Slip Op. 02-47
United States Court of International Trade
SAN FRANCISCO CANDLE COMPANY, INC.,
Plaintiff,
Before: Pogue, Judge
v.
Court No. 01-00088
UNITED STATES,
Defendant,
and
NATIONAL CANDLE ASSOCIATION,
Defendant-Intervenor.
[Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the agency record denied.
Remanded to the Department of Commerce for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.]
Decided: May 30, 2002
Sandler, Travis, & Rosenberg, P.A. (Philip S. Gallas, Gregory S.
Menegaz) for Plaintiff.
Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, David M.
Cohen, Director, Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Senior Trial Counsel,
Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of
Justice, John F. Koeppen, Of Counsel, Office of the Chief Counsel
for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, for
Defendant.
Barnes & Thornburg (Randolph J. Stayin, Karen A. McGee) for
Defendant-Intervenor.
OPINION
Pogue, Judge: Plaintiff San Francisco Candle Company (“SFCC”) moves
for judgment upon the agency record pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.2,
Court No. 01-00088 Page 2
challenging a determination by the U.S. Department of Commerce
("Commerce") that certain candles are within the scope of an
antidumping duty order. This Court has jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2000) and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(vi) (2000).
Background
In August 1986, Commerce issued an antidumping duty order
covering “[c]ertain scented or unscented petroleum wax candles made
from petroleum wax and having fiber or paper-cored wicks . . . sold
in the following shapes: tapers, spirals, and straight-sided dinner
candles; rounds, columns, pillars, votives; and various wax-filled
containers.” Antidumping Duty Order: Petroleum Wax Candles from
the People’s Republic of China, 51 Fed. Reg. 30,686, 30,686 (Dep't
Commerce 1986) (“Candles Order” or “Order”). A subsequent notice
indicated that certain novelty candles would be excluded from the
Order’s scope:
The Department of Commerce has determined that certain
novelty candles, such as Christmas novelty candles, are
not within the scope of the antidumping order on
petroleum wax candles from the People’s Republic of China
(PRC). Christmas novelty candles are specially designed
for use only in connection with the Christmas holiday
season. This use is clearly indicated by Christmas
scenes or symbols depicted in the candle design. Other
novelty candles not within the scope of the order include
candles having scenes or symbols of other occasions
(e.g., religious holidays or special events) depicted in
their designs, figurine candles, and candles shaped in
the form of identifiable objects (e.g., animals or
numerals).
Dep’t of Commerce, Scope Clarification Notice, Petroleum-Wax
Court No. 01-00088 Page 3
Candles from the People’s Republic of China - Case Number A-570-
504, Pl.’s Ex. 4 at 1 (“Scope Clarification”); Customs Info. Exch.
Notification, Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of
China - Antidumping - A-570-504, CIE N–212/85 (Sept. 21, 1987).
In November 2000, SFCC requested that Commerce issue a scope
ruling as to twelve candles.1 See Letter from San Francisco Candle
Company to Sean Carey, Dep’t of Commerce, Int’l Trade Admin.,
Antidumping and Countervailing Enforcement Group III (Nov. 17,
2000), Compl. App. I (“Scope Ruling Request”). Commerce found
eleven of the twelve candles to be within the scope of the Candles
Order.2 See Final Scope Ruling; Antidumping Duty Order on
1
SFCC submitted the following twelve candles for review in its
Scope Ruling Request:
1. Christmas Holly Leaf with Berries Candy Cane Pillar (Item
No. 03433)
2. Santa Claus Motif Candy Cane Pillar (Item. No. 13403)
3. Christmas Tree with Star Candy Cane Pillar (Item. No. 73633)
4. Christmas Holly Leaf Pillar (Item No. 83136)
5. Christmas Sock Pillar (Item No. 83036)
6. Santa Claus Pillar (Item No. 82936)
7. Carved Christmas Tree with Star Pillar (Item No. 64904)
8. Santa Claus Candy Cane Column (Item No. 00016)
9. Christmas Holly Leaf with Berries Candy Cane Column (Item
No. 00016)
10. Christmas Tree with Star Candy Cane Column (Item No. 00016)
11. Christmas Holly Leaf with Berries Pillar (Item No. 166406)
12. Christmas Patchwork Pillar and Christmas Patchwork Square
(Item No. 15736)
The opinion will refer to the candles by the assigned numbers 1-
12.
2
Commerce found Candle 7, the Carved Christmas Tree with Star
Pillar (Item No. 64904), to be outside the scope of the Order.
This is a white candle decorated with gold images of Christmas
Court No. 01-00088 Page 4
Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of China, (A-570-
504); SFCC at 4-7 (Feb. 12, 2001) (“Final Scope Ruling”), Compl.
App. III.
