ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Donald W. Pagos
Michigan City, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Jeffrey A. Modisett
Attorney General of Indiana
Randi E. Froug
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
__________________________________________________________________
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA
__________________________________________________________________
STEPHEN THOMPSON, )
)
Appellant (Defendant Below), )
)
v. ) Indiana Supreme Court
) Cause No. 46S00-9902-CR-100
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee (Plaintiff Below). )
__________________________________________________________________
APPEAL FROM THE LAPORTE SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Walter P. Chapala, Judge
Cause No. 46D01-9612-CF-155
__________________________________________________________________
ON DIRECT APPEAL
__________________________________________________________________
May 19, 2000
BOEHM, Justice.
After two trials ended in hung juries, Stephen Thompson was convicted
in a third trial of the murder of Alan “Scott” Fritzen and sentenced to
sixty-five years imprisonment. In this direct appeal he contends (1) the
trial court erred in rejecting his tendered instruction on circumstantial
evidence; (2) there is insufficient evidence to rebut his alibi defense;
(3) the trial court erred in several evidentiary rulings; and (4) the
elected judge did not have authority to preside over his retrial after a
senior judge had presided over the first trial. We affirm the trial court.
Factual and Procedural Background
In the summer of 1996, Scott and Maryanne Fritzen bought the Paradise
Lounge in Michigan City. Thompson was retained as the doorman and in
September or October began an affair with Maryanne. After Thompson and
Maryanne were involved in an accident in Scott’s vehicle, Scott fired
Thompson and barred him from the lounge. Thompson then went to Milwaukee
to stay with his sister, Pearline Thompson.
On November 22, 1996 at approximately 11:00 a.m., an employee found
Scott’s dead body inside the lounge. He had been shot in the back of the
head with a single bullet of approximately .32 caliber. There was no sign
of forced entry or a struggle. A shotgun that had been kept at the bar
was missing.
The investigation soon focused on Thompson. Pearline initially told
police that Thompson was in Milwaukee at the time of the murder, but later
changed her story. At trial, Pearline testified that Thompson came to stay
with her in November of 1996 and told her of his affair with Maryanne.
Thompson told her that Scott and he used to “get into it a lot and [Scott]
was threatening him.” Thompson stated that he would “do” Scott before
Scott “did him.” He also told Pearline that he would wait outside the bar
for Scott and wear “throw-away clothes.” He showed her a “little handgun”
with two barrels. On November 21, Thompson borrowed Pearline’s car to
drive to Michigan City. He left at about 10:30 p.m. and did not return
until approximately 7:00 a.m. the following morning. After his return to
Milwaukee, Thompson told Pearline that he “took care of business” in
Michigan City.
One of Pearline’s neighbors, Otis Easley, told Milwaukee police that
Thompson had hidden a shotgun under Easley’s porch and had also attempted
to sell him a Derringer handgun. The shotgun was recovered from under the
porch and determined to be the weapon taken from the Paradise Lounge.
Police also discovered a live .32 caliber bullet manufactured by the
Federal Cartridge Company on the floor of Thompson’s car. An Indiana State
Police tool-mark examiner compared that bullet with the one recovered from
Scott’s body and concluded that the two were manufactured by the same
company and bore the same unusual striations caused by the manufacturing
process. The examiner testified that he test-fired bullets from a double
barreled Davis Industries Derringer and that the test-fired bullets had the
same class characteristics as the fatal bullet.
Thompson was charged with murder. A jury found him guilty, and the
trial court sentenced him to sixty-five years imprisonment.
I. Circumstantial Evidence Instruction
Thompson first contends that the trial court erred in refusing his
tendered instruction on circumstantial evidence. Although the trial court
instructed the jury on the definitions of both direct and circumstantial
evidence, it refused to instruct the jury, “Where proof of guilt is by
circumstantial evidence only, it must be so conclusive in character and
point so surely and unerringly to the guilt of the accused as to exclude
every reasonable theory of innocence.” See 2 Indiana Pattern Jury
Instructions (Criminal) 12.01 (2d ed. 1991).
