IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
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No. 94-60587
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
PABLO RAMIREZ-GONZALEZ
Defendant-Appellee.
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Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
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June 28, 1996
Before KING, DeMOSS, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
CARL E. STEWART, Circuit Judge:
The United States appeals the granting of Ramirez-Gonzalez’s motion to suppress evidence
seized at a temporary motor vehicle checkpoint. Because we conclude that the record is insufficiently
developed for our review of the constitutional question raised, we VACATE and REMAND to the
district court for further proceedings.
FACTS
“Operation Gauntlet” was a multi-agency law enforcement effort planned in three or four
meetings by several law enforcement agencies. Apparently, the Customs Service was under the
impression that this was a drug-interdiction effort, but some of the local agencies involved believed
that it was a multi-purpose effort. In any case, as a result of these meetings, the Nueces County
Precinct Two Constable’s office operated two criminal law enforcement checkpoints near Corpus
Christi, Texas, for three days in January 1994. The checkpoints were identified by large traffic signs
posted over 100 yards away which read “Drug Interdiction Checkpoint.” They were operated only
at night, between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. Marked police cars were present at the checkpoints and had their
emergency lights on. Vehicles traveling in all directions through the intersections were stopped and
the drivers were asked to produce their driver’s licenses and proofs of insurance. The officers usually
asked for permission to search the vehicles; but if no consent was given, the vehicle was allowed to
proceed unless the officers believed they had reasonable suspicion to search the vehicle. During the
three days the constable’s office operated the two checkpoints, the officers stopped 817 vehicles,
searched 103 vehicles, issued 33 traffic citations, arrested 150 undocumented aliens, and arrested 7
people for possession of controlled substances. On January 29, 1994, around 1:30 a.m., a red
Chevrolet pickup truck wit h a camper and a Chevrolet Blazer together approached one of the
checkpoints and were stopped. Ramirez-Gonzalez was a passenger in, and the owner of, the Blazer.
Deputy Constable Robert Smith requested driver’s licenses and other documents from both drivers.
He then noticed several people in the bed of the pickup.1 No one in either vehicle spoke English, and
the law enforcement officers at the checkpoint did not speak Spanish. Smith was not sure whether
he had been given consent to search, so Border Patrol agents were sent for to help with translation
and identification.
Both vehicles were detained between 10 and 25 minutes before the Border Patrol arrived and
determined that five passengers in the Blazer and fifteen passengers in the pickup were illegal aliens.
As a result, Ramirez-Gonzalez was charged with several illegal immigrations charges. Ramirez-
Gonzalez filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained when he was stopped at the checkpoint,
alleging that the stop was an illegal seizure without reasonable suspicion in violation of his Fourth
Amendment rights.
1
While Smith’s affidavit indicates that the people in the bed of the pickup were attempting to
hide under a spare tire and other objects, the affidavit of one of those people alleges that it was
cold and they were attempting to keep warm under a blanket.
2
The district court preliminarily denied the motion at the suppression hearing, but agreed to
consider the parties’ supplemental briefs on the issue. Ramirez-Gonzalez pled guilty to one of the
counts, and the government dismissed the others. At the sentencing hearing held after the parties
had filed their supplemental briefs, the court again denied Ramirez-Gonzalez’s motion, but ruled that
it would permit him to reopen the issue. Subsequently, Ramirez-Gonzalez filed a motion to postpone
entry of the judgement, a motion to withdraw his guilty plea, and a motion for rehearing of the
suppression issue. The district court granted the motions and reversed its earlier ruling, suppressed
the evidence obtained from the checkpoint stop.2 The government appealed the new ruling, the trial
was ordered stayed pending resolution of the appeal, and Ramirez-Gonzalez was released on bond
pending appeal.
DISCUSSION
Because this is an appeal by the United States from a decision suppressing evidence before
the verdict and before the defendant has been put in jeopardy, this court has jurisdiction pursuant to
18 U.S.C. § 3731. United States v. Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268, 271 n.1, 98 S. Ct. 1054, 55 L. Ed. 2d
268 (1978).
At issue in this case is the extent to which law enforcement may employ a temporary
checkpoint. Any resolution of this issue necessarily entails a review of the Supreme Court precedent
with reference to temporary checkpoints.
A Fourth Amendment Seizure
Stopping a vehicle and detaining its occupants constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the
Fourth Amendment, even though the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention quite
brief.” Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653, 99 S. Ct. 1391, 59 L. Ed. 2d 660 (1979). The issue
then becomes whether such a seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment because “[t]he
essential purpose of the proscription in the Fourth Amendment is to impose a standard of
2
The district court specifically allowed Ramirez to withdraw his guilty plea. The government
expressly waived any objection to the district court’s decision to permit Ramirez-Gonzalez to
withdraw the plea and does not challenge this on appeal.