SFCC appeals the results of the Final Scope Ruling pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), claiming that all of the candles submitted
in the Scope Ruling Request are novelty candles that fall outside
the scope of the Candles Order. SFCC also submits for review the
Christmas Patchwork Square, which Commerce did not address in its
Final Scope Ruling,3 and two candles that were not presented to
Commerce in the Scope Ruling Request.4 See Pl.’s Mem. Supp. Mot.
J. Agency R. at 32 (“Pl.’s Mem.”); Scope Ruling Request, Compl.
App. I. Defendant asserts that candles 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 10 were
correctly found to be within the scope of the Candles Order, and
requests that candles 1, 4, 9, 11, and 12 be remanded for
reconsideration by Commerce. See Def.’s Resp. Pl.’s Mot. J. Agency
trees. Commerce held that the image is clearly identifiable as a
Christmas tree, which is specific to the Christmas holiday; that
the design is viewable from most angles; and that its removal
would cause significant damage to the candle. This candle is not
at issue here.
3
The twelfth candle listed in the Scope Ruling Request is a
Christmas Patchwork design available as a 3 in. x 6 in. pillar
and a 3 in. x 3 in. cube. In its Final Scope Ruling, Commerce
addressed the Christmas Patchwork Pillar but made no
determination as to the Christmas Patchwork Square. See Scope
Ruling Request, Compl. App. I ¶ 12; Final Scope Ruling at 7,
Compl. App. III.
4
These are the Moonlite Candy Cane candles (Item No. 213649),
available in two color combinations: red, white, and green, or
red and white.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 5
R. at 2-3 (“Def.’s Resp.”).
Standard of Review
This Court will uphold an agency determination unless it is
“unsupported by substantial evidence on the record or otherwise not
in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(I) (2000).
Substantial evidence is “something less than the weight of the
evidence,” Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966),
but is “more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant
evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support
a conclusion.” Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 477
(1951) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229
(1938)). The possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions
from the same evidence does not mean that the agency’s finding is
unsupported by substantial evidence, see Consolo, 383 U.S. at 620,
and this court “may not substitute its judgment for that of the
[agency] when the choice is ‘between two fairly conflicting views,
even though the court would justifiably have made a different
choice had the matter been before it de novo.’” Timken Co. v.
United States, slip op. 02-38 at 5-6 (CIT Apr. 22, 2002) (internal
citations omitted).
Discussion
I. Scope Determinations
Commerce has inherent authority to define and clarify the
scope of an antidumping duty investigation. See Koyo Seiko Co.,
Court No. 01-00088 Page 6
Ltd. v. United States, 17 CIT 1076, 1078, 834 F. Supp. 1401, 1403
(1993), aff’d, 31 F.3d 1177 (Fed. Cir. 1994). However, “while
[Commerce] may interpret those orders, it may not change them.”
Ericsson GE Mobile Communication, Inc. v. United States, 60 F.3d
778, 782 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (citing Smith Corona Corp. v. United
States, 915 F.2d 683, 686 (Fed. Cir. 1990)).
In determining whether a product falls within the scope of an
order, Commerce looks to “[t]he descriptions of the merchandise
contained in the petition, the initial investigation, and the
determinations of the Secretary (including prior scope
determinations) and the Commission.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1)
(2000). If the descriptions are dispositive, Commerce must issue
the scope ruling based on this information alone. See id. at §
351.225(k)(2); Nitta Indus. Corp. v. United States, 997 F.2d 1459,
1461 (Fed. Cir. 1993).5
II. The Candles Order
5
If a determination cannot be made using only the descriptions,
Commerce initiates a scope inquiry and considers the following
five factors: “(i) [t]he physical characteristics of the product;
(ii) [t]he expectations of the ultimate purchasers; (iii) [t]he
ultimate use of the product; (iv) [t]he channels of trade in
which the product is sold; and (v) [t]he manner in which the
product is advertised and displayed.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(2);
see also Diversified Prods. Corp. v. United States, 6 CIT 155,
162, 572 F. Supp. 883, 889 (1983). In the instant case, the
criteria of 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1) are dispositive. As
Commerce concluded, no consideration of the criteria 19 C.F.R. §
351.225(k)(2) was required.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 7
In making a scope determination under the Candles Order,
Commerce first determines whether the candle is in a shape covered
by the Order. If so, Commerce then considers whether the candle
may be excluded from the Order as a novelty candle.6 Among the
excluded novelty candles are holiday candles, including Christmas
candles.
In analyzing holiday novelty candles, including Christmas
candles, Commerce asks whether the candle is specially designed for
use only in connection with a specific holiday or event. Under the
Scope Clarification, Christmas candles must be “specially designed
for use only in connection with the Christmas holiday season,” and
this use must be “clearly indicated by Christmas scenes or symbols
depicted in the candle design.” Scope Clarification, Pl.’s Ex. 4
at 1. Prior scope rulings indicate that in order to qualify a
candle for exclusion, a holiday design must be easily recognizable
as a specific holiday image.
