No. DA 06-0121
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2007 MT 166
DOUGLAS GERALD ANDERSON,
RUTH M. ANDERSON AS TRUSTEE
OF THE RUTH M. ANDERSON LIVING
TRUST, DAVAR GARDNER and
TODD GARDNER,
Plaintiffs and Respondents,
v.
JOHN STOKES; Z-600, INC.; and
SKYLINE BROADCASTERS, INC.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL FROM: The District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District,
In and For the County of Flathead, Cause No. DV 2001-023(C),
Honorable Stewart E. Stadler, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellants:
Wade J. Dahood, Knight, Dahood, Everett & Sievers, Anaconda, Montana
For Respondents:
James H. Goetz, Trent M. Gardner, Goetz, Gallick & Baldwin, P.C.,
Bozeman, Montana
David M. Sandler, Bothe & Lauridsen, P.C., Columbia Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: November 22, 2006
Decided: July 11, 2007
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice James C. Nelson delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 John Stokes, Z-600, Inc., and Skyline Broadcasters, Inc. (collectively, “Stokes”)
appeal from the District Court for the Eleventh Judicial District, Flathead County, which
granted summary judgment in favor of Douglas G. Anderson, Ruth M. Anderson as
trustee of The Ruth M. Anderson Living Trust, Davar Gardner, and Todd Gardner
(collectively, “the Andersons”). We affirm.
¶2 The issues on appeal are as follows:
1. Are the Andersons’ claims barred on equitable grounds?
2. Did the District Court err in its construction of the instrument by which the
Andersons’ predecessors in interest granted an easement to Stokes’s predecessors in
interest?
3. Did the District Court err in ordering Stokes to bury the wires, ground radial
antennas, conduits, and transmission lines at issue here to a minimum depth of 12 inches?
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶3 Stokes is the owner and operator of radio station KGEZ (also known as “The
Edge”), the building housing the station, and the land on which it sits, all of which are
located a short distance south of Kalispell, Montana. The Andersons are the owners of
adjoining land north, south, and east of the station. The dispute in this case concerns the
location and scope of an easement granted by the Andersons’ predecessors in interest,
J.R. Anderson and Anna G. Anderson (“J.R. and Anna”), to Stokes’s predecessor in
interest and then-owner of KGEZ, Donald C. Treloar (“Treloar”).
¶4 The relevant language of the grant, dated October 11, 1949, provides as follows:
2
WHEREAS, it is the desire of the said grantee [Treloar] to expand
and reconstruct the facilities and equipment of said radio station KGEZ and
in such expansion and reconstruction program it is the desire of the said
grantee to erect and maintain certain radio towers, guy wires, ground and
feed wires and conduits on certain portions of the hereinafter described
lands, the exact location of which it is now impossible to determine; and,
WHEREAS, the said grantors [J.R. and Anna] have agreed . . . to
grant to the said grantee the perpetual right and easement to construct,
erect, operate and maintain radio towers, guy wires and ground and feed
wires and conduits upon and over the hereinafter described lands;
NOW, THEREFORE, . . . the said grantors do hereby grant unto the
said grantee, his heirs and assigns the perpetual right and easement to erect,
construct, operate and maintain radio towers, guy wires and ground and
feed wires and conduits in, upon, over and through those certain lands
situate in the County of Flathead, State of Montana, more particularly
described as follows, to-wit:
The North Half of the Southwest Quarter (N½SW¼), the Southwest
Quarter of the Northwest Quarter (SW¼NW¼) all in Section
Twenty-eight (28), Township Twenty-eight (28) North, Range
Twenty-one (21) West; also, all of Cliffords Addition to
Demersville, being the Southeast Quarter of the Northwest Quarter
(SE¼NW¼) said section, township and range.
The said grantee shall have the right to select the place or places at
which the above described facilities shall be erected and maintained and
shall have the right to do whatever may be requisite or convenient for the
enjoyment of the rights hereby granted, including the right of clearing said
land, the removal of barriers and obstructions thereon, and the perpetual
right on [sic] ingress and egress to and from said lands for the purpose of
erecting, maintaining, repairing, renewing, altering, removing and restoring
said radio facilities and equipment when desired by the said grantee his
heirs and assigns;
The said grantors, their heirs or assigns are to fully use and enjoy
said premises except for the easement and rights hereby granted and the
said grantee for himself, his heirs or assigns hereby covenants to bury all
wires and conduits capable of such burial to a depth of not less than 12
inches, so that the same will not unduly interfere with the cultivation of said
premises, and to fence all towers and/or guy wires for their protection
against livestock . . . .
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¶5 Treloar ultimately selected a site for the radio towers and built two towers with a
corresponding transmission line, wires, conduits, and ground radial antennas on that site
in the early 1950s. The towers and ground radial antennas have remained at that location
since their construction.
¶6 Stokes purchased KGEZ in April 2000. Shortly thereafter, he advised the
Andersons that he intended to enlarge or relocate the radio towers. In Stokes’s view, the
easement granted by J.R. and Anna covered all of the land described in the grant (160
acres). By contrast, the Andersons believed that the easement covered only the specific
portion of land that Treloar selected in the early-1950s and on which the radio towers
ultimately were built (roughly 31 of the 160 acres).
¶7 In addition to this disagreement as to the location and scope of the easement, the
Andersons requested that Stokes bury the existing wires and conduits to a depth of at
least 12 inches, fence the towers and guy wires that were not currently fenced, and repair
the existing fences that were in disrepair. However, Stokes took the position that the
Andersons’ agricultural activities had pulled the wires above 12 inches in depth and that
the Andersons, therefore, were responsible for reburying them. He also claimed that the
fencing provision of the easement grant did not apply because the Andersons did not have
livestock on the subject property.
¶8 Douglas G. Anderson and Ruth M. Anderson as trustee of The Ruth M. Anderson
Living Trust initiated the instant action on January 12, 2001. Davar Gardner and Todd
Gardner later joined as plaintiffs pursuant to M. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(2) and adopted all of the
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allegations in Douglas and Ruth’s complaint. Under Count I of their complaint, the
Andersons sought extinguishment of the easement due to Stokes’s alleged “failure to
keep the improvements on the easement in repair, refusal to repair the improvements on
the easement, and noncompliance with the easement.” Alternatively, the Andersons
sought declaratory relief as to the location and scope of the easement (Count II) and
injunctive relief requiring that Stokes comply with the terms of the easement grant
(Count III). With respect to Count II, the Andersons alleged that “[t]he place of the
easement was permanently set in the early to mid 1950s when Treloar selected the place
on which to build the radio towers and, thereafter, built the radio towers on that place.”
