Attorneys for Appellants Attorneys for Appellees
Michael H. Michmerhuizen Konrad M. L. Urberg
Patrick G. Murphy Joseph Christoff
Fort Wayne, Indiana Fort Wayne, Indiana
____________________________________________________________________________
__
In the
Indiana Supreme Court
_________________________________
No. 17S05-0406-CV-248
Monica, James, and Diane Witte,
Appellants (Defendants below),
v.
Mikayla Mundy, a minor, by her next
friend, parent and guardian, Kristin
Mundy,
Appellees (Plaintiffs below).
_________________________________
Appeal from the DeKalb Superior Court, No. 17D01-0012-CT-15
The Honorable Kevin Wallace, Judge
_________________________________
On Petition To Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 17A05-0303-
CV-147.
_________________________________
January 6, 2005
Boehm, Justice.
A child and her mother sued when the child was struck by the
defendants’ car. On the eve of trial the mother moved to dismiss her
claim. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss but denied the
defendants’ motion to add the mother as a nonparty for purposes of
comparative fault. The jury then returned a verdict for the defense. We
hold that it was error to refuse to add the mother as a nonparty, but
because the plaintiffs invited the error, neither plaintiff can obtain a
new trial on that basis.
Factual and Procedural Background
Five-year-old Mikayla Mundy was riding her bicycle when she ran a
stop sign and was struck by a car driven by Monica Witte, also a minor.
Mikayla’s mother, Kristin, sued as Mikayla’s next friend and also in her
own capacity, naming Witte and her parents as defendants. The defendants
responded by asserting that Witte was not negligent and also that the
accident was due to negligence on the part of both Mikayla and Kristin.
Shortly before trial, Kristin moved to dismiss her individual claim
without prejudice. At the same time, Mikayla moved for an order precluding
the defendants from offering evidence or arguing to the jury that Kristin
contributed to the injury through negligent supervision of Mikayla. The
defendants objected to the dismissal of Kristin as a plaintiff. In the
alternative, if Kristin was to be dismissed, the defendants requested leave
to amend their answer to include Kristin as a nonparty defendant under the
comparative fault statute. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss
Kristin but denied the defendants’ motion to add Kristin as a nonparty
defendant. The trial court also granted Mikayla’s motion in limine to
preclude the defense from introducing evidence of Kristin’s negligence. At
trial, however, over Mikayla’s objection, the defense was permitted to
question Mikayla about whether her mother had taught her bicycle safety and
to examine Kristin regarding her supervision of Mikayla. In closing
argument, the defense argued that Kristin’s failure to train and supervise
Mikayla was the proximate cause of Mikayla’s injuries.
The jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendants and judgment
was entered accordingly. Mikayla then filed a motion to correct error,
alleging that the defendants’ contentions that Kristin’s failure to
supervise Mikayla was the proximate cause of Mikayla’s injuries violated
the court’s earlier rulings and was improper. The defendants responded
that the trial court erred in denying their request to add Kristin as a
nonparty and that the testimony allowed at trial merely corrected that
error. The trial court granted Mikayla’s motion and set aside the jury
verdict. The defendants appealed and the Court of Appeals affirmed the
grant of a new trial based on its conclusion that the trial court erred in
denying the defendants’ request to name Kristin as a nonparty. Witte v.
Mundy, 800 N.E.2d 185, 191 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). This Court granted
transfer. Witte v. Mundy, 812 N.E.2d 806 (Ind. 2004).
I. Failure to Permit Adding a Nonparty
The trial court’s denial of the defendants’ motion to add Kristin as
a nonparty raises two distinct issues: 1) whether Kristin, Mikayla’s
parent, was a proper nonparty defendant in an action by her child; and 2)
if so, whether it was an abuse of discretion to deny the motion to add her
as a nonparty on the eve of trial.