6
As noted earlier, the Candles Order excludes the following as
novelty candles:
a) “Christmas novelty candles . . . specially designed for
use only in connection with the Christmas holiday
season. This use is clearly indicated by Christmas
scenes or symbols depicted in the candle design;”
b) “Candles having scenes or symbols of other occasions
(e.g., religious holidays or special events) depicted
in their designs;”
c) “Figurine candles;” and
d) “Candles shaped in the form of identifiable objects,
(e.g. animals or numerals).”
Scope Clarification, Pl.’s Ex. 4 at 1.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 8
If a candle is found to be specially designed for use only in
connection with a specific holiday or event, Commerce then
determines whether the decorations can be removed without damaging
the candle. See Final Scope Ruling, Endar Corp. at 4 (July 7,
2000) (explaining Commerce’s three-step analysis of holiday novelty
candles); see also Final Scope Ruling, Am. Greetings Corp. at 6
(May 4, 2000) (stating that Commerce will analyze whether a
decoration may be easily removed only after first determining that
the candle qualifies as a holiday novelty candle); Final Scope
Ruling, Hallmark Cards, Inc. at 2 (Sept. 30, 1993) (finding a
candle outside the scope of the Order because an engraved poem
entitled “Our Wedding” limited its use to weddings and could not be
removed without damaging the candle). If a candle’s design is
specific to a particular holiday or event but is not easily
recognizable or is easily removed without damaging the candle,
Commerce may still find the candle to be within the scope of the
Order.
The holiday novelty exclusion is defined narrowly. See Russ
Berrie & Co., Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT 429, 440, 57 F. Supp.
2d 1184, 1194 (1999); Final Scope Ruling, Endar Corp. at 5 (July 7,
2000). Decorative images must be specific to the holiday; generic
and seasonal designs are not grounds for exclusion. See, e.g.,
Final Scope Ruling, Endar Corp. at 4 (July 7, 2000) (“Candles
bearing designs or symbols of a general seasonal nature, for
Court No. 01-00088 Page 9
example, have not warranted exclusion as holiday novelty
candles.”); Final Scope Ruling, Am. Greetings Corp. at 8 (May 4,
2000) (candles decorated with snowflakes are seasonal and therefore
do not qualify as holiday novelty candles); Final Scope Ruling,
Kohl’s Dep’t Stores, Inc., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 14 at 4 (Aug. 24, 1998)
(candle decorated with cherubs, rope, flowers, and vines was within
the scope of the Order because these decorations did not symbolize
any particular holiday). Nor will colors alone qualify a candle
for exclusion. See, e.g., Springwater Cookie & Confections, Inc.
v. United States, 20 CIT 1192, 1197 (1996) (“[C]olors per se will
not exempt a candle from the scope of the antidumping order.”);
Final Scope Ruling, Institutional Financing Services and Hallmark
Cards, Inc., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 12 at 3-4 (Apr. 9, 1997) (red and
white rounds resembling a peppermint candy were within the scope of
the Order). However, Commerce considers all of the characteristics
of the candle in combination, and colors and designs that may be
insufficient bases for exclusion when considered individually may
qualify a candle for exclusion when considered together. See,
e.g., Springwater, 20 CIT at 1195-96; Final Scope Ruling, Endar
Corp., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 9 at 4 (Apr. 7, 1999) (“[B]ecause the design
and color combination of this candle (pine cones bunched in the
center of green pine branches against a red background) is
associated with Christmas, we find that [this candle] qualifies for
the holiday novelty candle exclusion.”); see also Final Scope
Court No. 01-00088 Page 10
Ruling, Success Sales, Inc., Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 3-5 (July 27, 1994) (A
packaged set of three candles was found to be a holiday novelty
item where two of the three candles were holiday novelty candles,
the packaging was labeled “Holiday Pillar Candles,” and the set was
marketed during the Christmas season); Final Scope Ruling,
Cherrydale Farms Confections at 2-4 (Sept. 9, 1993) (A packaged set
of two candles was found to be an excluded holiday novelty item
where the candles used bayberry scent and red coloring, one candle
was a holiday novelty candle, the non-novelty candle depicted a
winter scene, and the packaging was labeled “Holiday Candles.”).