¶9 Stokes answered the complaint. He denied the Andersons’ interpretation of the
granting language, alleging instead that the easement covers the entire parcel of land
described in the grant and that the towers and ground radial antennas “can be expanded
upon or relocated anywhere within the entire parcel, as necessary to accommodate the
operation of [Stokes’s] radio station.” Stokes further alleged that the existing main
transmission line was not capable of being buried, that the Andersons were responsible
for reburying any wires or conduits that were not at a depth of at least 12 inches due to
the Andersons’ agricultural activities, and that the Andersons had no reason to enforce
the fencing provision of the easement grant because that provision is to protect Stokes,
not the Andersons. (Stokes also asserted counterclaims that ultimately were
compromised and settled on the merits and are not at issue here.)
¶10 On October 29, 2002, the District Court granted the Andersons’ motion for partial
summary judgment on Count II and denied Stokes’s motion for summary judgment on
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Count II. The court determined that J.R., Anna, and Treloar had intended the easement to
be restricted to “certain portions” of the lands described in the grant, not to encompass all
of those lands. Further, the court determined that only Treloar, and not his heirs or
assigns, had the right to choose the place or places to erect the radio towers. Finally, the
court determined that Treloar’s selection and use of the place where the radio towers now
stand fixed the location and scope of the easement to that place. “Thus, if [Stokes]
propose[s] to enlarge the towers, add towers or move them to another location, such
actions exceed the scope of the easement and are not permitted unless [the Andersons]
agree thereto.” Stokes thereafter filed a “Motion and Brief to Alter and Amend Order of
October 29, 2002,” which the court denied.
¶11 On September 29, 2005, the District Court granted the Andersons’ motion for
summary judgment on Count III and denied Stokes’s cross-motion for summary
judgment on the theory of laches. The court noted that the Andersons had presented
evidence that at the time Stokes acquired KGEZ, all lines (radial antennas, conduits,
transmission lines, and wires) were capable of being buried and historically had been
buried. The court further noted that Stokes had presented “no evidence [to raise a
material issue of fact] beyond counsel’s argument to rebut [the Andersons’] evidence that
the transmission line and any other lines are capable of being buried.” The court
determined, based on the “uncontroverted admissible evidence,” that the exposed
condition of the wires and conduits and Stokes’s threats of legal action against the
Andersons had disrupted the Andersons’ use of the land in question for agricultural
purposes. However, rather than extinguish the easement, as the Andersons had requested
6
under Count I, the court determined that since the lines are capable of being buried, “the
better approach” would be to require Stokes to bury them and otherwise comply with the
terms of the easement grant. The court therefore ordered Stokes to do so. Finally, the
court rejected Stokes’s arguments based on the doctrine of laches, reasoning that Stokes
had not shown prejudice by any delay on the part of the Andersons in enforcing the terms
of the easement grant.
¶12 Having prevailed on Counts II and III, the Andersons filed a motion to dismiss
Count I without prejudice. In addition, the Andersons requested that the court enter final
judgment and, further, that the court incorporate in its final judgment Certificate of
Survey 2829, filed March 17, 1977, as Instrument Rec. No. 3157, records of Flathead
County, Montana (“COS 2829”). This survey, which was commissioned by a former
owner of KGEZ, designates the location of the radio towers and radial antennas as “Tract
2,” an area comprising 31.288 acres. The Andersons argued that defining the easement
according to the terms of COS 2829 would “avoid any disputes between parties as to the
actual area covered by the present towers, and accordingly the size of the easement.”
¶13 The District Court entered final judgment on December 27, 2005. The court
granted the Andersons’ motion to dismiss Count I without prejudice and also granted
their request concerning COS 2829. With respect to the latter, the court explained (in a
separate order) that the Andersons and Stokes have, at all times, agreed that the towers,
lines, and conduits have remained in the same location since the inception of the station
and that Stokes had offered no reason why COS 2829 was inadequate or deficient. The
court accordingly took judicial notice of COS 2829 and incorporated COS 2829 into its
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final judgment, specifying that “[t]he Easement is limited in size and location to the
historical location of the present towers, described as Tract 2 on [COS 2829].”
¶14 Stokes now appeals from the District Court’s orders and final judgment.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶15 We review a district court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment de novo,
applying the same criteria of M. R. Civ. P. 56 as did the district court. Redies v.
Attorneys Liability Protection Soc., 2007 MT 9, ¶ 26, 335 Mont. 233, ¶ 26, 150 P.3d 930,
¶ 26; Montana-Dakota Util. Co. v. City of Billings, 2003 MT 332, ¶ 6, 318 Mont. 407,
¶ 6, 80 P.3d 1247, ¶ 6. Rule 56(c) provides that a motion for summary judgment “shall
be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law.” In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the evidence must be viewed in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party, and all reasonable inferences that might be
drawn from the offered evidence should be drawn in favor of the party opposing
summary judgment. Redies, ¶ 26; Porter v. Galarneau, 275 Mont. 174, 179, 911 P.2d
1143, 1146 (1996). Summary judgment is an extreme remedy that should never be a
substitute for a trial on the merits if a controversy exists over a material fact. In re
Dorothy W. Stevens Revocable Trust, 2005 MT 106, ¶ 13, 327 Mont. 39, ¶ 13, 112 P.3d
972, ¶ 13; Montana Metal Buildings, Inc. v. Shapiro, 283 Mont. 471, 474, 942 P.2d 694,
696 (1997).
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¶16 We review a district court’s findings of fact to determine whether the findings are
clearly erroneous. Leffingwell Ranch, Inc. v. Cieri, 276 Mont. 421, 430, 916 P.2d 751,
756 (1996); Solem v. Chilcote, 274 Mont. 72, 76, 906 P.2d 209, 211-12 (1995). The
court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous if they are not supported by substantial
credible evidence, if the court has misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if a
review of the record leaves this Court with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been committed. Ray v. Nansel, 2002 MT 191, ¶ 19, 311 Mont. 135, ¶ 19, 53 P.3d
870, ¶ 19.
