alien may not apply for asylum “unless [he]

demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that the application has been filed

within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the United States.” 8 U.S.C. §

1158(a)(2)(B). An untimely application may be considered in certain

circumstances:

An application for asylum may be considered notwithstanding
subparagraphs (B) and (C), if the alien demonstrates to the
satisfaction of the Attorney General either the existence of
changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s
eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to

27
 the delay in filing an application within the period specified in
subparagraph (B).

8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). Questions of timeliness and the applicability of these

exceptions are left exclusively to the Attorney General. The immediately

subsequent provision, entitled “Limitation on judicial review,” provides that “[n]o

court shall have jurisdiction to review any determination of the Attorney General

under paragraph (2).” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3).

According to § 1158(a)(3), a court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction

to review an asylum application that is denied as untimely under § 1158(a)(2)(B).

See Fahim v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 278 F.3d 1216, 1218 (11th Cir. 2002) (“We join

the 8th and 9th Circuits in holding that the language of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3)

precludes federal court review of determinations made by the Attorney General

pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2).”). See also Chacon-Botero, 427 F.3d at 956-

957; Sanchez v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 153 Fed.Appx. 698, 699 (11th Cir. 2005).

The IJ denied Mr. Alim’s application for asylum pursuant to § 1158(a)(2).

His oral decision, as it relates to Mr. Alim’s asylum application, provides:

FURTHER ORDERED respondent’s application of asylum is
untimely and he has failed to establish an exceptional
circumstance of changed country condition to warrant its
consideration.

A.R. at 47. The IJ thus denied the asylum application because it was untimely

28
under § 1158(a)(2)(B), and because Mr. Alim failed to show changed or

extraordinary circumstances under § 1158(a)(2)(D) to warrant its late

consideration.

A review of Mr. Alim’s asylum claim would necessarily entail a review of

the IJ’s basis for denying it. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision without an

opinion, and thus, the IJ’s decision is the final order of removal. See Sepulveda,

401 F.3d at 1230. Because Mr. Alim’s asylum application was denied under §

1158(a)(2), we lack subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to § 1158(a)(3) to review

the final order of removal as it pertains to the asylum claim. See Chacon-Botero,

427 F.3d at 956-957; Fahim, 278 F.3d at 1218.

2. REMAINING CLAIMS

A court may review a final order of removal only if “the alien has exhausted

all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right[.]” 8 U.S.C. §

1252(d)(1). This requirement is jurisdictional, “so we lack jurisdiction over

claims that have not been raised before the BIA.” Sundar v. INS, 328 F.3d 1320,

1323 (11th Cir. 2003). See also Fernandez-Bernal, 257 F.3d at 1317 n.13. Cf.

Asencio v. INS, 37 F.3d 614, 615-616 (11th Cir. 1994) (interpreting predecessor

exhaustion provision, 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(c)).

a. CANCELLATION OF REMOVAL UNDER 8 U.S.C. § 1229b

29
 Mr. Alim argues that the IJ erred in denying his request for cancellation of

removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. At some time before the September 28,

2000, hearing, Mr. Alim’s counsel submitted an application for cancellation of

removal. After noting that Mr. Alim did not meet the 10-year continuous

residence requirement to be eligible for cancellation of removal, the IJ returned the

application to Mr. Alim’s counsel, without objection.5 We will assume that this

constituted a denial of the application on the merits by the IJ. But in his appeal to

the BIA, Mr. Alim never discussed the merits of his application for cancellation of

removal, let alone the IJ’s basis for denying it. Neither his procedural summary of

the proceedings before the IJ, nor his prayer for relief, mentioned his application

for cancellation of removal. Mr. Alim therefore failed to exhaust his

administrative remedies in regard to his application for cancellation of removal,

and thus, we lack subject-matter jurisdiction over this claim. See 8 U.S.C. §

1252(d)(1); Sundar, 328 F.3d at 1323; Asencio, 37 F.3d at 615-16.

b. WITHHOLDING OF REMOVAL UNDER 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3) AND THE CAT

The government argues that we lack subject-matter jurisdiction over Mr.