A. The Parent as a Nonparty in a Suit by the Child
If Kristin would not have been a proper nonparty defendant in a suit
brought by Mikayla alone, it was proper to deny the defendants’ motion,
whether or not occasioned by late breaking news from the plaintiffs. The
Court of Appeals reasoned that the trial court’s error required a retrial
and affirmed the trial court’s grant of Mikayla’s motion to correct error.
The court explained that in a comparative fault case, fault may be
allocated only to a plaintiff, a defendant, or a named nonparty. Witte,
800 N.E.2d at 191. The court pointed out that the jury was given only
general verdict forms that did not allow for the allocation of fault to
Kristin. Id. The Court of Appeals reasoned, “it is clear, from the
verdict for the Wittes and from the fact that fault could not be assigned
to Mikayla by virtue of her age, that the jury allocated fault to Kristin.
However, because Kristin was not named as a nonparty, it should not have
done so.” Id. at 191.
We do not agree that the jury necessarily allocated fault to Kristin.
That explanation excludes the very real possibility that the jury found
Witte not negligent. In that case, there would be no need to allocate
fault to Kristin. In addition, under the proximate cause instructions the
jury could have found Kristin’s actions broke the causal connection between
the injury and whatever negligence was attributable to Witte irrespective
of whether Kristin’s “intervening cause” was the result of negligence.[1]
If so, Kristin’s role in the accident would preclude liability if her
actions were not reasonably foreseeable by Witte. See Control Techniques,
Inc. v. Johnson, 762 N.E.2d 104, 109 (Ind. 2002).
The issue remains, then, whether Kristin was a proper nonparty
defendant. The Court of Appeals held that she was, and we agree. The
courts of this state have reasoned that a child cannot be capable of
negligence when the child is “of such tender years that it is, by legal
presumption, incapable of judgment or discretion.” Terre Haute,
Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Co. v. McDermott, 82 Ind. App. 134, 140,
144 N.E. 620, 622 (1924) (quoting Elwood St. R. Co. v. Ross, 26 Ind. App.
258, 58 N.E. 535 (1900)), trans. denied. A judicially developed rule
evolved that children under the age of seven are not capable of negligence.
Creasy v. Rusk, 730 N.E.2d 659, 662 (Ind. 2000) (quoting Bailey v. Martz,
488 N.E.2d 716, 721 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986)). Here, the trial court
instructed that: “Children . . . less than the age of seven may not be
assessed any fault for their action[s], even if those actions proximately
caused their injury or damages. Should you find that Kristin Mundy was
negligent, you cannot hold Mikayla Mundy responsible for the negligence of
her mother.” Given this instruction, it seems likely that the trial
court’s denial of the motion to add Kristin as a nonparty was based on the
view that she could not legally be a nonparty and not on an exercise of
discretion based on the timing of the motion. We think that Kristin was a
proper nonparty. It is one thing to say a child under age seven is
“incapable of judgment or discretion” and therefore, as a matter of law,
cannot be negligent. It is another thing to conclude that an adult’s
negligent supervision cannot be a contributing cause to the child’s injury
relieving a third party of some or all liability.
In a comparative fault cause, “the jury shall determine the percentage
of fault of the claimant, of the defendant, and of any person who is a
nonparty. The jury may not be informed of any immunity defense that is
available to a nonparty.” Ind. Code § 34-51-2-7 (2004). As the Court of
Appeals pointed out, until 1995, a “nonparty” was defined as “a person who
is, or may be liable to the claimant in part or in whole for the damages
claimed but who has not been joined in the action as a defendant by the
claimant.” I.C. § 34-4-33-2(a) (1995). Under that definition, it would
not have been proper to add Kristin as a nonparty because, as Mikayla’s
mother, she would not be liable to her for her injuries. See Doe v. Shults-
Lewis Child and Family Servs., Inc., 718 N.E.2d 738, 746 (Ind. 1999)
(citing Barnes v. Barnes, 603 N.E.2d 1337, 1339 (Ind. 1992)). However, the
definition of nonparty was amended in 1995 to define a “nonparty” as “a
person who caused or contributed to cause the alleged injury, death, or
damage to property but who has not been joined in the action as a
defendant.” I.C. § 34-6-2-88 (2004). This provision was presumably
chiefly designed to permit employers of injured workers to be named as
nonparties even though under workers’ compensation law they have no tort
liability to a worker injured by accident on the job. See James L.