III. The Scope Ruling
A. Defendant’s Remand Request
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes Defendant’s request
for the remand of candles 1, 4, 9, 11, and 12 to the Department of
Commerce for reconsideration.7 See Def.’s Resp. at 3. The
7
The following candles are included in Defendant’s remand
request:
1. Christmas Holly Leaf Candle with Berries Candy Cane Pillar
(Item No. 03433)
This candle has red and white diagonal stripes on its sides
and a holly leaf and berry design imprinted into its flat top
surface. Commerce found this candle to be within the scope of
the Order, maintaining that (a) the holly leaf and berry pattern
is “generic to the winter season” and is not specific to
Christmas; (b) the design on the top surface would quickly melt;
and (c) red and white striped “candy cane” candles are not
eligible for the holiday novelty exception (citing Final Scope
Ruling, Institutional Financing Services and Hallmark Cards,
Def.-Int.’s Ex. 12 at 4 (Apr. 9, 1997)). Final Scope Ruling at 4
¶ 1, Compl. App. III.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 11
decorative patterns on these candles include holly leaf and berry
designs that Commerce determined to be “generic to the winter
season” and therefore ineligible for exclusion from the Candles
Order as holiday novelty candles. See Final Scope Ruling at 4-7 ¶¶
1, 4, 9, 11, 12, Compl. App. III. This determination is contrary
to Springwater, 20 CIT at 1195-96, which stated that holly sprigs
are “symbols associated with Christmas,” and to Candles Order
rulings in which Commerce, following Springwater, concluded that
4. Christmas Holly Leaf Pillar (Item No. 83136)
This dark green candle has a holly leaf and berry design
drawn in white on one side. Commerce found this candle to be
within the scope of the Candles Order, ruling that the holly leaf
and berry design is “generic to the winter season” and “does not
meet the specificity requirements to render a particular candle
exempt under of the holiday novelty exemption.” Id. at 5 ¶ 4.
9. Christmas Holly Leaf with Berries Candy Cane Column (Item No.
00016)
This candle is decorated with red, white and green diagonal
stripes along its length and a small holly leaf and berry image
on one side. Commerce ruled that this candle was within the
scope of the Candles Order on the sole ground that the holly leaf
and berry motif is not specific to Christmas. Id. at 6 ¶ 9.
11. Christmas Holly Leaf with Berries Pillar (Item No. 166406)
The body of this red candle is covered with a raised holly
leaf and berry design. Commerce found this candle to be within
the scope of the Order on the ground that the holly leaf and
berry design is “generic to the winter season” and not specific
to the Christmas holiday. Id. at 6 ¶ 11.
12. Christmas Patchwork Pillar (Item No. 15736)
This candle is decorated with a variety of small images,
including holly leaves and berries, candy canes, evergreen trees,
snow-covered houses, cardinals, stars, reindeer, and multicolored
patchwork designs. Commerce ruled that none of the images were
“solely specific to the Christmas holiday” and found the candle
to be within the scope of the Order. Id. at 7 ¶ 12.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 12
the holly leaf and berry design is a symbol of Christmas that
qualifies a candle for the holiday novelty exception. See Final
Scope Ruling, Avon Products, Inc., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 6 at 4 (May 8,
2001); Final Scope Ruling, Dollar Tree Stores, Inc. at 2-3 (Apr. 9,
1997).
Although Commerce is authorized to alter its prior practice,
it must demonstrate that a decision to do so is supported by
substantial evidence and in accordance with law. See Asociacion
Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores v. United States, 22 CIT 173,
184-85, 6 F. Supp. 2d 865, 879-80 (1998) (“Commerce has the
flexibility to change its position providing that it explain the
basis for its change and providing that the explanation is in
accordance with law and supported by substantial evidence.”).
Therefore, the Court will grant the defendant’s request and remand
candles 1, 4, 9, 11, and 12 to Commerce for reconsideration. The
Court further directs Commerce to consider both the cube and pillar
versions of candle 12, the Christmas Patchwork candle, in its
remand determination.
B. SFCC’s Moonlite Candles
Plaintiff includes in its motion two Moonlite Candles (Item
No. 213649) that were not submitted to Commerce in the Scope Ruling
Request. See Compl. at 8 ¶ 31; Scope Ruling Request, Compl. App.
I; Pl.’s Mem. at 32. Absent an agency determination, there is no
basis for this Court to exercise jurisdiction in this matter. See
Court No. 01-00088 Page 13
19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(vi); Ericsson GE Mobile Comm., Inc., 60
F.3d at 783 (“As the agency charged with administering the
antidumping duty program, the Commerce Department is responsible
for interpreting the antidumping duty order and determining whether
certain products fall within the scope of the order as
interpreted.”). As Commerce has not had the opportunity to
determine whether these candles fall within the scope of the Order,
review in this Court is unavailable.
C. Commerce’s Determinations in the SFCC Final Scope Ruling
Candles 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 10 remain to be considered by the
Court. All are formed in shapes covered by the Order. Plaintiff
claims that they should be excluded from the scope of the Order as
Christmas novelty candles.