Thompson concedes that a “direct confession of a crime to a third
person” is direct evidence that obviates the need to give this tendered
instruction, see Champman v. State, 556 N.E.2d 927, 931 (Ind. 1990), but
contends that the instruction was necessary in his case because he never
made a “direct confession” to the murder. The State responds that
Thompson’s statements to Pearline “strongly imply” his guilt, and this is
sufficient to constitute direct evidence. See Barajas v. State, 627 N.E.2d
437, 439 (Ind. 1994). We agree with the State that a defendant need not
use the explicit language, “I killed X,” in order for a less than explicit
admission of guilt to be considered direct evidence. We also agree that
the statements Thompson made to Pearline, which she recounted at trial,
sufficiently clearly implied Thompson’s guilt to constitute direct
evidence.
Thompson also contends, as he did in the trial court, that the jury
could choose to disbelieve Pearline, and if it did, the evidence against
him would then be entirely circumstantial. Thus, he contends the
instruction should have been given to provide the jury with the relevant
law to apply if it decided to disbelieve Pearline’s testimony. If the only
direct evidence is a witness whose credibility has been seriously
questioned, e.g., a cellmate who has received a substantial benefit from
the State in exchange for testifying, it is certainly within the trial
court’s discretion to give the instruction. Thompson's contention,
however, would require this instruction in every case in which there is any
circumstantial evidence, because the remaining evidence could be
disbelieved or discredited. Here, because there was some direct evidence
of Thompson’s guilt, the trial court was within its discretion in refusing
Thompson’s tendered instruction.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Thompson next contends that there is insufficient evidence to rebut
his alibi defense. Our standard of review for sufficiency claims is well
settled. We do not reweigh evidence or assess the credibility of
witnesses. Rather, we look to the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom that support the verdict and will affirm the conviction if there
is probative evidence from which a reasonable jury could have found the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Taylor v. State, 681 N.E.2d
1105, 1110 (Ind. 1997). The State is not required to rebut directly a
defendant’s alibi but may disprove the alibi by proving its own case-in-
chief beyond a reasonable doubt. Lott v. State, 690 N.E.2d 204, 209 (Ind.
1997).
Based on his timeline of the evening of the killing, Thompson
contends that the “uncontroverted” evidence at trial established that it
was impossible for him to have killed Scott. We disagree. Pearline
testified that Thompson left Milwaukee at approximately 10:30 p.m. and
returned around 7:00 a.m. A State’s witness testified that the drive from
the Paradise Lounge to Pearline’s house took him three hours and twenty
minutes.[1] Scott was last seen alive at approximately 3:00 a.m. In light
of this evidence, Thompson had a forty-minute window (between 3:00 a.m. and
3:40 a.m.) in which to enter the lounge and shoot Scott before returning to
Milwaukee.[2] There was sufficient evidence to rebut Thompson’s alibi that
he was in Milwaukee at the time of the killing.
III. Evidentiary Rulings
Thompson also challenges several evidentiary rulings of the trial
court.
A. Evidence Rule 404(b)
Thompson contends that the trial court erred in admitting character
evidence prohibited by Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b). At trial the State
sought to present testimony that Thompson had attempted to sell Easley a
Derringer handgun some number of days before Scott was shot. Easley’s
testimony is not clear as to the precise date of this conversation, but it
appears to have occurred between a day and a week before Scott’s murder.
Because the conversation occurred before the murder, Thompson contends that
it has no relevance: “this was not a case of Thompson trying to get rid of
the murder weapon.” At trial Thompson contended that the proffered
testimony was inadmissible because
[i]t simply goes to show bad character or the propensity to commit a
crime. It has absolutely no relevancy because [the State] cannot tie
it into the murder weapon. It shows [Thompson’s] a bad guy because
he’s got weapons in his possession, but unless they can tie it into
the murder weapon, it’s irrelevant . . . .
The murder weapon was never recovered. However, the tool-mark examiner
testified that he test-fired bullets from a double barrel Davis Industries
Derringer and that the test-fired bullets had the same class
characteristics as the bullet recovered during Scott’s autopsy. Pearline
testified that in November of 1996 Thompson showed her a “little handgun”
with two barrels.
Evidence Rule 404(b) provides:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove
the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as
proof of motive, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident . . . .
“The list of ‘other purposes’ in the Rule is not exhaustive; extrinsic act
evidence may be admitted for any purpose not specified in Rule 404(b)
unless precluded by the first sentence of Rule 404(b) or any other Rule.”
Thompson v. State, 690 N.E.2d 224, 233 (Ind. 1997). Access to the murder
weapon is such a permissible purpose. Id.
In assessing admissibility of 404(b) evidence the court must also (1)
determine that the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is relevant to
a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to commit the
charged act, and (2) balance the probative value of the evidence against
its prejudicial effect pursuant to Evidence Rule 403. Hicks v. State, 690
N.E.2d 215, 221 (Ind. 1997). Thompson points to no danger of unfair
prejudice, other than a generalized concern that selling a weapon may be
viewed unfavorably. This possibility is clearly outweighed by the
probative value of testimony that Thompson had access to a weapon of the
type used in the murder. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
allowing Easley’s testimony on this point.
B. Evidence Rule 612
1. Pearline's Deposition
In cross-examination of Pearline, Thompson attempted to use a
deposition of Pearline to refresh her recollection. Thompson handed the
deposition to Pearline and asked her to look through it. The State
objected on the basis that the deposition could not be admitted unless
Thompson was impeaching the witness. Thompson responded that he was using
the deposition to refresh Pearline’s memory. The trial court sustained the
objection because Pearline “didn’t prepare the deposition” and asked
defense counsel to take the deposition away from the witness.
Although Evidence Rule 612(a) clearly envisions the use of writings
to refresh a witness’s memory, it “does not address the method by which the
witness’s memory may be refreshed.” 13 Robert Lowell Miller, Jr., Indiana
Practice § 612.101, at 225 (2d ed. 1995). We agree with Judge Miller that
a “simple colloquy” is all that is required under Rule 612:
The witness must first state that he does not recall the information
sought by the questioner. The witness should be directed to examine
the writing, and be asked whether that examination has refreshed his
memory. If the witness answers negatively, the examiner must find
another route to extracting the testimony or cease the line of
questioning.
Id. at 226 (internal citation omitted). Evidence Rule 612 does not
suggest, much less require, that the writing used to refresh a witness’s
memory must have been prepared by the witness.
Before the adoption of the Indiana Rules of Evidence, this Court had
long held that a writing used to refresh a witness’s memory could be
prepared by the witness or another person. See Gaunt v. State, 457 N.E.2d
211, 216 (Ind. 1983) (quoting Clark v. State, 4 Ind. 156, 157 (1853)). In
Gaunt, we found no abuse of discretion when the trial court allowed the
State to use a witness’s deposition that was prepared more than a year
after the crime. 457 N.E.2d at 216. It was error to refuse to permit
Thompson to use Pearline’s deposition to refresh her recollection.
Nevertheless, as this Court explained in Fleener v. State, 656 N.E.2d 1140,
1142 (Ind. 1995), “an error will be found harmless if its probable impact
on the jury, in light of all of the evidence in the case, is sufficiently
minor so as not to affect the substantial rights of the parties.” See Ind.
Trial Rule 61. Thompson did not include the deposition in the record and
made no offer of proof. He points to nothing in the deposition that was
not covered in the witness’s testimony. Accordingly, there is no showing
that the trial court’s erroneous ruling affected Thompson’s substantial
rights.[3]
2. Easley's Statement to Police
Thompson also contends that the trial court erred in admitting a copy
of Easley’s statement to police. On direct examination Easley was asked
when the conversation with Thompson about the Derringer had occurred.
Easley responded, “I think it was like the early part of December.”
Defense counsel then began cross-examination by asking Easley about a
statement he had given to police in early December and handed the witness a
copy of that statement “to refresh his memory.” The State insisted that
the statement should be marked and introduced into evidence, and the trial
court agreed that defense counsel had “something in front of the witness
that’s not an exhibit.” It concluded that defense counsel should have the
witness identify the document before giving it to him. Thompson abandoned
his attempt to refresh the witness’s recollection with the document, but on
redirect the State moved for admission of the statement to police.
