No
No. 99-002
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
1999 MT 304
297 Mont. 179
991 P.2d 447
GERALD L. THAYER (DECEASED)
PHYLLIS THAYER,
Appellant,
v.
UNINSURED EMPLOYERS' FUND,
Respondent,
RICHARD SMITH, d/b/a RRS, INC.
Employer.
APPEAL FROM: Workers Compensation Court,
State of Montana,
The Honorable Mike McCarter, Judge presiding.
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COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Norman L. Newhall, Linnell, Newhall, Martin & Schulke, P.C.;
Great Falls, Montana
For Respondent:
Mark Cadwallader, Department of Labor and Industry;
Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: August 12, 1999
Decided: December 7 , 1999
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Terry N. Trieweiler delivered the opinion of the Court.
1. ¶ Phyllis Thayer filed a petition in the Montana Workers' Compensation Court in
which she alleged that the Uninsured Employers' Fund wrongfully terminated
payment of her survivor benefits pursuant to § 39-71-511, MCA. The Workers'
Compensation Court concluded that the Uninsured Employers' Fund properly
terminated Phyllis' benefits and that § 39-71-511, MCA, did not violate Article II,
Section 16 of the Montana Constitution. Phyllis appeals from that decision. We
affirm the judgment of the Workers' Compensation Court.
2. ¶ Thayer raises the following issues on appeal:
3. ¶ 1. Did the Workers' Compensation Court err when it held that the Uninsured
Employers' Fund properly terminated Phyllis' benefits pursuant to § 39-71-511,
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MCA?
4. ¶ 2. Did the Workers' Compensation Court err when it held that § 39-71-511, MCA,
does not violate Article II, Section 16 of the Montana Constitution?
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
5. ¶ Gerald Thayer was an employee of Richard Smith. On October 15, 1992, Gerald
was injured in the course and scope of his employment when his clothing caught fire
and he was severely burned. On October 31, 1992, Gerald died as a result of his
injuries.
6. ¶ Phyllis Thayer is Gerald's widow. She was entitled to workers' compensation
death benefits pursuant to §§ 39-71-704 and -721, MCA. However, Smith, Gerald's
employer did not carry workers' compensation insurance. As a result, Phyllis was
eligible to receive medical and death benefits provided by the Uninsured Employers'
Fund pursuant to § 39-71-503, MCA.
7. ¶ Preceding his death, Gerald incurred medical expenses for the treatment of his
burn injuries in the amount of $253,207.98. The Uninsured Employers' Fund paid
$85,000 to reimburse the Montana Department of Public Health and Human
Services for the costs of Gerald's medical treatment. The Department accepted the
$85,000 payment in full satisfaction of its claim.
8. ¶ In 1993 and 1994, Phyllis commenced actions against several defendants for
damages caused by Gerald's injuries and death. Phyllis alleged that Gerald's injuries
and death were caused by the negligence of his employer Smith, and his
coemployee Garry Thompson, and that the retail seller and the manufacturer of
CHEX liquid, the product that was being used by Gerald at the time of his injuries,
were liable based on negligence and product liability theories. Phyllis sought total
damages in the amount of $1,856,067.
9. ¶ Prior to trial, Phyllis settled all of the claims except for the claim of negligence
against Thompson, Gerald's coemployee. The negligence claim against Smith was
settled for the amount of $100,000. The negligence and product liability claim
against the retail seller was settled for the amount of $130,000. The product liability
claim against the manufacturer was settled for $75,000 and the negligence claim
against the manufacturer was dismissed. Following a jury trial in which the jury
found Thompson negligent, Phyllis settled with Thompson for the amount of
$100,000.
10. ¶ On June 25, 1997, the Uninsured Employers' Fund advised Phyllis that by reason
of her receipt of the $100,000 settlement from Gerald's employer Smith and
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pursuant to § 39-71-511, MCA, Phyllis was no longer entitled to receive further
benefits from the Uninsured Employers' Fund. As of that date, the Uninsured
Employers' Fund had paid death benefits to Phyllis in the total amount of
$71,878.78 representing 246 weeks of benefits. The maximum amount that she
could have received for death benefits from the Uninsured Employers' Fund was
$146,180 representing 500 weeks of benefits. The Uninsured Employers' Fund
claimed a statutory right of setoff to the balance due, against the $100,000
settlement from Smith pursuant to § 39-71-511, MCA.