As the agency acknowledged, these candles are decorated with
Christmas-specific images, including Santa Claus, Christmas trees,
and Christmas stockings. Commerce nevertheless found the candles
to be within the scope of the Order, reasoning that: (1) designs
were not visible from most or all angles; (2) designs would quickly
burn away when the candle was lit; (3) designs were “minimally
decorative;” and (4) designs were not easily recognizable as
holiday images. See Final Scope Ruling at 5-6 ¶¶ 2, 3, 5, 6, 8,
10, Compl. App. III. The Court will address Commerce’s analysis of
each of these candles.
1. Candles 2 and 3
Court No. 01-00088 Page 14
Candle 2, the Santa Claus Motif Candy Cane Pillar (Item No.
13403), is decorated with red and white diagonal stripes on its
sides and an image of Santa Claus imprinted into the top surface.
Similarly, candle 3, the Christmas Tree with Star Candy Cane Pillar
(Item No. 73633), has red, white, and green diagonal stripes on its
sides and an image of a Christmas tree with a star imprinted into
the top surface. Commerce ruled that although the Santa Claus and
Christmas tree images are specific to Christmas, the designs are
“only discernable when viewed from above,” rather than visible from
multiple angles, and “would soon melt away once the candle is lit.”
Id. at 5 ¶¶ 2, 3. In both instances, Commerce further asserted
that “a minimally decorative design that does not make the product
easily identifiable as a novelty candle is not grounds for
excluding an item from the Order.” Id. (citing Final Scope Ruling,
Endar Corp. at 6 (Jan. 10, 2000)). The Court will consider each of
these reasons in turn.
a. The Design Is Not Visible from Multiple Angles
Whether a design may be seen from multiple angles has been a
regular feature of rulings involving candles formed in the shape of
identifiable objects. Commerce has determined that candles are
within the scope of the Order where a shape is not clearly
identifiable as that of a particular object, or is not identifiable
when viewed from multiple angles. See, e.g., Final Scope Ruling,
Meijer, Inc., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 8 at 6-7 (Sept. 30, 1999) (“Star
Court No. 01-00088 Page 15
Candle” was within the scope of the Order because it was not
clearly identifiable as a star or other object when viewed from all
sides); Final Scope Ruling, Endar Corp., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 9 at 3-4,
6 (Apr. 7, 1999) (“Gold 5" High Holiday Candle” found within the
scope of the Order because it was not clearly identifiable as a
star or other object; however, the “Christmas Star Candle” was
outside the scope of the Order because it was clearly identifiable
as a star when viewed from all sides).
Rulings addressing holiday novelty candles, however, have not
previously required that a design be visible from multiple angles.
See Final Scope Ruling, Meijer Inc. at 4 (Dec. 15, 1997) (finding
a candle embossed with the word “Noel” to be a Christmas novelty
candle without addressing the issue of visibility from multiple
angles); Final Scope Ruling, Enesco Corp. at 3 (Oct. 30. 1996)
(finding four candles decorated with raised Christmas scenes to be
outside the scope of the Order without addressing visibility of the
design); Final Scope Ruling, Watkins, Inc. at 2 (Feb. 14, 1995)
(ruling that a raised relief Christmas design “clearly limit[s]
this candle for use in connection with the Christmas holiday
season,” without addressing visibility from multiple angles); Final
Scope Ruling, Hallmark Cards, Inc. at 2 (Sept. 30, 1993) (finding
a candle engraved with a poem entitled “Our Wedding” outside the
scope of the Order because the poem limited its use to weddings and
could not be removed without damaging the candle. The design’s
Court No. 01-00088 Page 16
visibility from multiple angles was not addressed.). Commerce’s
holiday novelty analysis, explained in Final Scope Ruling, Endar
Corp. at 4 (July 7, 2000), does not address the issue of the
design’s visibility from multiple angles.
Furthermore, a requirement of visibility from multiple angles
conflicts with several earlier Candles Order rulings in which
Commerce concluded that holiday designs on the lids of wax-filled
containers qualified candles for the holiday novelty exception.
See Final Scope Ruling, Kohl’s Dep’t Stores, Inc., Def.-Int.’s Ex.
14 at 6 (Aug. 24, 1998) (ruling that a wax-filled container with a
Christmas print on the lid was a Christmas novelty candle and was
outside the scope of the Order); Final Scope Ruling, Cherrydale
Farms Confections at 3 (Sept. 3, 1993) (ruling that a wax filled
container with a print titled “Bringing Home the Christmas Tree” on
its lid was “limit[ed] . . . to use for Christmas” and was
therefore a novelty candle excluded from the scope of the Order);
Final Scope Ruling, Primark Int’l § 3 (June 9, 1993) (ruling that
a wax-filled container with an image of Santa Claus and reindeer on
the lid was a Christmas novelty candle and was excluded from the
scope of the Order). A container lid is on top of the candle and
must be removed entirely prior to use. A design on the lid is not
visible either from multiple angles or when the candle is used.
