ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Dennis A. Vowels Jeffrey A. Modisett
Evansville, Indiana Attorney General
Janet Brown Mallett
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
In The
INDIANA SUPREME COURT
TOMMY JAMES RUBALCADA )
Defendant-Appellant, )
)
v. ) 82S00-9902-CR-113
)
STATE OF INDIANA )
Plaintiff-Appellee. )
________________________________________________
APPEAL FROM THE VANDERBURGH CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Carl A. Heldt, Judge
Cause No. 82C01-9802-CF-181
________________________________________________
On Direct Appeal
June 30, 2000
DICKSON, Justice
The defendant-appellant, Tommy James Rubalcada, was convicted of
conspiracy to commit robbery[1] and felony murder[2] for the February 1998
death of Brian Jamison. On direct appeal, the defendant alleges the
following errors: (1) his review of the police investigative file
concerning the victim was restricted; (2) his wife was permitted to testify
against him; (3) his cross-examination was limited; and (4) a prosecution
witness received a plea bargain which was not disclosed at trial. We
affirm.
Review of Police Records
The defendant claims that he was denied his federal constitutional
rights to due process, confrontation, and compulsory process when the trial
court refused to order production of police intelligence records concerning
the victim, Brian Jamison.[3] He argues that the denial of this
information prevented him from learning of the self-interest and
motivations of the State's witnesses, from preparing adequately to cross-
examine and impeach these witnesses, and from developing alternate defense
theories.
Prior to trial, the defendant issued four subpoenas duces tecum
directing the Indiana State Police, the Warrick County Sheriff, the
Evansville Police Department, and the Vanderburgh County Sheriff to provide
the trial court with "all intelligence reports . . . concerning Brian
Jamison" for in camera inspection. Record at 132-39. The agencies
produced fifty-five pages of intelligence reports and one audiotape, which
the trial court individually reviewed in camera at a hearing attended by
counsel for the defendant and the State. At the hearing, the court
afforded the State an opportunity to describe each item and to present any
objections and allowed defense counsel to argue for disclosure. The in
camera review hearing resulted in the trial court ordering five of the
pages disclosed to the defendant and concluding that the remaining fifty
pages and the audiotape met the definition of criminal intelligence
information under Indiana Code section 5-2-4-1[4] and that, under Indiana
Code section 5-2-4-6,[5] they need not be disclosed. The trial court also
concluded:
[N]one of the information which has not been ordered to be disclosed
has any apparent exculpatory benefit to the defendant and neither is
any of that information relevant to any of the issues that have been
raised in this case or any defenses that have been raised in this
case. And until such time as those issues and defenses are presented
to the Court that makes any of these documents or information
relevant, the Court will order that they not be produced.
Record at 167.
We consider together the defendant's claimed violations of his rights
to due process and compulsory process. Claims such as those raised by the
defendant here have traditionally been evaluated by the U.S. Supreme Court
under the broader protections of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 56, 107 S.Ct. 989, 1001,
94 L.Ed.2d 40, 57 (1987). The compulsory process clause provides no
greater protections than those afforded by due process, and a due process
analysis is appropriate for determining whether compulsory process rights
have been violated. Id.
It is well settled that the Due Process Clause requires the
government to turn over evidence in its possession that is both favorable
to the accused and material to guilt or punishment. Id. at 57, 107 S.Ct.
at 1001, 94 L.Ed.2d at 57 (citing United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96
S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976)); Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83
S.Ct. 1194, 1196, 10 L.Ed.2d 215, 218 (1963). The same analysis applies to
both exculpatory and impeachment evidence. Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419,
433, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 1565, 131 L.Ed.2d 490, 505 (1995). Evidence is
material only "'if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence
been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.'" Id. at 433-34, 115 S.Ct. at 1565, 131 L.Ed.2d at 505 (quoting
United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 3383, 87
L.Ed.2d 481, 494 (1985) (opinion of Blackmun, J.); id. at 685, 105 S.Ct. at
3385, 87 L.Ed.2d at 496 (White, J., concurring in part and concurring in
judgment)).
In Ritchie, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed that portion of the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court's decision that would have allowed defense
counsel to examine all of the government's confidential information.