DISCUSSION
¶17 Issue 1. Are the Andersons’ claims barred on equitable grounds?
¶18 Stokes contends that the Andersons’ claims are barred by the doctrines of laches
and estoppel. We will address these doctrines in turn.
Laches
¶19 Laches is an equitable doctrine by which a court denies relief to a claimant who
has unreasonably delayed or been negligent in asserting a claim, when the delay or
negligence has prejudiced the party against whom relief is sought. Montanans for Justice
v. State ex rel. McGrath, 2006 MT 277, ¶ 23, 334 Mont. 237, ¶ 23, 146 P.3d 759, ¶ 23
(citing Black’s Law Dictionary 879 (Bryan A. Garner ed., 7th ed., West 1999), and Cole
v. State ex rel. Brown, 2002 MT 32, ¶ 24, 308 Mont. 265, ¶ 24, 42 P.3d 760, ¶ 24).
Laches is not simply a matter of elapsed time; it is also a question of the inequity of
permitting a claim to be enforced. Therefore, for laches to apply, the court must find lack
of diligence by the party against whom the defense is asserted and prejudice to the party
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asserting the defense. In re Marriage of Deist, 2003 MT 263, ¶ 17, 317 Mont. 427, ¶ 17,
77 P.3d 525, ¶ 17; accord Gue v. Olds, 245 Mont. 117, 120, 799 P.2d 543, 545 (1990).
Because laches is an affirmative defense, see M. R. Civ. P. 8(c), the party asserting the
defense bears the burden of proof, see Wareing v. Schreckendgust, 280 Mont. 196, 211,
930 P.2d 37, 46 (1996).
¶20 In the case at hand, the District Court rejected Stokes’s laches defense, reasoning
that Stokes had made no showing of prejudice as a result of the Andersons’ allegedly
unreasonable delay in asserting their claims. In this regard, the court noted:
In [Stokes’s] brief, counsel simply states: “the prejudice to John Stokes
would be to destroy his radio station.” There is no explanation nor
evidence of how complying with the terms of the easement to bury all the
lines, conduits, etc., would destroy the station. This is simply a conclusory,
cavalier statement made without any evidence.
The court also noted that there had been testimony from Stephen Breeze, a former owner
of KGEZ, that “Stokes got a discounted sales price on the station, due to the condition of
the station, which includes the towers, and the above ground conduits, etc.”
¶21 On appeal, Stokes cites a number of authorities for the proposition that laches
applies in this case, including § 1-3-218, MCA (“The law helps the vigilant before those
who sleep on their rights.”), and Murray v. Countryman Creek Ranch, 254 Mont. 432,
838 P.2d 431 (1992). However, in his analysis of this issue, Stokes focuses solely on the
question of whether the Andersons unreasonably delayed in asserting their claims and
ignores entirely the question of whether he has been prejudiced by the alleged delay.
¶22 In Kelleher v. Board of Social Work Exam’rs, 283 Mont. 188, 939 P.2d 1003
(1997), we did not reach the issue of whether the plaintiff had been negligent in asserting
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her claim and we did not address her explanations for the delay. We explained that “[i]n
order to apply the doctrine of laches, a showing must be made that the passage of time
has prejudiced the party asserting laches or has rendered the enforcement of a right
inequitable,” and the defendant in that case had not made such a showing. Kelleher, 283
Mont. at 191, 939 P.2d at 1005.
¶23 The same reasoning applies here. Stokes points to no evidence in the record that
would constitute the required showing of prejudice for application of the doctrine of
laches. Therefore, we need not reach the issue of whether the Andersons unreasonably
delayed or were negligent in asserting their claims. We hold that the District Court did
not err in denying Stokes’s motion for summary judgment based on the defense of laches.
Estoppel
¶24 Stokes argues that the Andersons’ claims are also barred by the doctrine of
estoppel. The Andersons address Stokes’s argument on the merits, but they also assert,
as a preliminary matter, that “Stokes never raised this argument in his briefing on
summary judgment for this matter.” They contend, therefore, that we should not address
Stokes’s estoppel argument, given our statement in In re A.C., 2004 MT 320, ¶ 16, 324
Mont. 58, ¶ 16, 101 P.3d 761, ¶ 16, that “we do not consider issues raised for the first
time on appeal.” Having reviewed the record in this case, however, we conclude that
Stokes has preserved the estoppel issue for appeal.
¶25 In his answer to the Andersons’ complaint, Stokes asserted as his “FIRST
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE” that “[the Andersons’] claims are barred by the doctrines of
laches, estoppel, and/or waiver.” However, when he argued this defense in subsequent
11
filings, Stokes focused almost exclusively on laches. Indeed, he explained in his October
15, 2002 brief in support of his motion to dismiss Count I:
We will not burden this brief or this Court with legal analysis of the
other affirmative defenses contained in John Stokes’ answer. Suffice to say
the rationale and principles of laches are so precisely pertinent to this case
that no further citation of other defenses and the law would serve any useful
purpose.
Were this Stokes’s final word on the matter, we likely would agree with the Andersons
that he did not preserve the issue of estoppel for appeal. As it turns out, however, Stokes
presented an argument concerning estoppel in his November 14, 2002 Motion and Brief
to Alter and Amend Order of October 29, 2002. Indeed, he presented almost verbatim
the same argument he now asserts on appeal. We conclude, therefore, that Stokes has
preserved the estoppel issue for appeal, and we will proceed to consider the merits of
Stokes’s contentions.
¶26 Stokes informs us that before he purchased the radio station and its property, land,
and easement, he “exercised due diligence which established that the easement covered
the 160 acre tract.” Thus, “[w]hen John Stokes acquired ownership in April of 2000 he
believed he was buying an easement on the 160 acre tract.” He contends that “[n]either
the Andersons nor anyone else told him the easement was restricted and he should not
expand and increase his transmission power. In fact, . . . the conduct of the [Andersons]
was totally contrary to their present position.” In this regard, Stokes points out that in
1992, the Andersons’ predecessors in interest obtained from Stokes’s predecessors in
interest a release of a portion of the easement, which was done in conjunction with the
sale of a parcel of land within the original 160 acres. Stokes also notes Douglas G.