Thus, a requirement that a design be visible from multiple angles
Court No. 01-00088 Page 17
appears inconsistent with the determination that a design on top of
a container lid may exclude a candle from the scope of the Order.
In another context, Commerce has found that designs molded on
top of candles and designs that are recognizable only from the top
are not grounds for exclusion from the scope of the Order. See,
e.g., Final Scope Ruling, Cherrydale Farms at 4 (Oct. 5, 2000)
(finding that an insect shape molded on top of a candle was
insufficient to exclude it from the scope of the Order); Final
Scope Ruling, Endar Corp., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 11 at 5 (Jan. 10, 2000)
(suggesting that impression of a dragonfly, visible only from the
top, would not be sufficient to grant exclusion as a novelty
candle. The candle was nevertheless excluded because it was formed
in a shape not covered by the Order.). These rulings involved
candles formed in the shapes of identifiable objects, however, and
Commerce has not previously applied this reasoning to holiday
novelty candles. Moreover, like the requirement of visibility from
multiple angles, a determination that a holiday design on top of a
candle is an insufficient basis for exclusion also appears to
conflict with the earlier determinations that holiday designs on
the lids of wax-filled containers are sufficient grounds for
exclusion. See Final Scope Ruling, Kohl’s Dep’t Stores, Inc.,
Def.-Int.’s Ex. 14 at 6 (Aug. 24, 1998); Final Scope Ruling,
Cherrydale Farms Confections at 3 (Sept. 3, 1993); Final Scope
Ruling, Primark Int’l § 3 (June 9, 1993).
Court No. 01-00088 Page 18
An interpretation of the Scope Clarification to require a
Christmas design to be visible from multiple angles represents a
change from Commerce’s prior practice. Yet here, Commerce offered
no explanation as to why the interpretation is correct or why
Commerce altered its practice. Accordingly, the determination is
not in accordance with law.
b. The Design Would Quickly Burn or Melt Away
As noted above, Commerce based its determination partly on the
conclusion that the Santa Claus and Christmas tree designs
imprinted into the top surfaces of candles 2 and 3 would quickly
melt away when the candles were lit. See Final Scope Ruling at 5
¶¶ 2,3, Compl. App. III. Commerce has consistently ruled that a
novelty candle may still fall within the scope of the Order if the
figurine or other decoration that qualifies the candle for novelty
status may be easily removed without damaging the candle. See,
e.g., Final Scope Ruling, Meijer, Inc. at 5 (June 11, 1998) (candle
found outside the scope of the Order where an attached chick
figurine could not be removed without damaging the candle); Final
Scope Ruling, Two’s Company, Inc., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 5 at 4 (Jan. 13,
1995) (candle with attached gold angel figurine was outside the
scope of the Order because the figurine could not be removed
without damaging the candle).
However, Commerce has not previously determined that a candle
is within the scope of the Order because a design would quickly
Court No. 01-00088 Page 19
burn or melt away. Moreover, the burning or melting of a design is
not equivalent to the easy removal of a figurine or decoration.
First, burning or melting a design cannot be achieved without
damage to the candle. Second, the question of burning or melting
the design requires consideration of the candle’s characteristics
after consumption, while the question of easy removal of a
decoration considers the candle’s characteristics prior to
consumption. Prior rulings indicate that in determining whether
merchandise falls within the scope of an antidumping order,
Commerce looks to the condition of merchandise at the time of
importation or purchase by the consumer, not at the time of
consumption. See, e.g., Final Scope Ruling, Russ Berrie, Inc. at
4 (Sept. 25, 1997) (“The issue before the Department . . . is not
the disposition of the container after the candle is consumed but,
rather, the wax-filled container en toto as it is imported into the
United States.”); Final Scope Ruling, Candles by Finesse at 3 (Mar.
18, 1992) (Spiral candle which left behind a wax sculpture as it
burned was within the scope of the Order because “at the time of
purchase, [the candle] is not distinguishable in appearance from
other spiral candles subject to the Order.”). Accordingly, this
basis for Commerce’s decision is not in accordance with law.
c. The “Minimally Decorative” Standard
Commerce characterized the designs on candles 2 and 3, and
others discussed infra, as “minimally decorative.” See Final Scope
Court No. 01-00088 Page 20
Ruling at 5 ¶¶ 2, 3, Compl. App. III. The term “minimally
decorative” is taken from Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling, Endar
Corp., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 11 (Jan. 10, 2000), in which Commerce ruled
that a candle with a bamboo design that incorporated only one
characteristic knot and ribbed joint was not formed in the shape of
an identifiable object, and was therefore within the scope of the
Order. Commerce stated that “the center joint is only slightly
raised and not easily discernable, and the single knot is not
visible from all sides. Therefore, . . . the minimal decorative
design does not make this candle easily identifiable as bamboo.”