Instead, the Court in Ritchie remanded to the trial court for in camera
review of the government's information to determine whether the evidence at
issue was favorable to the defendant and material to either guilt or
punishment. Id., 480 U.S. at 60-61, 107 S.Ct. at 1002-03, 94 L.Ed.2d at 59-
60. A defendant's right to discover exculpatory evidence, however, does
not include the authority to search through the government's files
unsupervised. Id. at 59, 107 S.Ct. at 1002, 94 L.Ed.2d at 58. The Ritchie
Court required that the government files be submitted to the trial court,
which "would be obligated to release information material to the fairness
of the trial." Id. at 60, 107 S.Ct. at 1003, 94 L.Ed.2d at 59. The Court
held that the defendant was entitled to have the government file "reviewed
by the trial court to determine whether it contains information that
probably would have changed the outcome of his trial." Id. at 58, 107
S.Ct. at 1002, 94 L.Ed.2d at 58.
In contrast to Ritchie, the trial court in this case did conduct an
in camera review prior to trial and determined that the intelligence
matters the defendant sought were not relevant to the issues presented in
the case and did not have "any apparent exculpatory benefit to the
defendant." Record at 167.
We review the trial court's ruling, based on its in camera inspection
of government investigative materials, for an abuse of discretion in
denying access to material, exculpatory, or impeachment evidence. See
Pilarski v. State, 635 N.E.2d 166, 172 (Ind. 1994); United States v.
Plescia, 48 F.3rd 1452, 1457 (7th Cir. 1995). As noted by the Seventh
Circuit Court of Appeals, when a criminal defendant seeks access to
confidential government files, appellate courts "rely particularly heavily
on the sound discretion of the trial judge to protect the rights of the
accused as well as the government." Id. (quoting United States v.
Phillips, 854 F.2d 273, 277 (7th Cir. 1988)).
Because the trial court's determination in denying access to some of
the subpoenaed matters referred only to relevance and exculpatory value,
but did not expressly refer to impeachment value or materiality, we draw
upon the methodology used by the Supreme Court in Kyles in our review of
the claim presented. The Court in Kyles, noting that the federal
Constitution "is not violated every time the government fails or chooses
not to disclose evidence that might prove helpful to the defense," Kyles,
514 U.S. at 436-37, 115 S.Ct. at 1567, 131 L.Ed.2d at 507, stressed that
materiality under Bagley requires that suppressed government evidence be
"considered collectively, not item by item." Id. at 436, 115 S.Ct. at
1567, 131 L.Ed.2d at 507. The Court then explained that it first evaluates
the "tendency and force" of the undisclosed evidence item by item and
thereafter, for purposes of materiality, considers the cumulative effect
separately. Id. at 436 n.10, 115 S.Ct. at 1567 n.10, 131 L.Ed.2d at 507
n.10. We will, therefore, evaluate the tendency and force of the
defendant's specific individual challenges made in this appeal and then
consider the cumulative effect to determine materiality collectively. To
prevail, the defendant must demonstrate "that the favorable evidence could
reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to
undermine confidence in the verdict." Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435, 115 S.Ct. at
1566, 131 L.Ed.2d at 506.
The defendant contends that the trial court erred in not ordering the
State to produce to the defendant pages 2-5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 24,
26, 32, and 52 of the subpoenaed materials.[6] With regard to pages 2-5,
the defendant claims that these pages contain the names of a number of
individuals—specifically, David Harris, who provided Jamison the purchase
money for the transaction but was not available for deposition by the
defendant based upon a successful motion to quash the subpoena; and Aundre
Reese, Vince Moreno, Thomas Pryor, Tammie Thorton, and Brett McBride, all
of whom testified at trial for the State. On pages 2 and 3 of the
undisclosed pages, these names are listed among "subjects linked [to
Jamison] via intelligence." Record at 173-74. The list suggests only that
the police had observed these individuals in contact with Jamison. The
defendant was aware of the relationships among Jamison and these people,
and there was no dispute at trial that these people had contact with
Jamison or that Jamison was engaged in drug trafficking.
The defendant next claims that page 10 would have provided evidence
that might be used to argue that someone else had a motive to kill Jamison.
Page 10 is a criminal intelligence report filed four years before the
murder that indicates that an anonymous person reported that Jamison sold
marijuana to a 12-year-old boy and had many visitors at his house in the
evening. The report says that the reliability of the source and the
validity of the information are both unknown. There was no dispute that
Jamison engaged in drug trafficking. The potential evidentiary value of
this anonymous report about his possible actions four years before his
death is minimal.