11. ¶ In October 1997, Phyllis brought an action in the Workers' Compensation Court
challenging both the Uninsured Employers' Fund's termination of benefits and the
constitutionality of § 39-71-511, MCA. On October 28, 1998, the Workers'
Compensation Court concluded that the Uninsured Employers' Fund's termination of
benefits was proper and upheld the constitutionality of § 39-71-511, MCA.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
12. ¶ The facts in this case are undisputed. Phyllis argues that the Worker's
Compensation Court erred, however, when it held that the Uninsured Employers'
Fund properly terminated Phyllis' benefits pursuant to § 39-71-511, MCA, and when
it held that § 39-71-511, MCA, was constitutional. When we review the Workers'
Compensation Court's conclusions of law, we do so to determine if the court's
interpretation of the law is correct. McClure v. State Comp. Ins. Fund (1995), 272
Mont. 94, 97, 899 P.2d 1093, 1095.
ISSUE 1
13. ¶ Did the Workers' Compensation Court err when it held that the Uninsured
Employers' Fund properly terminated Phyllis' benefits pursuant to § 39-71-511,
MCA?
14. ¶ Section 39-71-511, MCA, entitled "Setoffs to claim against fund," provides:
A claim for benefits from the uninsured employer's fund must be discharged, finally
or periodically, to the extent that an employee or the employee's beneficiaries
receive actual monetary compensation by judgment or settlement from the
uninsured employer, a third party who shares liability as defined in 39-71-412, or a
fellow employee who shares liability as defined in 39-71-413.
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15. ¶ In this case, the Uninsured Employers' Fund discharged Phyllis' claim for wage
loss benefits following her receipt of a $100,000 settlement from Gerald's uninsured
employer, Smith. The Uninsured Employers' Fund applied the setoff as provided by
§ 39-71-511, MCA, in order to discharge the remaining $74,301 of future benefits
that Phyllis would have been entitled to receive from the Uninsured Employers'
Fund. The Uninsured Employers' Fund did not seek recovery of any of the benefits
paid to Phyllis prior to her receipt of the settlement from Smith, nor to recover
benefits paid based on amounts recovered from third-parties.
16. ¶ Phyllis asserts that the Workers' Compensation Court erred when it found that the
Uninsured Employers' Fund properly applied the set off pursuant to § 39-71-511,
MCA. Phyllis argues that the Uninsured Employers' Fund is not applying a setoff to
her benefits, rather the Fund is claiming a subrogation interest in the settlement she
received from Smith. Phyllis further argues that because § 39-71-511, MCA,
essentially provides the Fund a de facto subrogation interest, this Court's analyses in
Ness v. Anaconda Minerals Company (1996), 279 Mont. 472, 929 P.2d 205; Zacher
v. American Insurance Company (1990), 243 Mont. 226, 794 P.2d 335; and Skauge
v. Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company (1977), 172 Mont. 521, 565
P.2d 628, with regard to subrogation apply and therefore the Fund may not
subrogate until she has been made whole.
17. ¶ In Skauge, 172 Mont. at 524, 565 P.2d at 630, we defined subrogation as a "device
of equity which is designed to compel the ultimate payment of a debt by the one
who in justice, equity and good conscience should pay it." Black's Law Dictionary
defines subrogation as: "[t]he substitution of one party for another whose debt the
party pays, entitling the paying party to rights, remedies, or securities that would
otherwise belong to the debtor." Black's Law Dictionary 1440 (7th ed. 1999). Phyllis
asserts that even though the Fund did not claim any right to subrogation, the effect
of the Fund's offset against its obligations following her receipt of a settlement from
Smith, is a de facto subrogation. Her interpretation is consistent with our prior
decisions, including Skauge. Accordingly, we conclude that the transaction in this
case may be characterized as a subrogation by the Fund to the $100,000 recovery
from the employer.
18. ¶ Because the transaction may be characterized as subrogation, Phyllis argues that
this Court's analyses in Ness, Zacher, and Skauge should apply, and that those cases
require that she be made whole before any subrogation interest may be properly
claimed. However, we conclude that the facts on which our holdings in Ness,
Zacher, and Skauge are based, make those cases distinguishable from this case.