Thompson objected on the ground that the statement need not be shown to the
witness[4] and also pointed out that, because he had asked the witness
about only a small part of the statement, this would not render the entire
statement admissible. The trial court overruled the objection and admitted
the entire eight-page statement. When asked for the basis of its ruling,
the trial court responded that defense counsel had shown the statement to
the witness first.
Evidence Rule 612(a) provides that an adverse party is entitled to
have a writing used to refresh a witness’s memory produced at the trial in
which the witness is testifying. Rule 612(c) further provides that “[a]
party entitled to have a writing or object produced under this rule is
entitled to inspect it, to cross-examine the witness thereon and to
introduce in evidence those portions which relate to the testimony of the
witness.” Thus, because Thompson handed Easley the statement to refresh
his recollection about the timing of the conversation about the Derringer,
the State was entitled to admit the part of Easley’s statement relating to
that incident under Rule 612(c). See Miller, supra, § 612.301, at 233
(“The right to introduce the writing or object into evidence belongs solely
to the adverse party; the party who refreshed the witness’s memory cannot
introduce the writing, although the ‘rule of completeness’ may provide a
vehicle for introduction of part of the writing by the refreshing party.”)
(citations omitted). Although the trial court properly admitted the part
of the statement used to refresh Easley’s memory, it erred in admitting the
remainder of the statement over Thompson’s objection. Nonetheless, this
error, like the previous one, was harmless. Thompson contends that the
statement “contained a wealth of inadmissible evidence,” but fails to point
to anything in the statement that prejudiced his substantial rights.
C. Autopsy Photographs
Thompson next argues that the trial court erred by admitting two
autopsy photographs over his objection. The State initially sought
admission of several photographs through the testimony of a detective who
attended the autopsy. At that time the trial court admitted two
photographs and sustained Thompson’s objection based on Evidence Rule 403
as to the others. Later, the pathologist was asked by Thompson in cross-
examination to explain “lividity.” The pathologist responded, “Lividity is
the pooling of blood in dependent areas of the body. So for example, if a
person dies face down, the blood gravity will take effect and the blood
will pool on the face, it will pool the blood or the face will become
somewhat purple.” On redirect the State then sought admission of two of
the previously inadmissible photographs that it contended depicted the
lividity of Scott’s body. Thompson objected on the ground that, although
he had asked the pathologist to describe lividity, it was “not related to
this case.” Thompson further observed that the body had been moved to an
autopsy table before the photographs were taken and therefore the blood
pooling in the body would presumably have shifted. The trial court
admitted the photographs.
The State contends that the photographs are “relevant to the
pathologist’s testimony regarding the time of Scott’s death.” Given
Thompson’s alibi defense, time of death is highly relevant. However, the
pathologist testified at trial that “[l]ividity is unreliable as an
indicator of time of death,” and there is no contrary evidence. The State
also suggests that Thompson “opened the door” to the admissibility of the
photographs when he asked the pathologist about lividity. It suggests that
Thompson “implied by his questions” of the pathologist that lividity was
somehow an indicator of the time of death. Even if this were true, the
pathologist unequivocally testified that lividity is not a reliable way to
determine time of death. The photographs therefore had no relevance, and
the trial court erred in admitting them.
This error was also harmless. The jury knew that Scott’s body had
exhibited lividity and had seen two other autopsy photographs. Showing the
jury two more photographs to illustrate a concept of no apparent relevance
did not affect Thompson’s substantial rights.
D. Autopsy Report
Thompson also contends that the trial court erred in admitting an
autopsy report over his hearsay objection. As this Court held in Ealy v.
State, 685 N.E.2d 1047, 1055 (Ind. 1997), autopsy reports that do not
address a “materially contested issue in the case” are admissible under
Evidence Rule 803(8)(c), the public records exception to the hearsay rule.
Here, as in Ealy, the only contested issue was who shot the victim. That
issue was not addressed in the report. Accordingly, the trial court did
not err in admitting it over Thompson’s hearsay objection.[5]
E. Cumulative Error
As a final point Thompson suggests that even if the individual errors
were harmless, their cumulative effect requires reversal. He cites no
authority in support of this proposition, and the State responds that a
number of trial irregularities that do not amount to error standing alone
do not collectively amount to reversible error. See Reaves v. State, 586
N.E.2d 847, 858 (Ind. 1992); Stonebraker v. State, 505 N.E.2d 55, 61 (Ind.