Page 11 is an unsigned document, dated February 28, 1997, indicating
that a person, identified only by a first name, reported that a runner for
Jamison was arrested in St. Louis and that, when the runner arrived at the
meeting point, Jamison saw police cars hiding nearby and left. The report
also notes that the source had given accurate information that George Cobb
was arrested in Texas with Jamison. The report does not indicate who
received the information or what agency was involved. The defendant claims
that his counsel alluded to this information on cross-examination of Aundre
Reese. A review of the record shows that counsel asked Reese if he had
ever been arrested in St. Louis and Reese denied ever having been in
Missouri.[7] The defendant also notes that page 20 of the undisclosed
materials provides Cobb's name and address and indicates he is an associate
of Jamison. The relevance and weight of the information on pages 11 and 20
are minimal.
The defendant next asserts errors regarding pages 13 and 14. The
handwritten note on page 13 indicates that "all of these subjects were at
[Jamison's] apartment last night," record at 184; however, because it is
undated, it is unclear when that might have been. The note also says that
Jamison was pulled over at a traffic stop and a search of the car revealed
nothing. It then states that William Simmons was arrested on an
outstanding warrant and that Simmons and Jason York were suspected in an
armed robbery that may have occurred "over drugs." Record at 184. Page 14
contains photographs of Simmons. Although York testified at trial under a
grant of use immunity, we see nothing substantive in this note with which
the defendant might have impeached York or refuted the Deputy Prosecutor's
assertion that York had committed no crime. Suspicion of involvement in a
robbery does not establish the fact of conviction for use as impeachment.
The defendant argues that page 52 ties in with this evidence because it
contains a response to an inquiry for a vehicle registration from the
Bureau of Motor Vehicles for a car found to be registered to Simmons that
was observed parked in a location that the defendant says was near
Jamison's residence. The evidentiary value of this information is tenuous
at best.
The defendant asserts that pages 16 and 17 identify a person who kept
two pistol grip shotguns because he was afraid of Jamison and also provide
names of other associates of Jamison. These pages are dated February 28,
1997, and present a summary of information provided when the police signed
a confidential informant. The defendant asserts that this evidence would
have been admissible to show that someone else had a motive to kill
Jamison. The defendant makes no showing that any of these individuals are
linked to this case. Mere speculation that others may have had a motive to
kill Jamison lacks probative value and weight.
The defendant asserts that page 24 would have been admissible because
it showed that someone else may have had reason to want Jamison dead. On
this page, dated October 23, 1997, the officer states that the informant
showed them a residence in Henderson, Kentucky, that was presumed to be
Jamison's and stated that Jamison was still involved in transporting large
quantities of marijuana and that one of Jamison's associates had been
arrested while carrying several pounds of Jamison's drugs. Again, the mere
possibility of motive, without more, is of little evidentiary value.
The defendant asserts that page 26 "discloses another of . . .
Jamison's drug sale transactions," Brief of Defendant-Appellant at 16;
however, nothing on this page suggests a transaction, but rather lists a
phone number, Jamison's name, and says: "another big dealer living in
behind Schnucks . . . lives across from the St Police," record at 197. It
is unclear if this refers to Jamison as another big dealer or someone else.
The defendant asserts that page 32[8] notes the arrest of Jamison and Cobb
in El Paso, Texas, on January 21, 1997, and an arrest of an unnamed male
carrying marijuana belonging to Jamison in St. Louis at the end of 1996.
There is little of substance to this information.
In response to the defendant's claims, the State argues that the
undisclosed material could not have placed the defendant's case in a
different light and that none of the undisclosed information shows that
another person could have committed the crime. It further argues that the
evidence at trial established that Jamison was a marijuana dealer and that
most of the State's witnesses associated with him also were involved in
illegal drug activity. The State urges that the challenged intelligence
material "merely shows that Jamison was a drug dealer who may have had
enemies, a fact both the State and the defense adduced at trial." Brief of
Appellee at 5.
Although the undisclosed pages identified and challenged by the
defendant were individually of minimal probative value and weight, we must
consider them cumulatively to determine whether this information would have
met the materiality requirement. In other words, we determine whether
"there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to
the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different."
Kyles, 514 U.S. at 433-34, 115 S.Ct. at 1565, 131 L.Ed.2d at 505.