Petersen, Tort Reform, Act No. 1741 Res Gestae Sept. 1995, at 24, 28. As
the Court of Appeals has held, the comparative fault statute “no longer
requires that the nonparty be liable to the plaintiff, but only that he or
she have caused or contributed to the cause of the plaintiff’s injury.”
Bulldog Battery Corp. v. Pica Invs., 736 N.E.2d 333, 338 (Ind. Ct. App.
2000). This reasoning applies to parent-child immunity just as it does to
workers’ compensation. The basic point of the statute is that a defendant
should be required to compensate an injured party only in proportion to the
defendant’s fault. See Estate of Hunter v. General Motors Corp., 729 So.
2d 1264, 1274 (Miss. 1999); Carroll v. Whitney, 29 S.W.3d 14, 21 (Tenn.
2000); Kirby Bldg. Sys. v. Mineral Explorations Co., 704 P.2d 1266, 1272
(Wyo. 1985). Despite her immunity from suit by her child, the defense
should have been permitted to name Kristin as a nonparty to permit the jury
to determine whether her negligence contributed to the accident. This case
was tried with no nonparty defendant. The trial court’s instruction that
the parent’s negligence is not attributable to the child would have been
proper in that procedural posture. City of Evansville v. Senhenn, 151 Ind.
42, 48, 47 N.E. 634, 635 (1897). For the reasons given, however, it was
error to deny the defendants’ motion to add Kristin as a nonparty
defendant.
The trial court’s refusal to add Kristin as a nonparty and instruct
the jury on comparative fault is nevertheless no ground for a new trial
because Mikayla invited the error. The doctrine of invited error is
grounded in estoppel. Covert v. Boicourt, 93 Ind. App. 355, 361, 168 N.E.
198, 200 (1929). Under this doctrine, “a party may not take advantage of
an error that she commits, invites, or which is the natural consequence of
her own neglect or misconduct.” Evans v. Evans, 766 N.E.2d 1240, 1245
(Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (citing Crowl v. Berryhill, 678 N.E.2d 828, 830 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1994)); Beeching v. Levee, 764 N.E.2d 669, 674 (Ind. Ct. App.
2002). For example, in Rollins Protective Services Co. v. Wright, 493
N.E.2d 811 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986), the Wrights filed a small claims action
against Rollins Protective Services. Id. at 811. At trial, Rollins was
represented by one of the company’s branch managers, and not by legal
counsel. Id. Rollins lost the case and argued on appeal that the trial
court exceeded its jurisdiction in proceeding with a trial when Rollins, a
corporation, was not represented by an attorney licensed to practice law in
Indiana, as required by the Indiana Rules for Small Claims. Id. at 812.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court, reasoning that Rollins
cannot take advantage of an error it invited the court to commit. Id.
In this case, at trial and on appeal, Mikayla opposed the defendants’
effort to name Kristin a nonparty. Mikayla thus induced the trial court to
err as it did when it failed to treat Kristin as a nonparty defendant.
This in turn made it impossible to allocate fault between Witte and
Kristin. The defendants’ only alternative was to present evidence that, by
reason of Kristin’s actions, Witte’s acts were not the proximate cause of
the injury. Because Mikayla created this situation by inviting the initial
error, she cannot take advantage of that error. Stolberg v. Stolberg, 538
N.E.2d 1, 5 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989). See also State v. Payne, 185 S.E.2d 101,
102 (N.C. 1971) (“Ordinarily one who causes (or we think joins in causing)
the court to commit error is not in a position to repudiate his action and
assign it as ground for a new trial.”); State v. Campbell, 738 N.E.2d 1178,
1188 (Ohio 2000).