Final Scope Ruling, Endar Corp., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 11 at 6 (Jan. 10,
2000).
Endar may be interpreted to promulgate a two-prong standard
which asks, first, whether the design is easily discernable, and
second, whether it is visible from all sides. The first element of
this “minimally decorative” standard appears to correspond to an
inquiry used in the holiday novelty analysis: whether the design is
easily recognizable as a holiday image. See Final Scope Ruling,
Endar Corp. at 4-5 (July 7, 2000); Final Scope Ruling, Midwest of
Cannon Falls, Inc. at 3 (Oct. 30, 1996); Final Scope Ruling, Enesco
Corp. at 3 (Oct. 30, 1996); Final Scope Ruling, Kohl’s Dep’t
Stores, Inc., Def.-Int.’s Ex. 14 at 6 (Aug. 24, 1998). The second
element, however, asks whether the decoration is visible from
multiple angles. As discussed above, this inquiry has not
Court No. 01-00088 Page 21
previously been applied to holiday novelty candles. See supra text
at pp. 14-18. Absent further explanation, this Court is unable to
determine that its use is supported by substantial evidence and in
accordance with law. Commerce is therefore directed to evaluate
the applicability of this standard to holiday novelty candles.
Assuming, arguendo, that the Endar ruling promulgates a two-
part standard that may be applied to holiday novelty candles,
Commerce’s application of that standard in the instant case is
flawed. In Endar, Commerce drew its conclusion that the candle was
minimally decorated after a two-step inquiry. In the instant
ruling, in contrast, the statement that the design is minimally
decorative is simply an assertion, rather than a conclusion derived
from examination of the candle’s characteristics.8 In addressing
candle 2, the Santa Claus Motif Candy Cane Pillar, Commerce stated,
While the Santa Claus image is specific to the Christmas
holiday, it is only discernable when viewed from above
and would soon melt away once the candle is lit. In a
previous scope ruling, the Department found that a
minimally decorative design that does not make the
product easily identifiable as a novelty candle is not
grounds for excluding an item from the Order.
Final Scope Ruling at 5 ¶ 2, Compl. App. III. This statement does
not demonstrate a clear analysis under the two criteria of Endar.
Although the mention of the Santa Claus image implies that the
8
The standard was similarly applied with respect to candles 2, 3,
5, 6, 8, and 10. The analysis discussed here is applicable to
all of these candles.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 22
design is recognizable, and the statement notes that the design is
visible only from above, rather than from multiple angles, the
decision that the design is minimally decorative, if it is based on
any analysis at all, is based partly on a third criterion not found
in Endar: whether the design will quickly melt.
Similarly, in its analysis of another candle, Commerce said
that “[w]hile the image of Santa Claus is specific to the Christmas
holiday, this particular ornamentation is only minimally decorative
and not viewable from most angles, and therefore is not grounds for
excluding this item from the scope of the Order.” Id. at 6 ¶ 8.
Here, the visibility of the design is mentioned only after
describing the candle’s design as “minimally decorative.” The
description of the candle as “minimally decorative” is itself
merely an assertion.
In summary, Commerce must determine whether the term
“minimally decorative” refers to a two-element standard that is
applicable to holiday novelty candles. If so, Commerce must apply
the standard in an appropriate manner, “articulat[ing a] rational
connection between the facts found and the choice made.”
Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168
(1962).
d. The Combined Effect of Colors and Holiday Design
The Court notes that Commerce omitted any discussion of
whether the combination of color patterns and holiday images might
Court No. 01-00088 Page 23
bring these candles within the holiday novelty exception. As
previously discussed, see supra text at pp. 9-10, decorations that
provide insufficient grounds for exclusion when considered
individually may be sufficient to exclude a candle from the scope
of the Order when considered in combination. See Springwater, 20
CIT at 1195-96; Final Scope Ruling, Endar Corp., Def.-Int.’s Ex.