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Anderson’s statement, during his September 13, 2002 deposition, that the previous
owners of KGEZ were “more than willing” to release property from the easement. From
this, Stokes reasons that the Andersons “knew that the radio station considered all 160
acres to be subject to the easement. . . . Otherwise, why would releases of the easement
on certain parcels sold by the Andersons be required?” Relying on Kelly v. Wallace,
1998 MT 307, 292 Mont. 129, 972 P.2d 1117, Stokes argues that the Andersons,
therefore, “by their previous conduct are estopped from now contending the easement is
restricted.”
¶27 In Kelly, we explained equitable estoppel as follows:
Equitable estoppel is based on the principle that a party cannot,
through his intentional conduct, actions, language, or silence, induce
another party to unknowingly and detrimentally alter his position and then
subsequently deny the just and legal consequences of his intentional acts.
For that reason, an equitable estoppel claim rests on the concealment or
representation of facts by the estopped party.
Kelly, ¶ 43 (internal quotations marks omitted). The party who asserts equitable estoppel
bears the affirmative burden of proving the following six elements:
“(1) there must be conduct, acts, language, or silence amounting to a
representation or concealment of material facts; (2) these facts must be
known to the party estopped at the time of his conduct, or at least the
circumstances must be such that knowledge of them is necessarily imputed
to him; (3) the truth concerning these facts must be unknown to the other
party claiming the benefit of the estoppel at the time it was acted upon by
him; (4) the conduct must be done with the intention, or at least with the
expectation, that it will be acted upon by the other party, or under the
circumstances that it is both natural and probable that it will be so acted
upon; (5) the conduct must be relied upon by the other party, and, thus
relying, he must be led to act upon it; and (6) he must in fact act upon it in
such a manner as to change his position for the worse.”
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Kelly, ¶¶ 40, 43 (quoting Dagel v. City of Great Falls, 250 Mont. 224, 234-35, 819 P.2d
186, 192-93 (1991)). The party asserting equitable estoppel must argue that each of these
elements is present and provide evidence in support. See Wareing v. Schreckendgust, 280
Mont. 196, 211-12, 930 P.2d 37, 46 (1996).
¶28 Here, Stokes has failed to argue that each of the foregoing six elements is present
and to provide evidence in support. In this respect, the case at hand bears a striking
similarity to Wareing, in which we rejected the defendant’s assertion that the plaintiffs
should be estopped from asserting their prescriptive easement claim. In so doing, we
observed that the defendant had not developed or fully argued any of the six elements of
equitable estoppel, either in the district court or in this Court on appeal. In fact, the
defendant had failed to even identify the elements and instead had relied on a simple
conclusory statement that because the plaintiffs had acknowledged the superior rights of
the defendant’s successor, they should be estopped from denying the superior rights of
the defendant himself. We reasoned that “[i]t is Schreckendgust’s burden, not this
Court’s, to establish that the elements of estoppel are met, and we conclude that
Schreckendgust has failed to meet his burden in this case.” Wareing, 280 Mont. at 212,
930 P.2d at 46-47.
¶29 A similar paucity of argument and supporting evidence afflicts Stokes’s estoppel
analysis. Stokes has neither developed nor argued any of the six elements set forth
above. In fact, he has failed to even identify those elements in his brief and instead has
merely quoted other passages from Kelly. Furthermore, Stokes has failed to provide any
evidence bearing on the six elements. For instance, he has provided no evidence that the
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Andersons concealed the extent of the easement from him or that the Andersons
represented the easement as covering all 160 acres. In this regard, the 1992 release and
the dubious inferences drawn by Stokes from Douglas G. Anderson’s deposition
testimony concerning other possible releases are inapposite. There is absolutely no
evidence in the record that the Andersons obtained releases with respect to land lying
outside the 31.288 acres on which the two radio towers stand or that Stokes relied on
such conduct on the part of the Andersons in his decision to purchase KGEZ.1 Moreover,
Stokes acknowledges that he “exercised due diligence which established that the
easement covered the 160 acre tract,” thus suggesting that he acted based on his own
investigation of the facts and not on a representation or concealment of facts by the
Andersons.
¶30 The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of establishing the
absence of genuine issues of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.
Hi-Tech Motors v. Bombardier Motor Corp., 2005 MT 187, ¶ 32, 328 Mont. 66, ¶ 32,
117 P.3d 159, ¶ 32. Stokes has failed to satisfy this burden with respect to his estoppel
defense. Accordingly, although the District Court did not address this defense
specifically (the court addressed laches but not estoppel), we conclude that the court,
nevertheless, correctly denied Stokes’s Motion and Brief to Alter and Amend Order of
1
Directing our attention to COS 2829 and the terms of the 1992 release, the
Andersons inform us that the 1992 release was necessary because the Andersons’
predecessors wanted to sell a parcel of land over which the ground radials from the
towers extended. The Andersons state, however, that many properties within the original
160 acres, but outside the historic location of the towers, were sold without first obtaining
releases from Stokes’s predecessors in interest.
15
October 29, 2002, based on equitable estoppel. We therefore affirm the court’s judgment
with respect to this particular issue. Cf. Clark v. Eagle Systems, Inc., 279 Mont. 279,
286, 927 P.2d 995, 999 (1996) (“We affirm district court decisions which are correct
regardless of the court’s reasoning in reaching the decision.”).
¶31 Issue 2. Did the District Court err in its construction of the instrument by which
the Andersons’ predecessors in interest granted an easement to Stokes’s
predecessors in interest?
¶32 The breadth and scope of an easement are determined by the actual terms of the
grant. Mary J. Baker Revocable Trust v. Cenex Harvest States, Cooperatives, Inc., 2007
MT 159, ¶ 18, ___ Mont. ___, ¶ 18, ___ P.3d ___, ¶ 18; § 70-17-106, MCA (“The extent
of a servitude is determined by the terms of the grant or the nature of the enjoyment by
which it was acquired.”). The construction of a writing granting an interest in real
property, in turn, is governed by the rules of contract interpretation. Baker Revocable
Trust, ¶ 18; § 70-1-513, MCA (“Grants are to be interpreted in like manner with contracts
in general, except so far as is otherwise provided in this part.”). Thus, we begin by
setting forth a number of the rules of contract interpretation that are pertinent to the issue
discussed below.