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‘reasonableness’ upon the exercise of discretion by government officials in order to ‘safeguard the
privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasion.’” Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. at 653-
54 (citation omitted). Thus, the permissibility of a particular law enforcement practice is judged by
balancing its intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests against its promotion of
legitimate governmental interests. Id. at 654.
A checkpoint does not violate the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution so long as the balance of the State’s interest , the extent to which the checkpoint can
reasonably advance that interest, and the degree of intrusion upon individual motorists who are briefly
stopped, tilts in favor of the checkpoint program. See Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 50-51, 99 S.
Ct. 2637, 61 L. Ed. 2d 357 (1979). The Suprem e Court has found two such checkpoints to be
reasonable: (1) a temporary checkpoint intended to deter and detect drunk drivers and set up pursuant
to a detailed committee plan (Michigan State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444, 449, 110 S. Ct. 2481, 110
L. Ed. 2d 412 (1990)), and (2) a permanent checkpoint set up to detect illegal aliens (United States
v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543, 96 S. Ct. 3074, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1116 (1976)). The Court has also
recognized that a state has a substantial interest in enforcing licensing and registration laws, though
that interest is not substantial enough to justify roving pat rol stops as an enforcement mechanism.
See Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. at 658.
United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
In United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, the Court resolved a circuit split about the
constitutionality of permanent immigration checkpoints operated by the Border Patrol, and instituted
to interdict the flow of illegal entrants from Mexico. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. at 552. As
established by previous cases, the Court noted various estimates showing a large number of illegal
immigrants, as well as formidable law enforcement problems in interdicting the flow of illegal
immigrants. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 551-52 (citing United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S.
873, 878, 95 S. Ct. 2574, 45 L. Ed. 2d 607 (1975)). In developing these permanent checkpoints, the
Border Patrol felt that the checkpoints were most effective when (1) distant enough from the border
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to avoid interference with traffic in populated areas near the border, (2) close to the confluence of
two or more significant roads leading away from the border, (3) situated in terrain that restricts
vehicle passage around the checkpoint, (4) on a stretch of highway compatible with safe operation,
and (5) beyond the 25-mile zone in which “border passes” are valid. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. at
553. The Court then looked to the specifics of one of the two cases it was considering and found that
the record provided a rather complete picture of the effectiveness of the permanent checkpoint: in
one eight-day period, Border Patrol agents found 725 deportable aliens in 171 vehicles. The Court
considered the purpose of the checkpoint stops and recognized that the maintenance of a traffic-
checking program in the interior was necessary because the flow of illegal aliens could not be
effectively controlled at the border. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. at 556.
As balanced against this need, the Court found that the consequent intrusion on Fourth
Amendment interests was limited. While the stop intruded to a limited extent on motorists’ right to
“free passage without interruption,” and arguably on their right to personal security, it involved only
a brief detention during which all that was required of the vehicle’s occupants was a response to a
brief question or two and possibly the production of a document evidencing a right to be in the United
States. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. at 556. Neither the vehicle nor its occupants were searched
without probable cause, and visual inspection of the vehicle was limited to what could be seen
without a search. Id. at 556.
Michigan State Police v. Sitz
In Sitz, the Court considered the constitutionality of a temporary checkpoint set up to detect
and curb drunk driving. The Court began its discussion with a review of the development of the
sobriety checkpoints at issue in the case, noting that the program had been developed by a committee
consisting of law enforcement agencies and research institutes. Michigan Dep’t of State Police v.
Sitz, 496 U.S. at 447. It also mentioned the specifics of the procedures followed in stopping traffic,
and then applied the three-prong test delineated in Brown v. Texas and United States v. Martinez-
Fuerte. Sitz, 496 U.S. at 447-450. The Court found that the state had an interest in curbing drunken
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driving and that this was an interest of great magnitude based on statistics provided by various studies
as well as noted in the Court’s own prior decisions. Id. at 451. The Court then measured the extent
of the intrusion on motorists, dividing that intrusion into “objective” and “subjective” components.
Objectively, an intrusion is minimal where the duration of the seizure and intensity of the investigation
is minimal. Id. at 451. Subjectively, the intrusion should be measured according to the potential for
generating fear and surprise in law-abiding motorists by the nature of the stop. Id. at 452. The Court
concluded that objectively, the Sitz checkpoint’s intrusion was minimal because the stop was of short
duration (the delay for each vehicle averaged 25 seconds), and the field officer’s discretion was
severely limited by guidelines that delineated how the stop was to be conducted. Sitz, 496 U.S. at
453. The Court also concluded that the Sitz checkpoint’s intrusion was subjectively minimal because
all cars were stopped, and motorists were much less likely to be frightened or annoyed by the
intrusion than they would be if subjected to a roving-patrol stop. Id. at 453.