Considered cumulatively, we see little probability that disclosure would
have led to a different result. The evidence at trial established that
Jamison was a marijuana dealer and that most of the State's witnesses
associated with him were also involved in illegal drug activity. We
conclude that the suppressed police intelligence pages did not contain
information that could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a
different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict. We find there
is no reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different if
this information had been disclosed, and we find no violation of the
defendant's due process or compulsory process rights in the trial court's
determination.
The defendant also claims that he was denied the right to
confrontation because of this undisclosed information. A criminal
defendant shows a violation of the Confrontation Clause by establishing
that he was prohibited from engaging in otherwise appropriate cross-
examination designed to show a prototypical form of bias on the part of the
witness, and thereby from showing the jury facts from which it could
appropriately draw inferences relating to the witness's reliability.
Delaware v. VanArsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 680, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 1436, 89 L.Ed.2d
674, 684 (1986); Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 1111,
39 L.Ed.2d 347, 355 (1974). The Confrontation Clause, however, is not a
constitutionally compelled rule of pretrial discovery. Ritchie, 480 U.S.
at 52, 107 S.Ct. at 999, 107 L.Ed.2d. at 54. It only guarantees "an
opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is
effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish."
Id., 480 U.S. at 53, 107 S.Ct. at 999, 94 L.Ed.2d at 55 (quoting Delaware
v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S.Ct. 292, 294, 88 L.Ed.2d 15, 19 (1985)
(emphasis in original). See also VanArsdall, 475 U.S. at 679, 106 S.Ct. at
1435, 89 L.Ed.2d at 683.
The record is clear that Jamison was involved in illegal drug
transactions and that many of the State's witnesses' relationships with
Jamison centered on these illegal drug transactions. In fact, the State
presented much of this evidence. Thus, we understand the defendant's claim
to be that, because he was denied information that these witnesses were
being investigated by police agencies, he was denied the opportunity to
show the witnesses' bias or motivation to testify. We disagree. The
defendant's cross-examination was not limited because he lacked this
information, and he was able to adequately address the relationship between
the witnesses and Jamison, including their involvement in illegal drug
transactions. The defendant has not met his burden of showing that he was
denied an opportunity to conduct otherwise appropriate cross-examination.
We find no violation of his right to confrontation.
Spousal Privilege
The defendant claims that the trial court erred in allowing his wife
to testify regarding privileged marital communications and that the
prejudicial impact of this testimony outweighed its probative value.
Communications between a husband and wife are privileged pursuant to
statute,[9] but the privilege is restricted to confidential communications
and information gained by reason of the marital relationship. Carlyle v.
State, 428 N.E.2d 10, 12 (Ind. 1981). The defendant claims the following
testimony constituted privileged information and should not have been
admitted:
State: Did there come a point, Mrs. Rubalcada, where your husband
threatened you with harm if you ever told anyone the things you heard?
Witness: Yes he did.
State: What did he say?
Witness: Uh, he just said things like that he'd kill me, but he
always said like, "I'll kill you and then I'll kill myself." Or he'd
tell me things like he'd hurt whatever I loved the most.
Record at 873.
Not every communication between spouses is protected by virtue of the
marital relationship; "[o]nly those communications passing from one
marriage partner to the other because of the confidence resulting from
their intimate marriage relationship receive such protection." Rode v.
State, 524 N.E.2d 797, 799 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988). As this Court explained
over one hundred years ago, "if what is said or done by either has no
relation to their mutual trust and confidence as husband and wife, then the
reason for secrecy ceases." Beyerline v. State, 147 Ind. 125, 130, 45 N.E.
772, 774 (1897), quoted in Rode, 524 N.E.2d at 799. The communication that
the defendant claims to be privileged was a threat to do violence to her if
she disclosed what she knew of his criminal actions. Such communications
do not enhance the mutual trust and confidence of the marital relationship
that the privilege is intended to protect. See Carlyle, 428 N.E.2d at 12
(no privilege for the defendant's threats to kill wife if she did not
corroborate his description of murder); Van Donk v. State, 676 N.E.2d 349,
351 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (where husband injured wife, her testimony
regarding the infliction of these injuries was admissible because
disclosure not made in reliance upon the marital relationship). The
defendant's threats were not privileged communications.
The defendant further contends that his wife's testimony should have
been excluded because its prejudicial impact outweighed its probative
value. Ind. Evidence Rule 403. Such matters are within the sound
discretion of the trial court. We find no abuse of discretion.
We find that the trial court did not err in permitting the
defendant's wife to testify that the defendant threatened to kill her if
she disclosed details of his criminal activities.