¶33 The interpretation of a contract is a question of law. Ophus v. Fritz, 2000 MT 251,
¶ 19, 301 Mont. 447, ¶ 19, 11 P.3d 1192, ¶ 19; Van Hook v. Jennings, 1999 MT 198,
¶ 10, 295 Mont. 409, ¶ 10, 983 P.2d 995, ¶ 10. Likewise, whether an ambiguity exists in
a contract is a question of law. Mularoni v. Bing, 2001 MT 215, ¶ 32, 306 Mont. 405,
¶ 32, 34 P.3d 497, ¶ 32; SVKV, L.L.C. v. Harding, 2006 MT 297, ¶ 43, 334 Mont. 395,
¶ 43, 148 P.3d 584, ¶ 43. “A contract must be so interpreted as to give effect to the
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mutual intention of the parties as it existed at the time of contracting, so far as the same is
ascertainable and lawful.” Section 28-3-301, MCA. “When a contract is reduced to
writing, the intention of the parties is to be ascertained from the writing alone if possible
. . . .” Section 28-3-303, MCA. “The whole of a contract is to be taken together so as to
give effect to every part if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the
other.” Section 28-3-202, MCA. If the language of a contract is unambiguous—i.e.,
reasonably susceptible to only one construction—the duty of the court is to apply the
language as written. Ophus, ¶ 23; Carelli v. Hall, 279 Mont. 202, 209, 926 P.2d 756, 761
(1996). With these principles in mind, we now turn to Stokes’s contentions.
¶34 The parties seem to agree that the language pertaining to the location and scope of
the easement is unambiguous. 2 However, the parties disagree as to the construction of
that language. On this question, the District Court determined that the easement does not
encumber the full 160 acres described in the grant but, instead, is limited in size and
location to the historical location of the two radio towers—which, according to COS
2829, consists of 31.288 acres (designated as “Tract 2”). Stokes contends that the court
2
Curiously, Stokes states on the one hand that “[w]e do not think there are any
ambiguities if the easement contract is read as a whole,” but elsewhere in his briefs
Stokes twice reminds us that “ ‘the language of a contract should be interpreted most
strongly against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist’ ” (quoting § 28-3-206,
MCA). Yet, an uncertainty does not exist where the language is unambiguous. See
Baker Revocable Trust, ¶¶ 34-36. Thus, if Stokes believes that there are no ambiguities
in the grant, then his invocation of § 28-3-206, MCA, is misplaced. Nevertheless, to the
extent Stokes means to suggest, as an alternative theory, that an ambiguity does exist in
the language of the grant, we note the following: first, that Stokes has failed to provide a
corresponding argument and, thus, has failed to present this contention properly, see In re
Marriage of McMahon, 2002 MT 198, ¶ 6, 311 Mont. 175, ¶ 6, 53 P.3d 1266, ¶ 6;
M. R. App. P. 23(a)(4), and second, that the language at issue here is, in any event, not
reasonably susceptible to the meaning proffered by Stokes, as explained below.
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erred in arriving at this construction of the grant and that, properly interpreted, the grant
unambiguously created an easement over the full 160 acres.
¶35 As support for this contention, Stokes points out that J.R. and Anna granted “unto
the said grantee, his heirs and assigns the perpetual right and easement to erect, construct,
operate and maintain radio towers, guy wires and ground and feed wires and conduits in,
upon, over and through those certain lands,” which are thereafter described as the full 160
acres. Stokes also emphasizes that “[w]e are required to consider the easement document
as a whole” and “[a]ll of the language in the easement grant must be considered and
respected and reasonably interpreted so as to give recognition to the entire easement.”
¶36 It is true that “[t]he whole of a contract is to be taken together so as to give effect
to every part if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the other.”
Section 28-3-202, MCA (cited by Stokes). Moreover, as we stated in Rumph v. Dale
Edwards, Inc., 183 Mont. 359, 600 P.2d 163 (1979) (also cited by Stokes):
It is a well-established principle of contractual construction that in
interpreting a written instrument, the court will not isolate certain phrases
of the instrument to garner the intent of the parties, but will grasp the
instrument by its four corners and in the light of the entire instrument,
ascertain the paramount and guiding intent of the parties. Mere isolated
tracts, clauses and words will not be allowed to prevail over the general
language utilized in the instrument. The words of the contract are to be
understood in their ordinary and proper sense. [Section 28-3-501, MCA.]
Particular clauses of the agreement are subordinate to the general intent of
the contract. [Section 28-3-307, MCA.] Any repugnancies in the contract
must be reconciled, if possible, by an interpretation which will give some
effect to the repugnant clauses, subordinate to the general intent and
purpose of the contract. [Section 28-3-204, MCA.] Furthermore, words in
a contract which are inconsistent with the general nature of the contract or
the main intention of the parties are to be rejected. [Section 28-3-503,
MCA.]
18
Rumph, 183 Mont. at 368-69, 600 P.2d at 168-69 (some citations omitted). Yet, reading
phrases in isolation and contrary to the general intent of the grant is precisely what Stokes
is doing here. In rendering his construction of the grant, he conveniently ignores the
following crucial language.
¶37 First, the grant states upfront that “it is the desire of the said grantee [Treloar] to
erect and maintain certain radio towers, guy wires, ground and feed wires and conduits on
certain portions of the hereinafter described lands, the exact location of which it is now
impossible to determine” (emphasis added). It is unmistakably clear from this language
that J.R., Anna, and Treloar intended the radio towers and associated equipment to be
constructed on “certain portions”—not “all”—of the 160 acres described in the grant.
¶38 Second, the grant goes on to describe the lands on which the radio towers, guy
wires, ground and feed wires and conduits may be constructed, as follows:
The North Half of the Southwest Quarter (N½SW¼), the Southwest
Quarter of the Northwest Quarter (SW¼NW¼) all in Section Twenty-eight
(28), Township Twenty-eight (28) North, Range Twenty-one (21) West;
also, all of Cliffords Addition to Demersville, being the Southeast Quarter
of the Northwest Quarter (SE¼NW¼) said section, township and range.