Alim’s claims for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3) and the

5
One prerequisite for cancellation of removal is that the alien “has been physically present
in the United States for a continuous period of not less than 10 years immediately preceding the date
of such application.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(A).

30
CAT because Mr. Alim failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. The

government concedes that Mr. Alim raised both of these claims before the IJ. See

Brief for Respondent at 35, 36. It further concedes that the May 20, 2003,

evidentiary hearing primarily consisted of testimony from Mr. Alim in support of

these two claims. See Brief for Respondent at 10-12. It argues, however, that Mr.

Alim did not raise either of these claims in his brief to the BIA. According to the

government, Mr. Alim’s brief only argued the merits of the asylum claim, rather

than the § 1231(b)(3) and CAT claims. It recognizes that Mr. Alim referred to the

§ 1231(b)(3) and CAT claims in both his procedural summary of the proceedings

before the IJ and in his prayer for relief, but it considers these to be passing

references to the claims, rather than actual presentations of the claims to the BIA.

We disagree with the government that Mr. Alim made only passing

references to his § 1231(b)(3) and CAT claims before the BIA, and conclude that

Mr. Alim exhausted his administrative remedies. His procedural summary of the

case expressly stated that the issues decided by the IJ “concerned his applications

for relief from withholding of removal under [INA] section 241(b)(3)(A) [§

1231(b)(3)(A)] and protection under the Convention Against Torture.” A.R. 6.

These were the only two claims that the IJ heard evidence on. The brief also

recounts the IJ’s factual findings, and legal conclusions, on the merits of these two

31
claims. The brief argues that the IJ erred in determining that Mr. Alim did not

make a credible witness, a finding that could only be relevant to the merits of Mr.

Alim’s § 1231(b)(3) and CAT claims. The brief then formally requests that the

BIA withhold removal under the INA6 and/or the CAT, with specific references to

the applicable federal statutes and regulations. Thus, we proceed to the merits of

Mr. Alim’s claims for withholding of removal under § 1231(b)(3) and the CAT.

III. MERITS

The BIA affirmed the IJ’s oral decision without an opinion. “When the BIA

summarily affirms the IJ’s decision without an opinion, the IJ’s decision becomes

the final removal order.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1230. We review the IJ’s

decision “as if it were the Board’s.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284

(11th Cir. 2001).

A. LEGAL STANDARDS

The IJ’s factual finding that “an alien is statutorily ineligible

for...withholding is reviewed under the substantial evidence test.” Id. at 1283

(quotations omitted). That is, “we must affirm the IJ’s decision if it is supported

6
In his prayer for relief in his BIA brief, Mr. Alim cited § 1253(h), instead of § 1231(b)(3),
but we view this is as a mere scrivener’s error. As noted earlier, § 1253(h), repealed in 1996, is the
predecessor to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). Mr. Alim cited § 1231(b)(3) in the procedural summary of
his BIA brief.

32
by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record as a whole.”

Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1230 (quotations omitted). This is a “highly deferential

standard of review,” and “the IJ’s decision can be reversed only if the evidence

compels a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.” Id. (citations omitted). Thus,

the evidence must compel, rather than merely support, the conclusion that the IJ

erred. See Fahim, 278 F.3d at 1218.

An IJ’s adverse credibility determinations are also factual findings, and

thus, are also subject to the substantial evidence test, and may not be overturned

unless the record compels that result. See D-Muhumed v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 388

F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2004); Forgue v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 401 F.3d 1282,

1287 (11th Cir. 2005). As the trier of fact, the IJ “must determine credibility, and

this court may not substitute its judgment for that of the [IJ] with respect to

credibility findings.” D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 818. See also Forgue, 401 F.3d at

1286. Once the IJ makes an adverse credibility determination, the burden is on the

alien to show that the determination “was not supported by specific, cogent

reasons, or was not based on substantial evidence.” Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287.

An alien is entitled to withholding of removal under § 1231(b)(3) if he can

show that his “life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the

alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

33
political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). The alien “bears the burden of

demonstrating that it is more likely than not he will be persecuted or tortured upon

being returned to his country.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232. Persecution is an

“extreme concept requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal

harassment or intimidation,” and “mere harassment does not amount to

persecution.” Id. at 1231.