Handgun Evidence
The defendant claims the trial court erred in refusing to admit
testimony regarding how Vincent Moreno, the defendant's accomplice,
obtained the murder weapon. Prior to Moreno's testimony, the State filed a
motion in limine to prohibit evidence that Moreno obtained the gun by
robbing a drug dealer and argued that Moreno was not arrested, charged, or
convicted of that robbery. The defendant argued that the testimony should
be admitted because the gun was stolen during the commission of a robbery
and that this offense could be used for impeachment if Moreno had been
convicted. The trial court rejected the defendant's argument, finding that
the uncharged offenses were not appropriate for impeachment purposes under
the Indiana Evidence Rules and that the source of the gun was not relevant
to any issue in this case.
On direct examination, Moreno testified that he and Roy Nunez, the
third accomplice in this case, had previously sold drugs and robbed drug
dealers together. He also testified that Nunez stole the gun during a
robbery in Fort Wayne and gave it to Moreno, who brought the gun from Fort
Wayne with him. The defendant contends that he should have also been
permitted to show that Moreno obtained the murder weapon during the robbery
of a Fort Wayne drug dealer.
The trial court has inherent discretionary power on the admission of
evidence, and its decisions are reviewed only for an abuse of that
discretion. Brewer v. State, 562 N.E.2d 22, 25 (Ind. 1990); Oglesby v.
State, 515 N.E.2d 1082, 1085 (Ind. 1987). The trial court did not abuse
its discretion in determining that the additional testimony regarding the
origin of the murder weapon was not relevant.
Witness's Plea Agreement
The defendant next claims that he was denied the opportunity for
meaningful cross-examination because Vincent Moreno eventually only
received a 35-year sentence under a plea agreement rather than the 45-year
sentence he testified had been offered to him in exchange for a guilty plea
and his cooperation in testifying against his accomplices. The defendant
claims that the jury was unable to properly weigh Moreno's motivation to
testify because of this information.
On direct examination, Moreno acknowledged that the State had offered
him a sentence of forty-five years if he pled guilty to murder. The State
also asked him how much credit he might receive for "good time," which he
acknowledged would bring his sentence to twenty-two and a half years.
Moreno, however, also stated that he had not accepted the offer. On cross-
examination, defense counsel reviewed the sentences Moreno might receive if
he accepted the plea agreement:
Defense Counsel: The Deputy Prosecutor who was just asking you
questions has conveyed a plea offer, a deal to you . . . where on the
murder count charged against you, you know you could get . . . do you
know what the minimum and maximum sentence for murder is?
Witness: No sir, I don't.
Defense Counsel: You can get upwards of sixty-five years in prison in
Indiana, you know that, don't you?
Witness: Yes.
Defense Counsel: And did the government file a request to put you in
prison for life with the possibility of no parole?
Witness: No sir. . . .
Defense Counsel: Now, you've got what is known as two A felonies
charged . . . on this too, haven't you?
Witness: Yes sir.
Defense Counsel: Right, and what are they?
Witness: Robbery and conspiracy to commit robbery.
Defense Counsel: All right, and you know the minimum sentence you can
get for that is twenty years and the maximum you can get for that is
fifty years, don't you?
Witness: Yes sir.
Defense Counsel: Okay, and the offer . . . you can get a forty-five
year prison term if you accept the offer for the murder count, do you
agree?
Witness: Yes sir.
Defense Counsel: And then on the A felony what's offered to you is a
concurrent sentence. In other words, you plead guilty to those two A
felonies, whatever the court gives you would run at the same time as
the sentence for murder, wouldn't it?
Witness: I don't . . . I don't know.
Defense Counsel: Well, that's the offer from the government, so your
sentences for an A felony would run at the same time, so you would be
serving those at the same time that you serve your forty-five year
prison term for murder, do you understand that?
Witness: Yes sir.
Record at 801-03. More than four months after the trial in this case,
Moreno entered a plea agreement under which he pled guilty to count I,
conspiracy to commit robbery, and was sentenced to twenty years, and under
which he pled guilty to count II, robbery, and was sentenced to thirty-five
years to be served concurrently with the sentence for count I. The State
dismissed count III, murder.
A prosecutor must disclose to the jury any agreement made with a
witness and any promises, grants of immunity, or rewards offered in return
for testimony. Lott v. State, 690 N.E.2d 204, 211 (Ind. 1997); McBroom v.