B. Discretion to Deny Adding a Nonparty
A grant of a new trial will be reversed only for an abuse of discretion.
Centennial Mortgage, Inc. v. Blumenfeld, 745 N.E.2d 268, 273 (Ind. Ct. App.
2001). The Court of Appeals held that the trial court abused its
discretion in denying the defendants’ request to add Kristin as a nonparty.
Witte, 800 N.E.2d at 191. Because an error of law is an “abuse of
discretion” for this purpose, even on a point of law with no clear
precedent, we agree. For the reasons explained above, Kristin would have
been properly named as a nonparty defendant if the suit had been brought by
Mikayla alone. Because Kristin was initially a plaintiff, the defendants
had pleaded Kristin’s negligence as an affirmative defense in their answer
to the initial complaint. Two years later, and two days before trial,
Kristin moved for dismissal. In response, the defendants objected to the
dismissal and alternatively moved to add Kristin as a nonparty.
Kristin’s attempt to dismiss her claim on the eve of trial raised for
the first time the possibility to add her as a nonparty. See Owens Corning
Fiberglass Corp. v. Cobb, 754 N.E.2d 905, 915 (Ind. 2001). It was clear
from the defendants’ answer that they asserted that Kristin was negligent
in permitting her five-year-old daughter to venture onto city streets and
that that negligence contributed to the accident. Under these
circumstances, if a plaintiff is to be dismissed on her own motion, it is
an abuse of discretion to deny leave to amend the answer to add her as a
nonparty. If that had been done, the jury would have been required to
allocate fault between Witte and Kristin as would have been the case if
Mikayla had been the only plaintiff from the outset. The plaintiffs alone
created the situation where only on the eve of trial was the case in a
posture of a single plaintiff, Mikayla, against the defendants. The
plaintiffs should not be permitted to gain an advantage and deprive the
defendants of the nonparty defense by this maneuver.
II. Testimony by Investigating Officer
At trial, the defendants called Officer Christopher McCarty, who
investigated the accident scene. McCarty testified that Witte’s version of
the accident as reported to him shortly after the accident was “consistent
with” Witte having less than one second to react. He also expressed his
conclusion that Witte was not at fault. Mikayla objected to this
testimony, arguing that McCarty was not an eyewitness and was not qualified
to testify as an expert. Specifically, Mikayla argued that McCarty should
not be permitted to give his opinion on fault. The trial court overruled
the objection and Mikayla asserts that as error on appeal.
The defendants do not claim that Officer McCarty qualified as an
expert. Rather, they first assert that it is possible that further
testimony could have been elicited from Officer McCarty that would have
qualified him as an expert. The defendants do not point to any evidence
that was offered to shore up McCarty’s expertise. Nor do they cite any
legal authority in support of the proposition that the possibility that
further evidence might qualify an expert is sufficient to permit
unqualified testimony. The defendants had the burden of establishing the
ability of their witness to give the proffered testimony. Lytle v. Ford
Motor Co., 814 N.E.2d 301, 308 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). In view of their
failure, the trial court erred in admitting McCarty’s opinion on fault and
his conclusion on the reaction time available to Witte.
The defendants next argue that admission of McCarty’s testimony was
harmless because it was cumulative of testimony provided by Mikayla herself
and also by John Wiechel, a biomechanical engineer. Mikayla was asked on
cross-examination whether she thought the person driving the car that hit
her did anything wrong and she answered “No.” Mikayla objected to this
exchange at trial, but does not raise it as error on appeal. John Weichel,
a mechanical engineer called by the defense, also testified that according
to his reconstruction of the accident, Witte could not have avoided the
accident.
We think admission of Officer McCarty’s testimony cannot be sustained
as cumulative. Error in the admission of evidence may be harmless when the
evidence is merely cumulative of other properly admitted evidence. Ind.