Evidentiary Hearing
The Supreme Court cases are predicated on the requirement that the trial court determine the
purpose or purposes of a checkpoint before it undertakes any analysis of whether the checkpoint
comports with the requirements of the Fourth Amendment. Arguably, in determining the purpose
or purposes of any checkpoint, a distinction must be drawn between the law enforcement objective
or objectives that the checkpoint was designed to advance, and incidental law enforcement benefits
that may flow from the checkpoint stops. Whether Operation Gauntlet was conceived of as having
one principal purpose with reasonably anticipated incidental law enforcement benefits, or whether it
was designed to have multiple principal purposes are questions which cannot be answered from the
record as it stands before us.
Though the defendant made his motion to suppress the evidence early in the proceedings in
this case, the district court denied it twice before finally granting the motion to suppress after
sentencing. The district court’s vacillation in its rulings on the motion to suppress can reasonably be
6
attributed to the paucity of information developed from the witnesses and the government’s
inconsistent positions about the purpose of the checkpoints.
The Government vehemently argues that the purpose of the roadblock operations known as
“Operation Gauntlet” was to identify and arrest persons engaged in criminal violations of any nature.
The Government argued to the district court and to this court that the checkpoints were based on
general crime prevention concerns. Co ntradicting the Government’s assertion that this was a
generalized criminal purposes case was (1) the large sign on the roadway entitled “Drug Interdiction
Checkpoint,” (2) the presence of numerous canine units for drug sniffing (including one from the
Navy), (3) the fact that the officers requested permission from the driver to search each vehicle, and
(4) the fact that the late night hours and rural locations at which the checkpoints were held are
intrinsically much more likely to detect drug transportation than to detect license and registration
violations.
Instead of holding a full evidentiary hearing to ascertain the true purpose of the stop, the
district court considered the motion to suppress based on the government’s oral assertion that general
crime prevention was at the heart of the operation. This assertion was countered by the defendant’s
claim that the purpose of the checkpoint was drug interdiction. These arguments were later
supplemented by three affidavits which confused rather than clarified the inquiry. The government’s
second supplementary response to the motion to suppress starts out by describing Operation Gauntlet
as “a multi-agency response to criminal activity in the Corpus Christi, Texas area.” The government
supported its supplementary response with the three above-mentioned affidavits. One affidavit is
from Monty L. Price, a senior special agent with the Customs Service who stated that Operation
Gauntlet was a joint interdiction effort “intended to present high profile enforcement activity . . . so
that northbound loads of drugs would divert to smaller county roads to avoid detection.” The
expectation, according to Price, was that these diverted loads of drugs would then be detected at
temporary checkpoints set up on the county roads.
7
Contrary to Special Agent Price’s testimony, we find that Nueces County deputy constable
Robert Smith stated in his affidavit that “[r]oadblock checkpoints were to to be used to detect
individuals who’s [sic] conduct was in violation of laws, be it traffic violations, controlled substances,
or otherwise.” Added to this mix is the testimony of W.F. Gibbens, elected Constable for
Precinct Two of Nueces County whose affidavit stated, “the purpose of Operation Gauntlet was to
establish various traffic and criminal law enforcement checkpoints in multiple locations in the vicinity
of Corpus Christi, Texas. The officer’s [sic] manning the checkpoints attempted to identify
individuals engaging in acts which constituted a violation of the law, be it traffic violations, controlled
substances, game violations, or whatever.”
The record sho ws that while the parties agreed in general about how the Operation was
conducted and other similar facts, when the government proposed its stipulation to a general crime
prevention purpose, the defense ardently contested this assertion.3 The trial court then attempted to
analyze the constitutionality of the checkpoint based on the government’s contested assertion that
the purpose was one of general crime prevention. Given the adversarial nature of the positions taken
concerning the constitutional issues at stake and the inherently fact intensive quality of a motion to
suppress, the trial court would have been better served to have determined the primary purpose of
and need for the checkpoints after a full evidentiary hearing.
An appellate court necessarily bases its review on the record developed by the trial court, and
it relies heavily on the trial court’s factual findings unless those findings are clearly erroneous.
However, in order to be able to review the trial court’s findings, an appellate court must have a well-
developed record to review. After carefully reviewing the sparse record in this case, we conclude
that the parties overemphasized expediency in the hearing below to the detriment of providing a clear
3
This dissention distinguishes this case from Merrett v. Moore, 58 F.3d 1547 (1995), reh’g en
banc denied 77 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 1996). While Merrett was decided in a summary judgment
posture based upon a series of orders, the facts were undisputed. Indeed, the parties agreed not
only as to how the operation was carried out, but also that the several purposes urged by the
government for the search and seizures were in fact what was carried out. The Eleventh Circuit
was presented a clear record on the facts and the court was left only with making a legal
determination regarding the efficacy and constitutionality of the search and seizure.
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and complete record from which this court can measure the district court’s ultimate ruling against the
background of Supreme Court precedent. For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE and REMAND
to the district court with instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing. Any appeal from the district
court’s decision on remand shall be to this panel.
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