An alien is entitled to withholding of removal under the CAT if he shows

that it is “more likely than not that he will be tortured upon his return to his home

country.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). See also Cadet v. Bulger, 377 F.3d 1173, 1180

(11th Cir. 2004). “Torture” is “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether

physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person...by or at the instigation of

a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. §

208.18(a)(1). See also D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 819-20. Torture “is an extreme

form of cruel and inhuman treatment and does not include lesser forms of cruel,

inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment that do not amount to torture.” 8

C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(2).

In his petition here, Mr. Alim bases his § 1231(b)(3) and CAT arguments on

the asserted probability that he will suffer persecution and/or torture on account of

his Christian faith if removed to Syria. First, he argues that the IJ erred in making

34
an adverse credibility determination against him. Second, he contends that the IJ

erred in failing to find that he suffered past persecution on account of his Christian

faith while living in Syria.7 Third, he asserts that the IJ’s decision is not based on

substantial evidence, and that the evidence compels the conclusion that he is

entitled to withholding of removal under both § 1231(b)(3) and the CAT, because

he will more likely than not be persecuted and/or tortured for being a Christian if

removed to Syria.8

B. REVIEW OF THE IJ’S FACTUAL FINDINGS

The IJ’s credibility determinations were specific, cogent, and supported by

substantial evidence. The IJ doubted Mr. Alim’s credibility because he committed

multiple acts of fraud: Mr. Alim deserted the Syrian air force, exited Syria

illegally, entered the U.S. by fraud, falsely stated that he had not been convicted of

a crime when he applied for adjustment of status, and then, after visiting Syria in

1999 for 30 days, exited Syria by fraud. The IJ also doubted whether Mr. Alim

would actually be persecuted or tortured, given that he spent six months in Syria

7
If an alien demonstrates past persecution, there is a rebuttable presumption that he will
suffer future persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1).
8
We do not discuss the merits of Mr. Alim’s CAT claim insofar as it could be based on the
possibility that he could be tortured for deserting the military. In his briefs here, Mr. Alim’s CAT
claim is based entirely on the possibility of torture for being a Christian. Thus, he has abandoned
any other basis for his CAT claim. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1228 n. 2.

35
after deserting the military without being captured, and willingly returned to Syria

in 1999 for 30 days to visit his mother. He further noted an inconsistency in Mr.

Alim’s testimony. Mr. Alim first testified that, in 1999, he re-entered Syria with a

false passport, but later testified that the passport was valid, but merely incorrectly

spelled his name. The IJ then explained that this still constituted fraud. We find

these determinations are well-supported by the record and find nothing compelling

us to conclude that the IJ was wrong. Moreover, we note that these credibility

determinations were but a small part of the factual basis for the IJ’s conclusions.

Those conclusions were primarily based on Mr. Alim’s inability to articulate

specific instances where he was persecuted or tortured, and the lack of evidence

suggesting that Mr. Alim would be persecuted or tortured if removed to Syria.

The IJ found that Mr. Alim’s case was based on his cousin being killed after

leaving Syria to fight a war in Lebanon on behalf of Christians. He found this

evidence unconvincing because Mr. Alim had no first-hand knowledge of the

circumstances of his cousin’s death, he could not produce a death certificate or

other physical evidence, and the person who informed him merely showed him a

picture of the cousin sitting on top of an Israeli tank. The IJ was also not

convinced that Mr. Alim’s experience in the military supported his claims. His

superiors knew he was a Christian, but he was never harmed for being a Christian,

36
served for eight years, and was never arrested, detained or imprisoned while in the

military for any reason. The IJ further noted that Mr. Alim was never arrested or

detained while in Syria during his civilian life. According to the IJ, there was no

reason to find that Mr. Alim would be persecuted and/or tortured for being

Christian if removed to Syria today, because he was not persecuted and/or tortured

for being a Christian when he lived in Syria. He found Mr. Alim’s testimony to be

too vague and conclusory to warrant withholding of removal under § 1231(b)(3)

or the CAT.