Given this specific description, it is evident that “the exact location” which was, at the
time of the grant, “impossible to determine” was not the 160 acres on which the radio
towers could be built; rather, it was the “certain portions” of those 160 acres on which the
radio towers ultimately would be built. Consequently, a construction of the grant under
which J.R., Anna, and Treloar intended the easement to cover the entire 160 acres would
render the clauses “certain portions of the hereinafter described lands” and “the exact
location of which it is now impossible to determine” not only unnecessary, but also
19
inconsistent with J.R. and Anna’s supposed intent to grant an easement over the entire
160 acres.
¶39 Along these same lines, the grant provides that “[t]he said grantors, their heirs or
assigns are to fully use and enjoy said premises except for the easement and rights hereby
granted” (emphasis added). Again, if J.R., Anna, and Treloar intended the easement to
cover 100% of the lands described in the grant, then the clause preserving J.R. and
Anna’s right “to fully use and enjoy said premises except for the easement and rights
hereby granted” would be inconsistent with that intent. The rules of contract
interpretation do not permit such a construction. See § 28-3-204, MCA (“Repugnancies
in a contract must be reconciled, if possible, by such an interpretation as will give some
effect to the repugnant clauses, subordinate to the general intent and purpose of the whole
contract.”); § 28-3-202, MCA (“The whole of a contract is to be taken together so as to
give effect to every part if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the
other.”).
¶40 We conclude, therefore, that the grant did not create an easement over the full 160
acres described in the grant. The next question is the extent of the easement actually
created.
¶41 In Leffingwell Ranch, Inc. v. Cieri, 276 Mont. 421, 916 P.2d 751 (1996), the
instruments by which the easements in question had been created did not specifically set
forth the extent of those easements. Consequently, in order to ascertain the scope of the
easements, we relied on the following principles applicable to such instruments:
20
“If the easement is not specifically defined, it need only be such as is
reasonably necessary and convenient for the purpose for which it was
created. It is sometimes held . . . where the grant or reservation of an
easement is general in its terms, that an exercise of the right, with the
acquiescence and consent of both parties, in a particular course or manner,
fixes the right and limits it to that particular course or manner.”
Leffingwell Ranch, 276 Mont. at 430, 916 P.2d at 757 (ellipsis in original) (quoting
Strahan v. Bush, 237 Mont. 265, 268, 773 P.2d 718, 720 (1989)). After reciting these
principles in Strahan, we added that “[w]hat may be considered reasonable is determined
in light of the situation of the property and the surrounding circumstances.” Strahan, 237
Mont. at 268, 773 P.2d at 720; accord Guthrie v. Hardy, 2001 MT 122, ¶ 47, 305 Mont.
367, ¶ 47, 28 P.3d 467, ¶ 47. Relying, in part, on Leffingwell Ranch, the District Court
determined that the easement at issue here is limited in size to the historical location of
the two radio towers ultimately selected by Treloar. We agree.
¶42 Because the grant defined the easement merely as “certain portions of the
hereinafter described lands” that “[t]he said grantee [Treloar] shall have the right to
select,” the extent of the easement depends on the following considerations: Treloar’s
ultimate selection; J.R. and Anna’s acquiescence in or consent to Treloar’s selection; and
what was reasonably necessary and convenient for the purpose for which the easement
was created, in light of the situation of the property and the surrounding circumstances.
Leffingwell Ranch, 276 Mont. at 430, 916 P.2d at 757; Strahan, 237 Mont. at 268, 773
P.2d at 720. Evaluating these considerations, we observe that Treloar selected roughly 31
of the full 160 acres on which to construct the radio towers and equipment; that Treloar in
fact constructed the towers and equipment on these 31 acres; that J.R. and Anna
21
apparently acquiesced in or consented to Treloar’s selection; that the towers have
remained in the same location since their construction over 50 years ago; and that the
roughly 31 acres selected and used by Treloar was all that was reasonably necessary and
convenient for the purpose for which the easement was created—namely, “to expand and
reconstruct the facilities and equipment of said radio station KGEZ” and, as part of the
expansion and reconstruction program, “to erect and maintain certain radio towers, guy
wires, ground and feed wires and conduits on certain portions of the hereinafter described
lands.”
¶43 We accordingly hold that the District Court correctly determined that the easement
is limited in size to the historical location of the two radio towers ultimately selected by
Treloar. We next consider the final question of whether Stokes may relocate this
easement—without changing its size—to some other portion of the 160 acres described in
the grant.
¶44 At the time of the grant, the exact location where the radio towers, guy wires,
ground and feed wires and conduits were to be placed was “impossible to determine”;
thus, the grant provided that “[t]he said grantee shall have the right to select the place or
places at which the above described facilities shall be erected and maintained.” As
explained already, the said grantee—i.e., Treloar—selected a site and built two radio
towers with a corresponding transmission line, wires, conduits, and ground radial
antennas on that site in the early 1950s, and the towers and ground radial antennas have
remained at that location since their construction.
22
¶45 Stokes contends that the clause giving Treloar the right to select the place or
places at which the radio towers and associated equipment will be erected and maintained
“simply means that at the beginning of the easement, the grantee and not the grantor will
select the location.” Stokes points out that J.R. and Anna also granted “the perpetual
right on [sic] ingress and egress to and from said lands for the purpose of erecting,
maintaining, repairing, renewing, altering, removing and restoring said radio facilities
and equipment when desired by the said grantee his heirs and assigns” (emphases added).
Based on this language, Stokes argues that “[i]n order to have that right, which was
granted them, it necessarily follows that the altering, removing and restoring would apply
to any part of the 160 acres that was described for that purpose.” We disagree.
¶46 First, whereas other provisions of the grant refer to the “grantee, his heirs and
assigns,” the right to select the place or places at which the radio facilities and associated
equipment would be erected and maintained was granted to “[t]he said grantee”—
Treloar—alone. Moreover, nothing in the language relied on by Stokes even intimates
that the easement may be relocated anywhere within the 160 acres when desired by
Treloar’s heirs and assigns. The words of the grant “are to be understood in their
ordinary and proper sense,” § 28-3-501, MCA, and we cannot agree that the ordinary and
proper sense of “altering,” “removing,” and “restoring,” as used in the grant, is
“relocating.” Rather, it seems that Stokes would have the District Court and this Court
simply insert the word “relocating” into the grant. This we may not do. See § 1-4-101,
MCA (“In the construction of an instrument, the office of the judge is simply to ascertain
and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been
23
omitted or to omit what has been inserted.”); cf. City of Missoula v. Mix, 123 Mont. 365,
372, 214 P.2d 212, 216 (1950) (“Where the language of a reservation in a grant is clear,
certain and unambiguous, it must be given effect as written.”). We therefore conclude
that the location of the easement is fixed to the historical location selected by Treloar.