State, 530 N.E.2d 725, 729 (Ind. 1988). As the U.S. Supreme Court has
observed, "'[t]he jury's estimate of the truthfulness and reliability of a
given witness may well be determinative of guilt or innocence, and it is
upon such subtle factors as the possible interest of the witness in
testifying falsely that a defendant's life or liberty may depend.'" Wright
v. State, 690 N.E.2d 1098, 1113 (Ind. 1997) (quoting Napue v. Illinois, 360
U.S. 264, 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 1177, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217, 1221 (1959)). The
prosecutor's duty of disclosure arises when there is a confirmed promise of
leniency in exchange for testimony, but preliminary discussions are not
subject to mandatory disclosure. Wright, 690 N.E.2d at 1113; Lopez v.
State, 527 N.E.2d 1119, 1129 (Ind. 1988); Aubrey v. State, 478 N.E.2d 70,
74 (Ind. 1985). When a witness hopes for leniency in exchange for his
testimony and the State neither confirms nor denies that hope, there is no
concrete agreement requiring disclosure. McCord v. State, 622 N.E.2d 504,
509 (Ind. 1993). The witness's expectations, coupled with evidence of a
deal after the in-court testimony of the witness, are insufficient to
require that a disclosure be made. Id.; Abbott v. State, 535 N.E.2d 1169,
1172 (Ind. 1989).
The State fully disclosed the terms of the agreement offered to the
witness before his testimony: a sentence of forty-five years for a guilty
plea on the murder charge. The witness testified that he had not accepted
that offer. At the time of trial, no concrete agreement existed between
Moreno and the State. Although Moreno may have hoped for the more lenient
terms ultimately received, there is no indication that the State confirmed
his hope that a lesser term might be offered after he testified. The
defendant has not met his burden of showing that the State did not disclose
its agreement with Moreno.
Conclusion
The defendant's convictions are affirmed.
SHEPARD, C.J., and SULLIVAN, BOEHM, and RUCKER, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] Ind. Code §§ 35-41-5-2 & 35-42-5-1.
[2] Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1.
[3] The defendant also claims he was denied similar rights under the
Indiana Constitution. Although the defendant cites relevant clauses of the
Indiana Constitution, he provides no separate and independent argument for
these claims. Accordingly, we consider these claims on the basis of
federal constitutional doctrine and express no opinion as to what, if any,
differences there may be under the Indiana Constitution. Williams v.
State, 690 N.E.2d 162, 167 (Ind. 1997); Matheney v. State, 688 N.E.2d 883,
906 n.29 (Ind. 1997); Tobias v. State, 666 N.E.2d 68, 72 n.1 (Ind. 1996).
[4] The statute provides, in part:
"Criminal intelligence information" means information on identifiable
individuals compiled in an effort to anticipate, prevent or monitor
possible criminal activity. "Criminal intelligence information" does
not include criminal investigative information which is information on
identifiable individuals compiled in the course of the investigation
of specific criminal acts.
Ind. Code § 5-2-4-1(b).
[5] The statute provides:
Criminal intelligence information is hereby declared confidential and
may be disseminated only to another criminal justice agency, and only
if the agency making the dissemination is satisfied that the need to
know and intended uses of the information are reasonable and that the
confidentiality of the information will be maintained.
Ind. Code § 5-2-4-6.
[6] Although the trial court ordered that all the reviewed
information be permanently sealed in the court's file, Record at 168, the
Clerk of the Vanderburgh Circuit Court, upon request by the defendant at
the commencement of this appeal, included these documents and materials in
the record on appeal. Record at 172-227.
[7] In light of the trial court's order sealing these documents, we
assume from the defendant's argument that, at least with regard to this
information, he was able to obtain information about the victim and his
associates from other sources.
[8] The defendant makes the same allegation regarding page 26;
however, we find no reference to any of this information on page 26 and
assume it was a typographical error.
[9] The parties both cite Indiana Code section 34-1-14-5, which
provided: "Except as otherwise provided by statute, the following persons
shall not be competent witnesses: . . . Husband and wife, as to
communications made to each other." By the time of trial, the statute had
been replaced with the following language: "Except as otherwise provided
by statute, the following persons shall not be required to testify
regarding confidential communications: . . . Husband and wife, as to
communications made to each other." Ind. Code § 34-46-3-1 (1998). Our
resolution of the issue applies equally to both provisions.