These findings are also supported by substantial evidence. Mr. Alim could

not explain how he knew why his cousin was killed, or how he knew who killed

him. The family member who told him that his cousin was killed did not have

first-hand knowledge of the circumstances of the murder either. Nor could Mr.

Alim provide a death certificate or other corroborating evidence. Moreover, the

evidence regarding Mr. Alim’s cousin equally supported the conclusion that he

was killed because he was a spy for Israel, instead of on account of his Christian

faith. Nor did Mr. Alim provide evidence compelling us to conclude that he

would be the target of any persecution or torture in Syria because of something

that happened to his cousin, in Lebanon, during a civil war. See, e.g., Roy v.

Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 132, 140 (5th Cir. 2004) (petitioner did not show that he would

37
more likely than not be tortured if removed, where evidence concerned “his

father’s brother-in-law, and his father’s nephew,” and petitioner “was not present

when his family members were arrested, harassed, or beaten”). In sum, the

evidence regarding Mr. Alim’s cousin does not compel us to conclude that Mr.

Alim suffered past persecution or torture, or will more likely than not suffer

persecution or torture if removed to Syria.

Mr. Alim’s testimony of his civilian life as a Christian in Syria largely

consisted of vague statements that Syrian Christians are discriminated against and

have trouble finding work. He testified that Syrian Muslims feel they will go to

heaven for killing a Christian, but he never testified as to any specific instance

where he was persecuted or tortured. He testified that while living in Syria, he

was a member of a Christian group that tried to convert Muslims and that this

upset the Muslim authorities. He mentioned an instance where his friend was shot

in 1987 or 1988 for being an outspoken Christian. He never testified, however, to

an instance where he was persecuted or tortured for converting Muslims to

Christianity. He did say that, on account of his Christian faith, certain unidentified

people went “after him,” there was a “bad point” or “black point” in his school

records, and there were “negative reports” about him. But these statements were

vague, and even if true, do not compel us to find that he was (or will be)

38
persecuted or tortured.

Mr. Alim was in the Syrian military for eight years, was a Christian when he

entered the military, and was known to be a Christian throughout his tenure in the

military. He testified that Christians are discriminated against in the military, and

that he was treated badly and denied certain rights while in the military. But he

failed to provide any explanation or detail as to the nature of the discrimination or

“bad” treatment. Nor did he explain what rights of his were violated, or how.

Military authorities knew that he was an “outspoken” Christian while he was in

the military, yet he was never arrested, detained or imprisoned for any reason.

Indeed, he was promoted at least once during those eight years.

At the very most, Mr. Alim’s testimony describes instances of harassment

and intimidation, but “mere harassment does not amount to persecution,”

Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231. See also Sanchez, 153 Fed.Appx. at 701 (petitioner

did not establish past persecution or that he would more likely than not be

persecuted if removed, where only evidence offered was that he received

threatening telephone calls from guerrilla group, and found his car window

shattered and a threatening note attached to a rock in the car). Mr. Alim was

certainly not tortured. In essence, the “record lacks sufficient evidence that

anyone in [Syria] has the present inclination to persecute” or torture Mr. Alim for

39
being a Christian. Fahim, 278 F.3d at 1218.

IV. CONCLUSION

We have subject-matter jurisdiction over the petition because Mr. Alim has

not been convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude. The term

“conviction,” as defined in § 1101(a)(48)(A), does not include a nolo contendere

plea or conviction that has been vacated on the merits to remedy a violation of

constitutional or statutory rights. The 1998 domestic battery plea was vacated

because Mr. Alim was not informed of the immigration consequences of his plea,

as required by Florida law, and therefore is not a conviction for purposes of §

1101(a)(48)(A).

Although we are not stripped of subject-matter jurisdiction over Mr. Alim’s

petition, we only exercise jurisdiction over his claims for withholding of removal

under § 1231(b)(3) and the CAT. We do not address the adjustment of status

claim because it has been abandoned on appeal. The asylum claim cannot be

judicially reviewed because it was denied as untimely, and Mr. Alim failed to

exhaust his administrative remedies as to the cancellation of removal claim. As to

the claims under § 1231(b)(3) and the CAT, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s

findings and conclusions.

Mr. Alim’s petition is DISMISSED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

40