9 at 4 (Apr. 7, 1999). Here, Commerce should evaluate whether the
combination of red, white, and green colors, the pattern of
diagonal stripes, and the holiday-specific designs may be
sufficient to find that these candles are “specially designed for
use only in connection with the Christmas holiday season.” Scope
Clarification, Pl.’s Ex. 4 at 1.
e. Conclusion
In accordance with the comments above, Commerce should
evaluate whether the requirement of visibility from multiple angles
and the related “minimally decorative” standard are properly
applicable to candles 2 and 3. Absent some further explanation,
Commerce should omit consideration of whether a design would easily
burn or melt away, as this is not in accordance with law. Finally,
if Commerce determines that the individual decorative
characteristics of these candles do not qualify for the holiday
novelty exclusion, the agency should assess whether the combined
effect of the decorations removes these candles from the scope of
the Candles Order.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 24
2. Candles 5, 8, and 10
Candle 5, the Christmas Sock Pillar (Item No. 83036) is a
white candle with an image of a stocking drawn in red on one side.
Candle 8, the Santa Claus Candy Cane Column (Item No. 00016), has
red and white diagonal stripes along the body of the candle and a
small image of Santa Claus visible on one side. Similarly, candle
10, the Christmas Tree with Star Candy Cane Column (Item No.
00016), has red, white and green diagonal stripes along the body of
the candle and a small image of a Christmas tree with a star on one
side.
Although Commerce ruled that the Christmas stocking, Santa
Claus, and Christmas tree images are specific to the Christmas
holiday, all three of these candles were found within the scope of
the Order on the grounds that the designs were not visible from
most angles and were minimally decorative. See Final Scope Ruling
at 5-6 ¶¶ 5, 8, 10, Compl. App. III.
As with candles 2 and 3, Commerce must evaluate whether the
requirement of visibility from multiple angles and the “minimally
decorative” standard are properly applied to holiday novelty
candles. Additionally, Commerce should assess whether the
combinations of colors, patterns, and Christmas images render these
candles “specially designed for use only in connection with the
Christmas holiday season.” Scope Clarification, Pl.’s Ex. 4 at 1.
Court No. 01-00088 Page 25
3. Candle 6
Candle 6, the Santa Claus Pillar (Item No. 82936), is a red
candle with a silhouette drawn in white on one side. As with the
previous three candles, Commerce held that the design was
“minimally decorative” and was not easily viewable from most
perspectives. Here, however, Commerce’s determination that the
candle falls within the scope of the Order rested primarily on the
finding that the Santa Claus image is not easily recognizable.
Commerce has previously withheld novelty candle status on the
grounds that the decorative design is not identifiable or easily
recognizable as a holiday image. See, e.g., Final Scope Ruling,
Endar Corp. at 6 (July 7, 2000) (ruling that candle decorations
that were not recognizable as Christmas trees or holly bushes did
not qualify for holiday novelty exception); Final Scope Ruling,
Midwest of Cannon Falls, Inc. at 3 (Oct. 30, 1996) (ruling that
Easter taper candle decorated with Easter eggs was within the scope
of the Order because the decoration was not readily identifiable as
eggs); cf. Final Scope Ruling, Kohl’s Dep’t Stores, Inc., Def.-
Int.’s Ex. 14 at 6 (Aug. 24, 1998) (finding a wax-filled container
to be outside the scope of the Order because the print on the
container’s lid was “clearly intended to represent Christmas
carolers”); Final Scope Ruling, Enesco Corp. at 3 (Oct. 30, 1996)
(ruling that four candles were outside the scope of the Order
because they “are designed for use only in connection with the
Court No. 01-00088 Page 26
Christmas holiday season” and “each candle’s design contains
identifiable features commonly associated with the Christmas
season”). Such a requirement is in accordance with the terms of
the Scope Clarification, which requires a Christmas novelty
candle’s holiday use to be “clearly indicated by Christmas scenes
or symbols depicted in the candle design.” Scope Clarification,
Pl.’s Ex. 4 at 1 [emphasis supplied].
The design on candle 6 is an undetailed sketch composed of
curving lines. Commerce found the design to be “a stylized outline
of what appears to be a head and shoulders.” Final Scope Ruling at
5 ¶ 6, Compl. App. III. After viewing the candle, we conclude that
Commerce’s finding is a reasonable construction of the evidence.
Accordingly, Commerce’s determination that the design is not easily
recognizable as Santa Claus is supported by substantial evidence.
As the lack of clarity in the design is sufficient to deny holiday
novelty status, the Court does not reach the application of the
“viewable from multiple angles” and “minimally decorative”
standards in this instance.
Conclusion
Commerce should reconsider and clarify its reasoning with
regard to the subject candles. Pursuant to Defendant’s request,
candles 1, 4, 9, 11, and 12 are remanded to Commerce for
reconsideration. Candles 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 are remanded to
Commerce for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The
Court No. 01-00088 Page 27
determination of the Department of Commerce as to candle 6, the
Santa Claus Pillar (Item. No. 82936), is affirmed. Plaintiff’s
claim regarding the Moonlite Candles (Item No. 213649) is dismissed
for lack of jurisdiction.
___________________________
Donald C. Pogue
Judge
Dated: May ___, 2002
New York, New York