¶47 In sum, we affirm the District Court’s conclusions that the easement in question
does not encumber the full 160 acres described in the grant but, rather, is limited in size
and location to the historical location of the two radio towers, described as “Tract 2” on
COS 2829. Had J.R., Anna, and Treloar intended for the easement to cover all 160 acres
and for Treloar’s heirs and assigns to have the right to relocate the radio towers and
corresponding wires and conduits to other portions of the 160 acres, they certainly could
have used language to accomplish this result. As it is, however, the parties’ intention—
which we ascertain from the grant taken as a whole, see §§ 28-3-202, -303, MCA—was
to create an easement in favor of Treloar on certain portions of J.R. and Anna’s 160
acres, the size and location of which was to be selected by Treloar based on what was
reasonably necessary and convenient to accomplish his stated desire of expanding and
reconstructing the facilities and equipment of KGEZ.
¶48 Issue 3. Did the District Court err in ordering Stokes to bury the wires, ground
radial antennas, conduits, and transmission lines at issue here to a minimum
depth of 12 inches?
¶49 In their complaint, the Andersons claimed that Stokes has failed to comply with
the terms of the easement grant requiring him “to bury all wires and conduits capable of
such burial to a depth of not less than 12 inches” and “to fence all towers and/or guy
wires.” Specifically, they alleged that many of the buried wires and conduits are not
24
buried to the required depth; that some of the wires, including the transmission wire, are
not buried at all; that the radio towers and guy wires either are not fenced or are fenced
but those fences are in such disrepair that they are not serving their function; and that
Stokes has refused to bury all wires and conduits to the proper depth, fence the towers
and guy wires that are not fenced, and repair the existing fences that are in disrepair. The
Andersons ultimately moved for summary judgment on this issue, asking the court to
order Stokes to repair the improvements on the easement and otherwise comply with the
terms of the grant.
¶50 In its September 29, 2005 order, the District Court determined that there were no
questions of fact on the issue of whether the wires and conduits were capable of being
buried according to the terms of the grant. In this regard, the court observed that the
Andersons had presented evidence that at the time Stokes acquired KGEZ, all lines were
capable of being buried and historically had been buried. By contrast, Stokes had not
presented any evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact on this issue. “Simply
put, [Stokes] [has] no evidence beyond counsel’s argument to rebut [the Andersons’]
evidence that the transmission line and any other lines are capable of being buried.” 3
3
In fairness, we note that Stokes did present two affidavits (one from Stokes and
the other from Tony Mulligan, KGEZ’s engineer) in support of his opposition to the
Andersons’ motion for summary judgment and in support of his own cross-motion for
summary judgment. However, pursuant to a motion by the Andersons, the District Court
struck and did not consider certain portions of these affidavits, which the court
determined contained “bald, sweeping statements, made without establishing any
foundation for making those statements, or . . . not made based on personal knowledge”;
statements that were “immaterial and irrelevant”; and a statement by Mulligan that
directly contradicted an assertion by Stokes and, thus, rendered the rest of Mulligan’s
affidavit suspect.
25
¶51 Likewise, on the issue of interference, the court noted that the Andersons had
come forward with evidence demonstrating that their use of the land for agricultural
purposes had been disrupted by the exposed condition of the wires and conduits and by
Stokes’s threats of legal action whenever the Andersons attempted to cut, rake, or bale
hay or work the soil in any other fashion. By contrast, Stokes had come forward with
nothing more than “bald statements by counsel in briefs on summary judgment,” which
the court noted “fail to meet the requisite standard for establishing material issues of
fact.”
¶52 Accordingly, the District Court granted the Andersons’ motion for summary
judgment on Count III. In its final judgment, the court ordered Stokes to “perform the
necessary repairs to the improvements located upon the Easement so as to be in
compliance with the terms of the Easement,” including “burying all wires, ground radials,
conduits and transmission lines to a minimum depth of 12 inches so as not to interfere
with [the Andersons’] agricultural activities.”
¶53 Stokes asserts that the court’s order is erroneous and should be reversed for two
reasons. First, he contends that the Andersons’ ranching activity removed topsoil and
that “[t]hey should have replaced the soil.” However, the grant provides that
[t]he said grantors, their heirs or assigns are to fully use and enjoy said
premises except for the easement and rights hereby granted and the said
grantee for himself, his heirs or assigns hereby covenants to bury all wires
and conduits capable of such burial to a depth of not less than 12 inches, so
that the same will not unduly interfere with the cultivation of said premises,
and to fence all towers and/or guy wires for their protection against
livestock . . . . [Emphasis added.]
26
The emphasized language plainly places the responsibility for burying all wires and
conduits capable of such burial on the grantee, his heirs or assigns.
¶54 Stokes apparently is of the view that the wires and conduits capable of burial need
only be buried to a depth of at least 12 inches only once, and that he has no duty to rebury
any wires and conduits that do not remain at that depth. Nothing in the foregoing
covenant or the grant as a whole, however, suggests such a minimal requirement. Indeed,
the language suggests precisely the opposite, given that the Andersons “are to fully use
and enjoy said premises except for the easement” and that Stokes’s wires and conduits
are not to “unduly interfere with the cultivation of said premises.” Moreover, Stokes’s
position is contrary to the general rule in Montana that the owner of an easement has not
only the right but the duty to keep the easement in repair, and the owner of the servient
tenement is under no duty to maintain or repair the easement in the absence of an
agreement. Guthrie v. Hardy, 2001 MT 122, ¶ 59, 305 Mont. 367, ¶ 59, 28 P.3d 467,
¶ 59 (citing Laden v. Atkeson, 112 Mont. 302, 306, 116 P.2d 881, 883 (1941), and 25
Am. Jur. 2d Easements and Licenses § 94, at 666-67 (1996)); see also Koeppen v. Bolich,
2003 MT 313, ¶ 52, 318 Mont. 240, ¶ 52, 79 P.3d 1100, ¶ 52 (“One having an easement
in another’s land is bound to use it in such a manner as not to injure the rights of the
owner of the servient tenement.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, there is no
such agreement by the Andersons or their predecessors to keep the easement in repair.