19. ¶ In Skauge, we held that the insured was entitled to be made whole for his entire
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loss, including attorney's fees, before the insurer could assert its right of legal
subrogation against the insured or the tortfeasor. Skauge, 172 Mont. at 528, 565
P.2d at 632. We gave the following rationale for our holding:
When the sum recovered by the Insured from the Tort-feasor is less than the total
loss and thus either the Insured or the Insurer must to some extent go unpaid, the
loss should be borne by the insurer for that is a risk the insured has paid it to assume.
Skauge,172 Mont. at 528, 565 P.2d at 632 (citing St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co v.
W. P. Rose Supply Co. (1973), 198 S.E.2d 482, 484).
20. ¶ In Ness and Zacher we held that an insurer had no right to subrogation until a
claimant had been made whole for his entire loss and any costs of recovery,
including attorney fees. In Zacher, we stated the following:
While it is true that in a worker's compensation case such as the present case, the
premium has been paid by the employer, there is no rational distinction between an
insured under a house insurance policy and a claimant in connection with workers'
compensation. The key aspect is that the insurer has been paid for the assumption of
the liability for the claim, and that where the claimant has not been made whole,
equity concludes that it is the insurer which should stand the loss, rather than the
claimant.
Zacher, 243 Mont. at 230-31, 794 P.2d at 338.
21. ¶ The important distinction between the facts in Ness, Zacher, and Skauge and those
in this case are that the Fund is not an insurer and has not been paid premiums by
Smith, the uninsured employer, to assume the risk of any loss. The Fund is a
legislatively provided source from which to minimize the hardships imposed when
an injured worker is unable to get workers' compensation benefits as a result of the
employer's failure to provide coverage. Furthermore, the statutes which create the
Fund specifically provide that claimants to the Fund are not guaranteed full payment
of benefits provided in the act. See § 39-71-510, MCA. We conclude, therefore, that
the reasoning on which our prior subrogration cases were based, does not apply to
the Uninsured Employers' Fund.
22. ¶ Moreover, the statutory scheme of the Uninsured Employers' Fund requires that
we treat the Fund differently than an insurer. Payments from the Fund are dependant
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upon the Fund's ability to pay claims. The legislature has directed the Fund to pay
claims to the best of its ability and to make proportional reductions to all Fund
claimants when the present funds are inadequate to pay all claims. See § 39-71-510,
MCA. The setoff provisions contained in § 39-71-511, MCA, are uniquely
necessary to assure some payment to as many uninsured employees as possible.
23. ¶ Finally, because Gerald's employer was uninsured, the exclusive remedy provision
found at § 39-71-411, MCA, does not apply and Phyllis may pursue benefits from
the Fund up to the amount of workers' compensation benefits she would have
received if Gerald's employer had been insured, and pursuant to § 39-71-509, MCA,
Phyllis may also bring a tort action against Gerald's employer, in addition to any
responsible third-party. The Fund merely stands in the place of the uninsured
employer, to provide some basis for recovery where the employer is impecunious.
24. ¶ Because the Fund is merely a safety net and stands in the place of the employer,
we conclude that it is reasonable to condition the Fund's obligations on the extent to
which the employer fails to provide compensation. We decline to extend the
analyses of our recent subrogation cases Ness, Zacher, and Skauge to the setoff
applied for the Fund as a result of a recovery from an uninsured employer pursuant
to § 39-71-511, MCA. Therefore, we conclude that the Workers' Compensation
Court did not err when it found that the Fund properly applied the setoff provision
pursuant to § 39-71-511, MCA, to the extent of Thayer's recovery from the
uninsured employer.
ISSUE 2
25. ¶ Did the Workers' Compensation Court err when it held that § 39-71-511, MCA,
does not violate Article II, Section 16 of the Montana Constitution?
26. ¶ Article II, Section 16 of the Montana Constitution provides in relevant part:
No person shall be deprived of this full legal redress for injury incurred in
employment for which another person may be liable except as to fellow employees
and his immediate employer who hired him if such immediate employer provides
coverage under Workmen's Compensation Laws of this state.
27. ¶ Phyllis contends that the plain meaning of this constitutional provision provides
only two exceptions to an employee's right to full legal redress, namely, the
employer and a fellow employee if the employer is insured against Workers'
Compensation claims. Phyllis asserts that neither exception applies in this case.
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28. ¶ Phyllis cites Connery v. Liberty Northwest Insurance, 1998 MT 125, 289 Mont.