Trial Rule 61; Crawford v. State, 770 N.E.2d 775, 779 (Ind. 2002). Black’s
Law Dictionary 596 (8th ed. 2004) defines cumulative evidence as
“additional evidence that supports a fact established by the existing
evidence (especially that which does not need further support).” We think
it is obvious that the admission by an eight-year-old child on cross-
examination that someone did not do “anything wrong” in an accident that
occurred three years earlier is not very persuasive. The child’s admission
surely requires “further support.” Similarly, because the opposing parties
presented accident reconstruction experts who rendered opposing
conclusions, and thus turned on disputed factual inferences, McCarty’s
evidence was not merely cumulative of Weichel’s testimony. Newell v.
Walker, 478 N.E.2d 1246, 1250 (Ind. Ct. App. 1985). The ultimate question
in evaluating cumulative evidence is essentially the same as for harmless
error: was the admission of the improper evidence a serious candidate to
influence the trier of fact?
Although not cumulative, we think the officer’s testimony was harmless
under these circumstances. Harmlessness is ultimately a question of the
likely impact of the evidence on the jury. Boatright v. State, 759 N.E.2d
1038, 1042 (Ind. 2001). Officer McCarty was asked whether he determined
after his investigation whether Witte was at fault for the accident and
answered simply, “she was not.” The entire body of Officer McCarty’s
challenged testimony was as follows:
Q. But if you could tell the jury what you found based on your
investigation. Based on talking to [Witte]. Based on looking at the
scene. Everything.
A. That the vehicle, the car was traveling west on Ninth Street when a
child on a bike came through the intersection and into her path of
travel.
Q. Do you know which way the bike came? In other words, did it come
north to south, was it going south to north, or do you know?
A. It was, uh, north to south. Be from right to left. As you’re
going to the west.
Q. And, you don’t have to tell us exactly what was said but, was . . .
Monica Witte at the scene was she calm or was she shaken up?
A. Shaken up.
Q. Okay, Did she know exactly where the bike came from, where it was
going? How it got into the intersection?
A. No; she did not.
Q. Would that be consistent with having less than one second to react?
A. Yes; it would.
At this point, Mikayla objected, arguing that there was no “foundation
laid for Mr. McCarty to be able to determine whether or not she had one
second to react.” This objection was overruled. Officer McCarty was then
asked over Mikayla’s objection whether he concluded if Monica was at fault:
Q. After your investigation, did you make a determination whether
Monica Witte was at fault for this accident?
A. Yes; I did.
Q. And what was that determination?
A. That she was not.
On cross-examination. McCarty was asked how he determined what
direction Mikayla was traveling and answered “Through statements, uh, from
the driver of the vehicle.” Mikayla pointed out that other testimony and
evidence indicated that Mikayla was riding south to north rather north to
south as Officer McCarty had concluded. McCarty was also asked whether he
performed any calculations or speed formulae and answered, “No. I’m not a
reconstructionist.” We think it clear that McCarty’s opinion was based
solely on what Witte told him, and he did not claim expertise in accident
reconstruction. It therefore had minimal impact on the jury. We hold that
the erroneous admission of McCarty’s brief testimony was harmless.
Conclusion
The trial court’s granting a new trial is reversed. This case is
remanded with instructions to enter judgment based on the jury verdict.
Shepard, C.J., and Dickson, Sullivan, and Rucker, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] The trial court instructed the jury on proximate cause:
Proximate cause is that cause which produces the injury complained of
and without which the result would not have occurred. That cause must
lead in a natural and continuous sequence to the resulting injury
unbroken by any intervening cause. An[] intervening cause is an
action by a third party or agency that breaks the causal connection
between the defendant’s alleged negligence and the injury. If you
decide that the injury to the Plaintiff could not have occurred
without the action of the third party or agency, then the Plaintiff
cannot recover from the Defendant. However, if you find that the
Defendant acted negligently and could have reasonably foreseen the
actions of the third party or agency, then the Defendant can still be
liable for the Plaintiff’s injuries.