Rather, the grant specifically contemplates maintenance by Treloar and his successors:
“the said grantors do hereby grant unto the said grantee, his heirs and assigns the
perpetual right and easement to erect, construct, operate and maintain radio towers, guy
27
wires and ground and feed wires and conduits” (emphasis added). We therefore cannot
agree with Stokes’s premise that J.R. and Anna granted Treloar an easement over their
land that he, his heirs or assigns need not maintain and repair, and we reject Stokes’s
contention that the Andersons “cannot hold [him] liable if the radial wires are not at least
twelve inches (12”) below the surface of the easement ground.”
¶55 Stokes’s second basis for challenging the District Court’s order is that the court’s
underlying finding that the wires, ground radial antennas, conduits, and transmission lines
are “capable” of being buried to a depth of not less than 12 inches is clearly erroneous.
Stokes maintains that “[a]ll the evidence on this issue is contrary to the [District Court’s]
finding.” As support for this proposition, Stokes boldly asserts that “[i]n the entire record
on appeal there is not any evidence that states or tends to establish that the conduit or
transmission lines can be buried.” This assertion, however, is directly contradicted by
Stokes’s pleadings with respect to his counterclaims (“When said radio station was
constructed in 1949, the ground radial antennae and conduits were buried to a depth of at
least 12 inches.”), by Stokes’s answer to one of the Andersons’ discovery requests (“The
history of the easement establishes that the ground antennae and transmission were buried
to a depth of 12 inches.”), and by the deposition testimony of Stephen Breeze, a former
owner of KGEZ, who testified that the transmission line and radials were capable of
being buried. In addition, while Stokes quotes from page 67 of his September 13, 2002
deposition, where he states that the lines “are not capable of being buried,” on page 69 of
that same deposition Stokes concedes, after further questioning, that the lines are capable
28
of being buried. Thus, contrary to Stokes’s assertion, there is evidence in the record
stating or tending to establish that the wires and conduits are capable of being buried.
¶56 Stokes also relies on the October 7, 2005 deposition of Tony Mulligan, KGEZ’s
engineer, in which Mulligan apparently asserted: “It is not possible to bury the existing
cables or conduits.” However, this deposition, which was taken eight days after the
District Court ruled on the Andersons’ motion for summary judgment on Count III, is not
part of the record. Indeed, following the District Court’s entry of judgment, Stokes sent a
letter to the Clerk of the District Court requesting an order permitting him to file certain
depositions, including the Mulligan deposition. The Andersons filed a motion for an
order denying Stokes’s request, and the District Court granted the Andersons’ motion,
noting that any discovery obtained or promulgated after summary judgment “obviously is
outside the record on which the Court relied for summary judgment and therefore cannot
be included as part of the record.”
¶57 In Bahm v. Southworth, 2000 MT 244, 301 Mont. 434, 10 P.3d 99, we stated that
“ ‘the parties on appeal are bound by the record and may not add additional matters in
briefs or appendices.’ ” Bahm, ¶ 11 (quoting Groves v. Clark, 1999 MT 117, ¶ 22, 294
Mont. 417, ¶ 22, 982 P.2d 446, ¶ 22). We further stated that we would “not consider
such matters in determining whether the [district] court erred in making its findings.”
Bahm, ¶ 11. We therefore struck an affidavit, which was not part of the district court
record, from the Southworths’ appendix and did not consider it in our resolution of the
appeal. See Bahm, ¶ 11. Likewise, in the case at hand, we will not consider Mulligan’s
October 7, 2005 deposition.
29
¶58 Alternatively, in his reply brief, Stokes directs our attention to Mulligan’s July 7,
2005 affidavit, in which Mulligan asserted (as he did in his October 7, 2005 deposition):
“It is not possible to bury the existing cables or conduit.” The District Court, however,
struck and refused to consider this assertion because there was no evidence in the
affidavit from which the court could ascertain whether Mulligan had personal or
professional knowledge or experience on which to base this assertion. See M. R. Civ. P.
56(e) (“Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall
set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that
the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.”). Stokes has not provided
any basis for concluding that the District Court’s reasoning in this regard was erroneous;
indeed, Stokes lodges no specific challenge to the court’s ruling. We therefore will not
consider Mulligan’s unsupported assertion in his July 7, 2005 affidavit that “[i]t is not
possible to bury the existing cables or conduit.”
¶59 In light of the admissible evidence in the record in this case, we conclude that the
District Court’s finding that the wires, ground radial antennas, conduits, and transmission
lines are capable of being buried is not clearly erroneous. Furthermore, we conclude that
Stokes, not the Andersons, has the duty to keep the easement in repair. Stokes has not
demonstrated that any genuine issues of material fact remain with respect to Count III of
the Andersons’ complaint or that the Andersons are not entitled to judgment as a matter
of law on this claim. We accordingly affirm the District Court’s order requiring Stokes to
“perform the necessary repairs to the improvements located upon the Easement so as to
be in compliance with the terms of the Easement,” including “burying all wires, ground
30
radials, conduits and transmission lines to a minimum depth of 12 inches so as not to
interfere with [the Andersons’] agricultural activities.”
CONCLUSION
¶60 The District Court correctly denied Stokes’s motion for summary judgment based
on the defenses of laches and estoppel. Furthermore, the court correctly determined that
the easement in question does not encumber the full 160 acres described in the grant but,
rather, is limited in size and location to the historical location of the two radio towers,
described as “Tract 2” on COS 2829. Finally, the court correctly granted the relief
requested by the Andersons on Count III of their complaint, ordering Stokes to perform
the necessary repairs to the improvements located upon the easement so as to be in
compliance with the terms of the grant, including burying all wires, ground radial
antennas, conduits, and transmission lines to a minimum depth of 12 inches so as not to
interfere with the Andersons’ agricultural activities.
¶61 Affirmed.
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
We Concur:
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ JOHN WARNER
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
/S/ JIM RICE
31