1987). Assuming for the sake of argument that under some circumstances the
cumulative effect of trial errors may warrant reversal even if each might
be deemed harmless in isolation, in this case it is clear that no prejudice
resulted from any of the erroneous rulings and thus their cumulative effect
remains at zero.
IV. Retrial Before the Duly Elected Judge
Judge Walter P. Chapala has been the duly elected judge of LaPorte
Superior Court No. 1 since January 1, 1991. During pretrial proceedings,
both Judge Chapala and Senior Judge Donald D. Martin signed orders in
Thompson’s case. Senior Judge Martin presided over Thompson’s first trial,
but Judge Chapala presided over the second and third trials. Thompson
contends that it was error “to change judges in midstream without recusal
or a showing of unavailability [of Senior Judge Martin].”
Judge Chapala had the authority to hear Thompson’s case by virtue of
its filing in Superior Court 1, where Judge Chapala presides as the duly
elected judge. According to statute, a senior judge “exercises the
jurisdiction granted to the court served by the senior judge . . . .” Ind.
Code § 33-4-8-3 (1998). The statute conferred upon Senior Judge Martin the
authority to hear the first trial, but the fact that Senior Judge Martin
heard the first trial, for reasons unexplained in this record, in no way
divests Judge Chapala of the authority to hear a subsequent trial.[6]
Conclusion
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
SHEPARD, C.J., and DICKSON, SULLIVAN and RUCKER, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] The witness did not testify as to the speed at which he was driving.
[2] Thompson contends "the Pathologist testified the time of death was
between 3:30 a.m. and 11:00 a.m." This misstates the record. Defense
counsel asked the pathologist to "[a]ssume that Mr. Fritzen were last seen
alive at 3:30 in the morning, and was not discovered dead until 11:00 a.m.
the next day. Where would you be able to set the time of death?"
Accepting defense counsel's factual predicate, the pathologist agreed that
she would not be able to narrow the time of death any further. In any
event, even if Thompson killed Scott at 3:30, he would still have had
sufficient time to return to Milwaukee before 7:00 a.m.
[3] Thompson also contends that the trial court erred in limiting his cross-
examination of Pearline about a statement she had given to Milwaukee police
on December 6, 1996. Defense counsel asked if Pearline remembered telling
police that she had seen Thompson with a Derringer handgun. The State
objected, but stated it would withdraw its objection if Thompson introduced
the statement into evidence. The State also stated that it would move for
admission of the statement on redirect. Defense counsel responded, "I
don't have an objection to that, Judge." The exhibit was then marked and
admitted into evidence as a defense exhibit. On appeal Thompson contends
that the exhibit should not have been admitted and that he was forced to
move its admission in order to question Pearline about it. It is well
settled that a party must make a timely objection to evidence at trial to
preserve error on appeal. See Ind. Evidence Rule 103(a)(1). Here,
Thompson not only failed to object to the evidence, but moved its
admission. Any claim of error is waived.
[4] Thompson was correct that under Rule 613(a) a prior statement need not
be shown to the witness. However, he took the position in the trial court
that the statement was being used to refresh Easley’s memory (under Rule
612), not to impeach (under Rule 613). Accordingly, we analyze the claim
under Rule 612.
[5] Thompson also cites the exclusions found in parts (a), (b), and (d) of
Evidence Rule 803(8). However, as we found in Ealy, none of these apply to
autopsy reports. 685 N.E.2d at 1051 n.3.
[6] We reject Thompson's reliance on Floyd v. State, 650 N.E.2d 28 (Ind.
1994), and Trial Rule 63(A). Floyd addressed the validity of several
orders or judgments entered by court officers who were allegedly not duly
appointed. Here, Judge Chapala was the duly appointed judge and plainly
had the authority alleged to be absent in Floyd. Trial Rule 63(A) provides
that the judge who presides over a trial shall hear motions or make rulings
"required to be made by the court relating to the evidence and the conduct
of the trial or hearing after the trial or hearing is concluded." Because
the first trial ended in a mistrial, there were no matters arising from the
first trial on which Senior Judge Martin needed to rule.