UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 99-4388
TYRONE JACKSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Gerald Bruce Lee, District Judge.
(CR-98-443-A)
Submitted: January 25, 2000
Decided: February 18, 2000
Before WIDENER, WILLIAMS, and TRAXLER,
Circuit Judges.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
Paul H. Zukerberg, LAW OFFICES OF PAUL H. ZUKERBERG,
Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Helen F. Fahey, United States
Attorney, Steven Mulroy, Special Assistant United States Attorney,
Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Tyrone Jackson was convicted of one count of assault with a
deadly weapon, 18 U.S.C.A. § 113(a)(3) (West Supp 1999) (Count
One), and prisoner possession of a shank, 18 U.S.C.A. § 13 (West
Supp. 1999), assimilating Va. Code Ann. § 53.1-203(4) (Michie
1998) (Count Two). Jackson conceded his guilt as to Count Two and
now appeals his conviction on Count One. We affirm.
I
Jackson and Marco Underhill, prisoners at Lorton Reformatory in
Virginia, were charged in each count of a two-count indictment after
they attacked one another as they returned to their respective rooms
from the prison gym. Testimony at Jackson's trial revealed that
Underhill and Jackson were walking next to each other during a
"mass movement" of about 100 inmates, simultaneously pulled out
shanks, and began stabbing each other. Neither Jackson nor Underhill
attempted to flee or to block the other's blows, called for help, or
heeded guards' orders to stop. The fight continued until Jackson and
Underhill began grappling with one another, at which time guards
were able to separate them. Jackson sustained stab wounds to his
back, face, and left hand. Underhill, who was stabbed in the neck and
head, underwent exploratory surgery to rule out any damage to the
great blood vessels in his neck.
Underhill pled guilty to both counts, acknowledging that the
assaults occurred simultaneously, with neither inmate having just
cause or excuse for the attack. Jackson went to trial. He conceded that
he was guilty of the possession charge, and claimed self defense as
to the assault charge. The district court refused to allow Jackson to
present evidence of Underhill's guilty plea, denied Jackson's request
for jury instructions on consent and "mutual affray," and granted his
request for a self defense instruction.
2
The jury found Jackson guilty on both counts. He was sentenced
to fifty-seven months in prison. This appeal followed.
II
Jackson first claims that the district court abused its discretion
when it denied his motion to dismiss the indictment for improper join-
der of defendants. Defendants may be charged in the same count
when they allegedly "participated in the same act or transaction or in
the same series of acts or transactions constituting an offense or
offenses." Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(b). Here, Underhill and Jackson were
charged with engaging in a single occurrence: a mutual assault with
knives. There was but one transaction, and the district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying the motion to dismiss the indictment.
See United States v. Smith, 44 F.3d 1259, 1266 (4th Cir. 1995);
United States v. Chinchic, 655 F.2d 547, 550 (4th Cir. 1981).
III
Jackson contends that the district court erred when it excluded evi-
dence of Underhill's guilty plea. We review the district court's evi-
dentiary ruling for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Russell,
971 F.2d 1098, 1104 (4th Cir. 1992). As a general rule, evidence of
a non-testifying codefendant's guilty plea is inadmissible because the
defendant cannot cross-examine the codefendant and might be con-
victed based upon the codefendant's guilt rather than evidence of his
own culpability presented at his trial. See United States v. Withers,
100 F.3d 1142, 1145 (4th Cir. 1996); United States v. Blevins, 960
F.2d 1252, 1260 (4th Cir. 1992). Given the dangers inherent in admit-
ting evidence of Underhill's plea without calling him to testify at
Jackson's trial, the district court did not abuse its discretion in disal-
lowing evidence of the guilty plea.
IV
Jackson argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the
jury's verdict on the assault charge.1 He raises the related claim that
the district court erred by giving an incomplete jury instruction.
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1 Because Jackson conceded that he was guilty of possessing the shank,
the sufficiency of the evidence on that count is not before us.
3
We will sustain a conviction if there is substantial evidence,
viewed in the light most favorable to the government, to support the
verdict. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942). The govern-
ment is entitled to "the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the
facts proven to those sought to be established." United States v.
Tresvant, 677 F.2d 1018, 1021 (4th Cir. 1982). We think there is sub-
stantial evidence in this case.
Although § 113(a)(3) states that the assault must be committed
"without just cause or excuse," the lack of just cause or excuse is not
an element of the crime that the government must prove. Rather,
"[t]he existence of `just cause or excuse' for the assault is an affirma-
tive defense, and the government does not have the burden of plead-
ing or proving its absence." United States v. Guilbert, 692 F.2d 1340,
1343 (11th Cir. 1982).2
Instead, assault under 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3)"only requires proof of
an assault with a dangerous weapon, with the intent to cause bodily
harm." See United States v. Duran, 127 F.3d 911, 915 (10th Cir.
1997). Here, Jackson attacked Underhill with a shank, resulting in
injuries serious enough that Underhill required exploratory surgery.
This is sufficient under Tresvant to sustain the conviction.
Jackson argues that the evidence showed that he and Underhill
engaged in a mutual affray and, for this reason, there was insufficient
evidence to convict him of assault. He cites no federal cases in sup-
port of this argument, and we have found no cases holding that "mu-
tual affray" or "mutual combat" is a defense to a charge of assault
under § 113(a)(3). Because mutual combat or consent is not a defense
to an assault charge, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
refusing to give an instruction on consent or mutual affray.
V
During deliberations the jury posed several questions to the court.
Jackson maintains that the court's responses to two of the questions
impermissibly invaded the province of the jury. In examining a dis-
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2 The district court therefore did not err in refusing to instruct the jury
that "without just cause or excuse" was an element of the crime.
4
trict court's response to a jury's request for clarification, the issue is
whether the court responded "fairly and accurately without creating
prejudice." United States v. Smith, 62 F.3d 641, 646 (4th Cir. 1995).
The decision to give a supplemental instruction and the specific words
chosen lie within the district court's discretion. See id.
The jury's first question was, "To be convicted of assault, do you
have to have started the altercation?" The district court responded,
"No. You the jury have to determine the facts. To be convicted of
assault the government must have proven beyond a reasonable doubt
all the elements of assault with a deadly weapon." This was an accu-
rate statement of the law and reminded the jurors that they were to
determine the facts and whether those facts constituted the crime
charged.
The jury also inquired, "`Assault' also includes the actual use of
force against the victim. Could the term `victim' be interpreted as the
other party?" The court responded, "Yes." Again, this was an accurate
statement of the law. We discern no usurpation of the jury's role in
the district court's responses. Nor do we identify any prejudice to
Jackson in the court's answers.
VI
We accordingly affirm the conviction. We dispense with oral argu-
ment because the facts and applicable law are fully set forth in the
materials before us and argument would not aid the decisional pro-
cess.
AFFIRMED3
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3 So far as error is claimed for a refusal to continue the case, that is
without merit.
5