94, 960 P.2d 288, in support of her position that § 39-71-511, MCA, violates her
right to full legal redress. In Connery, we held a statute that allowed an insurer to
reduce the benefits paid by 30 percent if an injured employee obtained a third-party
recovery violated an employee's right to full legal redress. Connery, ¶ 13. In
Connery we stated:
The net effect of the statute is to transfer dollars recovered from the third-party
tortfeasor back to the insurer. That transfer is plainly contrary to the full legal
redress provision.
Liberty argues that the 30 percent reduction does not affect Connery's third-party
recovery and that the statute merely deals with a claimant's entitlement to benefits.
This argument is without merit. But for her third-party recovery, Connery would be
entitled to full workers' compensation benefits without reduction.
Connery, ¶¶ 13-14. Based upon this language, Phyllis asserts that: "[b]ut for [her]
recovery against the employer and other third parties, she would be entitled to full
workers' compensation benefits from the UEF without reduction," and therefore §
39-71-511, MCA, violates her right to full legal redress.
29. ¶ In support of her position, Phyllis also cites Francetich v. State Compensation
Mutual Insurance Fund (1992), 252 Mont. 215, 827 P.2d 1279, in which we
concluded that a statute that allowed a workers' compensation insurer subrogation
against third-party recovery, even though the recovery is less than the total amount
of damages, was unconstitutional because it deprived an employee of his right to
full legal redress.
30. ¶ In concluding that the full legal redress provision was not violated by § 39-71-511,
MCA, the Workers' Compensation Court looked to the history of the section as set
forth in the minutes of the 1972 Constitutional Convention and as quoted by Trankel
v. Montana Department of Military Affairs (1997), 282 Mont. 348, 938 P.2d 614.
31. ¶ In Trankel we stated that:
The second sentence of Article II, Section 16, was a response to that decision
[Ashcraft v. Montana Power Co. (1971), 156 Mont. 368, 480 P.2d 812.] based on
the delegates' intent that employees not be barred from third-party suits for injuries
sustained during the course of their employment. The following minutes from the
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Constitutional Convention illustrate that point.
Under Montana law, as announced in the recent decision of Ashcraft versus
Montana Power Company, the employee has no redress against third parties for
injuries caused by them if his immediate employer is covered under the Workmen's
Compensation law . . . . It is this specific denial, and this one only, that the
committee intends to alter with the following additional wording: "No person shall
be deprived of his full legal redress for injury incurred in employment for which
another person may be liable except as to fellow employees and his immediate
employer who hired him if such immediate employer provides coverage under the
Workmen's Compensation laws of this state."
Trankel v. State, (1997) 282 Mont. 348, 359-60, 938 P.2d 614, 621-622 (emphasis
added) (citing Montana Constitutional Convention, Vol. V at 1754 (March 8,
1972)). Additionally, in Trankel, we reiterated that "we have considered the impact
of Article II, Section 16, on numerous occasions and, without exception, have held
that it precludes limitations on claims by injured employees against persons other
than the employee's employer or fellow employee." Trankel, 282 Mont. at 361, 938
P.2d at 622. However, we conclude that because the plain language of Article II,
Section 16 does not distinguish between third-parties and uninsured employers, it is
not appropriate to create a distinction based on what we conclude was the delegates'
intention. See Woirhaye v. Montana Fourth Judicial Dist. Court (1998), 292 Mont.
185, 189, 972 P.2d 800, 802. Nevertheless, we conclude that the Workers'
Compensation Court arrived at the right result, even if for the wrong reason.
32. ¶ Because the Uninsured Employers' Fund is not an insurer and was statutorily
created to provide a substitute source of benefits to the employee of an uninsured
and impecunious employer, we conclude that Connery and Francetich are not
analogous, and limiting the Uninsured Employers' Fund's obligation to the extent of
the uninsured employer's ability to compensate the employee or his family does not
diminish the employee's right to full legal redress against the uninsured employer.
33. ¶ Accordingly, we further conclude that § 39-71-511, MCA, does not violate the
right to full legal redress as set forth in Article II, Section 16 of the Montana
Constitution.
34. ¶ For these reasons the judgment of the Workers Compensation Court is affirmed.
/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER
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We Concur:
/S/ J. A. TURNAGE
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
/S/ WILLIAM E. HUNT, SR.
/S/ JIM REGNIER
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
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